Topic 6:

LOAD CHARACTERISTIC

Lecturer:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Hermagasantos Zein, [Link].
Contact:
▪ Teknik Konversi Energi Polban Bandung
▪ Email: hermaga_s@[Link]
▪ Hp: 081321108991
 Content
1. Load Curve
2. Daily Load Curve
3. Terms / Terminologies: General
4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System
5. Terms / Terminologies: Losses
6. Terms / Terminologies: Distribution
7. Homework

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1. Load Curve

▪ Generally, load always changes to meet consumer.

▪ This change is caused by consumer pattern using electricity
like below figure.
140

130 peak=125
120

110 demand 3jam=108,333

100

90
Watt

80

70

60

50
average=43,375
40

30

20

10 3 jam
Hour
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fig.1 Daily load curve

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2. Daily Load Curve
▪ Fig.1 is daily load curve. Where vertical axis is power and
horizontal axis is hour (24 hours).
▪ Maximum load 125 watt at 17 o’clock
▪ Minimum load 10 watt at 4 o’clock.
LDC display of Fig.1 in the duration curve is

140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Fig.2 Load Duration Curve

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3. Terms / Terminologies: general

average load P
1. Load factor (fL) : fL = =
peak load P̂
T
1
P =  P(t)t
T0
annual avarege load x 8760 total annual energy
annual f L = =
annual peak load x 8760 annual peak load x 8760
Example: From Fig.1 load factor is

43,375
fL = = 0,347
125

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3. Terms / Terminologies: General …

3. Demand:

Example: From Fig.1 demand 3 hour (15-18) is 108.33 watt.

Watt
10
Calculate:
8 a. Demand of the period at 2-8
hour
5
4 b. Maximum demand of the period
3
2 2-8 hour
c. Peak load
Hour d. Maximum demand
0 14
e. Minimum load
Fig.3 Load curve
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4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System

Legend:
190
180 Load 1: yellow
170
160 Load 2: blue
150
140 Load 3: black
130
120
Total load: white
110
100
90
80
70 Peak load:
60
50
• Load 1: 80 W at 3
40 • Load 2: 100 W at 10
30
20 • Load 3: 125 at 17
10 • Load system: 175 at 8
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
jam

Fig.4 Multi daily load curve

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4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System …
4. Diversified Demand (Coincident Demand): individual maximum demand of a
composite loads. For example (see Fig.4) coincident demand of load 1 is 80 watt.

maksimum demand sistem DM s

5. Coincident Factor: fc = = n
total maksimum demand
 DM ii =1

175
From Fig.4 Coincident factor is fc = = 0,57
80 + 100 + 125

1
6. Diversity Factor: fd =
fc

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4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System …

7. Distribution Factor of a Demand:

For example (see Fig.4)

35 So peak load system:
Beban-1: c1 = = 0,44
80
80
Beban-1: c2 = = 0,8
100
60
Beban-1: c3 = = 0,48
125

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4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System …
Special case:

1. Because of peak load is equal to maximum demand then coincident factor

based on early equation is
n

 c DM i i
fc = i =1
n

 DM
i =1
i

2. For same maximum demand

n n
DM  ci c i
fc = i =1
= i =1
n x DM n

3. For same coincident factor

n
c DM i
fc = i =1
n
=c
 DM
i =1
i
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4. Terms / Terminologies: Mukti System …

9. Load diversity: Total maximum demand deducted by maximum demand system

 n 
LD =   DM i  − DM s
 i =1 
Example: From Fig.4

LD=(80+100+125)-175=130 MW.

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 5. Terms / Terminologies: Losses
8. Loss Factor is ratio of average loss to its peak loss.

average loss
f lf =
power loss at peak load
Example
Problem:
Maximum load of a feeder is 2000 kW and its losses is 80 kW. Assumed Loss
Factor 0.15, determine!
a. Annual average loss
b. Total annual energy loss.

Answer:
a. Annual average loss =0,15 x 80 kW = 12 kW
b. Total annual energy loss= 12 x 8760 = 105120 kWh

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6. Terms / Terminologies: Distribution

Gardu induk

Penyulang TM
Penyulang X
Legend:
Gardu distribusi GD-XZ:6,3 kVA
▪ Feeder X in the substation
GD-XZ has resident load
900 VA (900 VA/home).
House
▪ Five homes connected to the
Building 2

900 VA
system
Industry House ▪ Two homes waiting list
900 VA
status.
Building 2
House

900 VA
House
House

Industry Building 2

900 VA
House House

Fig. 5 Distribution
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6. Terms / Terminologies: Distribution …
10. Distribution Factor: Ratio of maximum demand system to total demand
connected to system continually.

From Fig. 5 total resident load is 5x900 VA = 4500 VA. Assumed maximum demand
is 2250 VA, then distribution factor is

2250
fd = = 0,5
4500

11. Utility factor: Ratio of maximum demand system to total load at system.

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6. Terms / Terminologies: Distribution …
From Fig. 5, ratting traformer 6,3 kVA = 6300 VA. Let’s maximum daily
demand is 2250 VA, then ulitility factor is

2250
fu = = 0.35714
6300

12. Plant factor: actual energy produced/served to maximum ratting in certain period.
This factor is also said Capacity Factor or Use Factor.

The Plant Factor is frequently met in power plant study that is stated in annually.

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6. Terms / Terminologies: Distribution …
If in the period T (daily, weekly, monthly and yearly), a LDC has peak load PL and
ratting capacity of plant is RT, then plant factor is

PLxf l xT PLxfl
fp = =
RTxT RT
Example:
A power supply has ratting 200 MW will serve peak load system 180 MW
with load factor 0.6, then plant factor is:

180x0,6
fp = = 0,54
200

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7. Homework

Problem
1. A group demand of 10 units, five units have maximum demand 100 kVA and
with the distribution factor 0.6. While the others have maximum demand 150
kVA and the distribution factor 0.45. Determine coincident factor and diversity
factor.
2. A distribution transformer (ratting 60 kVA) serve annual average load 25 kW with
power factor 0.8. Determine plant factor.
3. See data of the follow table.

Table Daily load

jam lampu jalan rumah komersial jam lampu jalan rumah komersial
[kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] [kW] Determine:
1 100 250 300 13 0 600 1100 1) Distribution factor,
2 100 250 300 14 0 600 1300
3 100 250 300 15 0 600 1300 2) Coincident factor,
4 100 250 300 16 0 600 1300 3) Load factor system,
5 100 250 300 17 0 650 900
6 100 250 300 18 0 750 500 4) Demand factor,
7 0 350 300 19 0 900 500 5) Load diversity, and
8 0 450 400 20 0 1100 500
9 0 550 600 21 100 1100 300 6) Diversity factor
10 0 550 1100 22 100 900 300
11 0 550 1100 23 100 700 300
12 0 600 1100 24 100 350 300
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7. Homework …

4. Assumed load in the table daily load before slide (in problem 3) is
supplied by transformer with ratting 450 kVA and power factor 0.8.
Determine the plant factor and total energy for duration supply one day,
one week, one month and one year
5. Predicted peak load loss is 8% for the loads of the table daily load in
problem 3. If loss factor is 0.25, determine percent losses and total
energy loss in daily, weekly, monthly and one yearly.

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 OK, our class is over

Thank You

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