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Differences in AC and DC Generators

The document describes the construction and operation of an elementary DC generator. It consists of a field coil that produces a magnetic field, an armature with coils that spin inside the field, and a commutator with brushes that act as a mechanical rectifier to output DC power. As the armature coils spin, an induced voltage is generated and the commutator switches the coils' connection to always output the same polarity to the brushes. Adding more armature coils and commutator segments improves output smoothness. Armature reaction can cause poor commutation by distorting the magnetic field, but interpoles help cancel this effect.

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Samir Trivedi
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17 views14 pages

Differences in AC and DC Generators

The document describes the construction and operation of an elementary DC generator. It consists of a field coil that produces a magnetic field, an armature with coils that spin inside the field, and a commutator with brushes that act as a mechanical rectifier to output DC power. As the armature coils spin, an induced voltage is generated and the commutator switches the coils' connection to always output the same polarity to the brushes. Adding more armature coils and commutator segments improves output smoothness. Armature reaction can cause poor commutation by distorting the magnetic field, but interpoles help cancel this effect.

Uploaded by

Samir Trivedi
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Lesson 7: Construction of

Elementary Dc Generators
1

ET 332A
DC MOTORS, GENERATORS AND ENERGY
CONVERSION DEVICES
Learning Objectives
2

After this presentation you will be able to:

 List the parts and explain the function of a dc


machine
 Identify the commutator of a dc machine and
explain how it operates on a dc machine
 Explain armature reaction and how interpoles
improve dc machine performance
Construction of Elementary Dc Generator
output leads Brushes

Field Poles Field Poles

Armature
Commutator

Field poles - produce the main magnetic field of the machine (permanent magnet
or electromagnet)
Armature - rotating part of the machine. Holds coils where induced voltage is
developed.
Commutator - connect armature coils to the brushes. Commutator and brushes
act as mechanical rectifier.
Brushes - pick up current and voltage from armature. Remain fixed while
armature spins. 3
Construction of Elementary Dc Generator
Pictorial Diagram of small dc machine

4
Commutation in Elementary Dc Machines
5
Induced voltage is sinusoidal. Commutator and brushes act as mechanical
rectifier to always connect positive voltage to the same terminal.

q
Effects of Adding More Armature Coils
6

Two coils require four commutator segments Adding more coils and
commutator segments gives smoother dc output. Each coil needs 2
commutator segments.
eout

eout

Communtation
point
q
Commutator Details
7

Commutator combined with


Brushes forms a mechanical
rectifier

Insulation

Copper
Segments

Segments connect the armature coils


to the load through the brushes.
Communtation Process
8

Commutation - switching or reversing of current in a


circuit
Commutator Detail Segments rotate past fixed
brushes during commutation
Brush
Copper
Segments

Rotation
Insulation
Commutation Process
Resistance commutation - uses contact resistance of brush commutator to
switch the current in the motor or generator coils.

R2
R1
IT

I2 I1
Circuit Model Rotation

R2 R1
Generator
Load I2 I1 R2 increasing due to lack of contact area
R1 decreasing due to increasing contact area
IT
9
Brush Position Affects Commutation
10

Good commutation takes place with


zero voltage across bushes

Communtation above 2-3 V causes


sparking and reduced terminal V
Armature Reaction and Commutation
11

Armature reaction - distortion of the field flux distribution due to


load current in armature
Neutral Zone E=0 brush
under brush Low
sparking

Amount of field distortion


determined by load current
For mechanically fixed brushes, armature reaction Point of zero induced
causes poor commutation, (sparking) voltage shifts

Move brushes to neutral zone to improve commutation under


load Add interpoles (modern solution)
Interpoles (Commutating Poles)
12

Interpole constructed on a few turns of heavy gage wire.


Carries load current. Produces cancelling mmf so flux
distortion is minimized.

Interpole Poles

Field Pole
Field Pole
Machine Schematic Diagram
13

Interpole Winding

Field winding

Armature and
Brushes
End Lesson 7: Construction of
Elementary Dc Generators
14

ET 332A
DC MOTORS, GENERATORS AND ENERGY
CONVERSION DEVICES

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