PreCal Cheat Sheet

Conic Sections

Circle

CENTER-RADIUS FORM (OR STANDARD FORM):

(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
(h,k) is the center, r is the radius

IN GENERAL FORM:

Ax2 + By2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
( is the center

Parabola

Standard Form and Properties:

With vertex at (0,0)

y2=4ax (pahiga) x2=4ay (patayo)

Vertex (0 , 0) Vertex (0 , 0)
Focus (a , 0) Focus (0, a)
Directrix x = -a Directrix y = -a
Endpoints Latus Rectum (a , ±2a) Endpoints Latus Rectum (±2a , a)
Axis of Symmetry y=0 Axis x=0
Length of Latus Rectum |4a| Length of Latus Rectum |4a|

With vertex at (h,k)

(y-k)2=4a(x-h) (pahiga) (x-h)2=4a(y-k) (patayo)

Vertex (h , k) Vertex (h , k)
Focus (h+a , k) Focus (h , k+a)
Directrix x = h-a Directrix y=k-a
Endpoints Latus Rectum (h+a, k±2a) Endpoints Latus Rectum (h±2a, k+a)
Axis of Symmetry y=k Axis x=h
Length of Latus Rectum |4a| Length of Latus Rectum |4a|
Ellipse

Form according to the definition of an ellipse:

F1P+F2P=2a
Where F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse, P is a point on the ellipse and 2a is the
sum of the distances from F1 to P and F2 to P.

Standard Form and Properties:

** Llr, Lma, LMA, Dd, Df, e are all absolute value and the same for all ellipses
(whether (0,0) or (h,k))

With center at (0,0)

(pahiga the longer side) (patayo the longer side)

Center (0 , 0) Center (0 , 0)
Vertices (±a , 0) Vertices (0 , ±a)
Foci (±c , 0) Foci (0 , ±c)
Endpoints of Minor Axis (0 , ±b) Endpoints of Minor Axis (±b , 0)
Endpoints Latus Rectum (±c , ± ) Endpoints Latus Rectum (± , ±c)
Length of Latus Rectum Length of Latus Rectum

Length of Minor Axis 2b Length of Minor Axis 2b

Length of Major Axis 2a Length of Major Axis 2a
Directrices x=± Directrices y=±
Distance of Diretrices Distance of Diretrices

Distance of Foci 2c Distance of Foci 2c

Eccentricity Eccentricity

With center at (h,k)

(pahiga the longer side) (patayo the longer side)

Center (h , k) Center (h , k)
Vertices (h±a , k) Vertices (h , k±a)
Foci (h±c , k) Foci (h , k±c)
Endpoints of Minor Axis (h , k±b) Endpoints of Minor Axis (h±b , k)
Endpoints Latus Rectum (h±c , k± ) Endpoints Latus Rectum (h± , k±c)
Length of Latus Rectum Length of Latus Rectum

Length of Minor Axis 2b Length of Minor Axis 2b

Length of Major Axis 2a Length of Major Axis 2a
Directrices x = h± Directrices y = k±
Distance of Diretrices Distance of Diretrices

Distance of Foci 2c Distance of Foci 2c

Eccentricity Eccentricity

Hyperbola

With center at (h,k)

**pag (0,0) center pwede na ren ‘to gamitin

(pahiga yung opening) (patayo yung opening)

Center (h , k) Center (h , k)
Vertices (h±a , k) Vertices (h , k±a)
Foci (h±c , k) Foci (h , k±c)
Conjugate Vertex (h , k±b) Endpoints of Minor Axis (h±b , k)
Endpoints Latus Rectum (h±c , k± ) Endpoints Latus Rectum (h± , k±c)
Length of Latus Rectum Length of Latus Rectum

Conjugate Axis 2b Conjugate Axis 2b

Transverse Axis 2a Transverse Axis 2a
Directrices x = h± Directrices y = k±
Distance of Diretrices Distance of Diretrices

Distance of Foci 2c Distance of Foci 2c

Eccentricity Eccentricity

Slope Slope

Asymptotes x-h=± Asymptotes y-k=±

Series and Sequence

Sequence -> yung sunod sunod lang, ang tawag sa individual na numbers is element

Series – yung sum nung sequence, ang tawag sa individual na numers is term

Sigma Notation – yung may E tapos may limit kung mula saan at hanggang saan yung
summation

General Element/Term yung tawag sa parang formula nung sequence/series

Arithmetic Sequence:

a1 is the first element, an is the nth element na hinahanap, n is pang ilang yung
element na yon sa sequence and d is the difference between the first and second
element

Arithmetic Series:

or

Other formulae:

Sum of first n positive even integers

Sum of first n integers

Sum of first n positive odd integers

Geometric Ratio

or
Geometric Mean:

Where r = geometric ratio

Geometric Series

or

Infinite Geometric Series (as long as -1 < r < 1)

Trigonometry

Triangles

Pythagorean Theorem: c2=a2+b2

Pythagorean Triples: Integer triples which satisfies the Pythagorean theorem

(3,4,5 / 5,12,13 / 7,24,25 /8, 15, 17 and many more (all multiples of the triples are
Pythagorean triples)

Special Right Triangles

30-60-90

Angle Opposite Side

30

60 √
90 a

45-45-90

Opposite ng 45: a

Opposite ng 90/hypotenuse: a√

Distance Formula

Angles

Terms:

Initial side is the start, terminal side is the end

Angle is in standard position if its initial side is along the positive side of the x-
axis with the vertex at the origin

Quadrantal angle is an angle with a terminal side on the axis (all multiples of 90)

Co-terminal angles are two or more angles in standard position with the same
terminal side

Reference Angle associated with a non-quadrantal angle Θ in standard position is

the acute angle formed by terminal side of Θ and the x-axis

Conversion from Degrees Minutes Seconds to Decimal Degrees

Degrees stay the same, divide minutes by 60 and divide seconds by 3600, add all to
get Decimal Degrees

Conversion from Decimal Degrees to Degrees Minutes Seconds

The integer stays the same, the degrees are multiplied by 60, once you get the
answer that is the minutes, separate the whole number and the decimal and then
multiply by 60 again to get the seconds.

Degrees and Radians

Radian is another way to write the measure of an angle

To convert degrees to radians – multiply degree by

To convert radians to degrees – multiply radians by

Degrees Radians Degrees Radians

0,360 0,2 180
30 210

45 225
 60 240

90 270

120 300

135 315

150 330

**mas madali siyang kabisaduhin sa unit circle mamaya <33

Co-terminal angles

Madali lang ‘to, add or subtract lang ng 360 (or multiples ng 360) or 2 π (or
multiples ng 2 π ) para mahanap yung mga co-terminal angle (depende nalang sa kung
anong kelangan)

Reference Angle

Madali lang din ‘to (pag more or less than 360 or 2pi hanapin muna co-terminal angle
na between 0 and 360/2pi)

Let Θ = non quadrantal angle and you need to find its reference angle

If Θ is in:

Degrees Radians
Quadrant Reference angle is: Quadrant Reference angle is:
I Θ I Θ
II 180- Θ II π -Θ
III Θ-180 III Θ- π
IV 360- Θ IV 2π -Θ

Arc Length, Linear Speed and Angular Speed

Terms to remember:

s = arc length (length of the portion of a circle) r = radius w = angular speed

Θ = angle t = time v = linear speed (speed of the point or object in motion)

Formula:

arc length linear speed

angular speed in
angular speed terms of linear speed

Unit Circle

A point lies on the unit circle if it satisfied the equation of the unit circle: x2+y2=1
Tips in remembering degees to radians (mas madali ivisualize ang unit circle)

 Lahat ng may 5 sa dulo, denominator nila is 4 tapos yung numerator is odd

numbers (1,3,5,7)
 Lahat ng multiple of 60 mas malapit sa y-axis, denominator nila is 3 tapos
yung numerators are numbers from 1-5 maliban sa 3 (1,2,4,5)
 Lahat ng multiple of 30 na hindi multiple of 60 (30,150,210,330) mas malapit
sa x-axis, denominator nila is 6 and yung numerator is odd numbers less than
12 na ende multiple ng 3 which are (1,5,7,11)

Trigonometric Functions

There are six trigonometric functions:

sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, cotangent

Definition of each:

If √ and is the distance from the origin to the point (x,y), then the six
trigonometric functions are defined as such:

Function Reciprocal Funtion

(x cannot be 0) (y cannot be 0)

Trigonometric Function Values of Special Angles

Trigonometric Function
degree radian sin cos tan csc sec cot
0 0 0 1 0 Undef. 1 Undef.
30 √ √ √ √

45 √ √ 1 √ √ 1
 60 √ √ √ 2 √

90 1 0 Undef. 1 Undef. 0

180 0 -1 0 Undef. -1 Undef.

270 -1 0 Undef. -1 Undef. 0

For angles with a reference angle of 30, 45, or 60 same lang sila ng values ng
reference angle nila but it all depends on what quadrant they are in para malaman
yung sign:

Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Based on the table for definition of the functions, you can find any function for
any point/angle. If the point is given find r using x and y tapos yon na yung mga
formula na gamitin.

If given is yung isang function and a condition (e.g. cotΘ = -√ and sinΘ > 0), i-
equate yung value sa formula ng function, and then makukuha mo either yung x,
yung y or yung r

 (pag fraction yung numerator na yung numerator ng function and yung denom
yung denom ng function (e.g. cosΘ = and diba cosΘ = edi x=24 and r= 25
tapos gamitin yung formula ng r para mahanap y)
  (pag whole number, assume na yung denominator is 1 (e.g. cotΘ = -√ and
cotΘ = edi x = -√ and y = 1 tapos hanapin yung r gamit formula ng r)

Pag nahanap na x, y at r edi fill up the formulae nalang

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Graph of sin and cos

Some explanations:

Symmetric about the origin - pag finold mo yung Cartesian plane in dalawang beses
(sa x and y axis) magiging parehas yung shape ng graphs on all sides

Symmetric about the y-axis – pag finold mo sa y-axis same shape both sides

Graph of f(x)= A sin Bx and f(x) = A cos Bx

Amplitude: |A|

Yung amplitude is the distance nung highest point or lowest point nung graph sa x-
axis. When |A| < 1, mas mababa yung height nung graph or mas compressed and
when |A| > 1, mas mataas yung height nung graph or mas stretched
Period:

When 0 < B < 1, mas mahaba yung period ng graph or mas stretched kasi mas mataas
sa 2 yung value but when B > 1, mas maliit yung period ng graph or mas compressed
kasi mas mababa sa 2 yung value

Domain: (-∞,+∞)

Range: [-|A|,|A|]

**medjo tinamad na ko dito okay na yan cheat sheet lang naman toh HAHAHHAHA