PCM 0006-22

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?  when the message reached its final

destination, communication is
 In 1970, (in journal of
accomplished
communication), Frank Dance said
 this model presents only as merely
that “communication is one of the most
transmitting or transferring of message
overworked terms in the English
 feedback is not part of the original
language”
model. came on latter part of the model.
 From the Latin word “communicare”
 diagraming; telegraph, telephone, radio:
which means to share and to make
these media only transfers message and
something in common, something you
the model reflect the 1948 way of
can relate to/something to comprehend
looking into communication
 Communication can be defined as:
 linear model: described only how
o The establishment of a common
message is transmitted
understanding  some call it as information transfer
o A transfer of meaning from one model
person to another
o The stimulation of common  Communication the sharing of
symbols in various minds message/meaning
through symbolic interaction o Dean Barnlund’s Transactional
o The creation of meaning in others Model
through stimulus – response o Communication is dynamic,
activities continuous, and circular
 In simplest terms, communication is the
process by which people transmit
information, share verbal and non-
verbal messages, and create meaning
with each other

 Communication is believed to be how

we transmit a message
o Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver

 ongoing, back and forth simultaneous

exchange of info where the sender and
receiver exchange roles
 the meaning is consisted in the person
 the receiver interprets and decode the
meaning based on how he/she
understood it
 in this concept, we supply the meaning
 Called as container model - meaning is  they may hear the same message but
contained within the words itself. the interpret it differently
meaning is already in the word  two-way process
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 Communication describes the way we  we are not dealing in pre existing

create meaning in the first place meaning provided by nature so that
o Robert Craig’s Constitutive meaning is generated thru
approach communication
o Communication is a generative
process that creates our social 6 Basic Elements of Communication
world
 Communicators
o Communication is not only
 Message
transmission of information. It is
 Channel
the process by which we
constitute a common reality  Noise/Barrier
(factual truths, moral norms,  Feedback
group, and personal identities,  Setting/Context
etc.)
o Communication is not a  Communicators
secondary phenomenon
o Focuses on how an individual 3 Sub-elements:
communicate as the way the  Initiator and interpreter/ Sender-
message will be interpreted receiver:
o Communication is viewed as o initiator or sender: the one
conduit in the creation of
who starts and advances the
meaning
communication by generating
 we are creating social reality thru
message.
communication
o interpreter or receiver: the
 we produce something thru
communication one who perceives and try to
 he constitutive view communication understand the message
is a primary phenomenon shaping  Encoding and decoding process
other social processes
o encoding occurs when the
(psychological, sociological, cultural,
initiation and creation of a
and so on) rather than a secondary
message translates ideas,
one explicable in terms of antecedent
thoughts, and feelings into
factors. symbols
 we are not simply sharing info or
existing ideas o decoding occurs when the
 this approach we are generating ideas receiver interprets the
together, creating meanings and message by deciphering the
social realities symbols into understandable
 social reality is the outcome of meaning
communication process  The self
 communication is the thriving o The total composite of a
creating force at the center of our person’s personality,
sense of self , relationship, culture experiences, and identity
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o the self is the one who is o Means that the message is

initiating and deciphering the purposive. We have the image in
message our mind that we wish to
o differences in people is one communicate, and that this
of the challenges in effective image/symbol is successfully
communication conveyed to other’s minds with
relative accuracy
o different level of knowledge o There should be fidelity: the
and experiences and interpretation of the receiver is
personalities the same with the sender
 Unintentional Message/Communication
 Berlo’s Communication Model o When the message is not the
same as how the other person
perceived it. It also occurs in
secondary message where the
receiver interprets non-verbal
behavior as part of a message

 Channel
 Schramm Field of Experience Model  Are the mediums that carry messages
between communicators
 The communication channel
influences the message you send by
intervening in the communication
process and altering the intent,
substance or result of the message
 In choosing channels, we should take
 Messages consideration of 3 dimensions of
 Are symbolic expressions of ideas, mediation: Specificity, Richness,
thoughts, and feelings. Interactivity
 the reason behind any interaction
 Can either be verbal or nonverbal or  Specificity
both o Audience specific and
audience general
 verbal: oral or written that uses
o Audience specificity refers to
formal language
the ability of a channel to
 nonverbal: express symbols other focus or customize the
than words called extra linguistic or message for particular
outside language individuals

 Intentional Message/Communication o channel with much specificity

delivers unique message to its
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recipients while a more o Is anything that interferes with

audience general channel the creation of shared meaning
send the message to all between or among
receiver communicators

o signages are audience general o Noise can occur at any stage of

that could be red by anyone the communication process
and there is no unique feature
in the channel o Also called barrier that prevent
 Richness effective communication to take
o Refers to the number of place
verbal and non-verbal cues or
modes of communication that
channel caries
o A rich channel carries 3 Types of Noise:
multiple communication cues
o Internal Noise
and a lean channel carries a
limited number  Happens when
physiological
o rich channel allows full range characteristics interfere.
of verbal cues including Psychological refers to
words, vocal inflection, physical condition of the
paralanguage, eye contact, communicators e.g.
facial expressions hearing problem, speech
defect.
o lean channel have limited
verbal cues example text  Psychological barriers are
messages which only have the thoughts that hinder
texts and emojis the message. This may be
 Interactivity personal beliefs and
o Interactive channels facilitate assumptions
rapid feedback of a message
and allow the communicator o External Noise
to respond immediately to the
message  Interference in the
environment e.g. sound,
o interactive have rapid
feedback  Mechanical barriers that
are employed in the
o static has delayed feedback or channel used e.g signal,
lowbatt
no feedback at all radio and
tv
o Semantic Noise
 Noise
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 Refers to the structure of o Refers to the number of

the sentence or message communicators, the type of
relationship (social context),
 The organization of the and the nature of the
idea, use of words interaction (formal/informal)

 Feedback  Culture

o Is a response or reaction to a o Culture permeates

message communication situations and
significantly influences the
o It tells us if our message are process (spreads throughout)
being interpreted as intended
o Culture is everything that
o It used to adjust and clarify makes up one’s way of life,
message including shared values,
knowledge, behaviors, and
 Context symbolic expression,
practices, beliefs, the like
o the environment surrounding the
communication process o Communication situations
also contain a number of co-
o Communication never occurs in a culture (sub culture) which
vacuum apart from the are cultures within a culture
environment, but always emerges
out of and is influenced by the o Co-culture reflect both their
surrounding context connection to and distinction
from the dominant culture
o Can refer to the place, feeling,
mood, and condition of both o Culture is often the link that
sender and receiver provides communicators with
similar perspectives,
o Aspects of Context: Physical attitudes, and expectations
Context, Communicative
setting, Culture Levels of Communication

 Physical Context/Setting  Intrapersonal Communication

o It is where, when and what of o Communication within

communication: time of the oneself
day, proximity of
communicators, the occasion o Sigmund Freud and George
Herbert Mead
 Communicative Setting
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o Theorized that you are able to intimate and personal form of

“take different sides” in your communication
own mind and debate the
advantages and disadvantages  Small Group Communication
of particular behaviors
o takes place among 3 to 7
o Intrapersonal communication people
is an important prelude to
other forms of interaction o goal-oriented, purposive
communication
o Self-talk is either silent inner
speech or mutterings that are
voiced but not intended for
anyone else to hear  Public Communication

o We use self-talk to regulate o interaction with large

our behaviors, make sense numbers of people.
of our experience
o consists of one communicator
 Interpersonal Communication interacting with a large
audience
o An interaction among a small
number of people and is o more formal. Speakers
characterized by more prepare and rehearse.
personal and individualized Feedback is often limited to
communication that that nonverbal behaviors of
which takes place in larger audience
groups
 Meditated Communication/Mass
o Often characterized by a Communication
quick and continuous
exchange of messages and o uses some form of
rapidly changing roles of the technology and includes
initiator and interpreter communication by means of
tv, radio, film, books,
o Usually informal and newspapers and internet.
spontaneous Messages are often structured
and edited carefully and
o There is a constant and feedback is very limited and
instantaneous feedback delayed
COMMUNICATION IS:
o Rapid feedback helps
communicators adapt 1. Transactional
messages to the situation and
makes interpersonal 2. Process
communication the most
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3. Multi-dimensional the resulting nerve impulses reach

the brain via the auditory nerve; light
4. Irreversible waves strike the listeners’ eyes after
which the resulting nerve impulses
5. Inevitable reach the brain via optic nerve
6. Decoding
Eugene White’s 8 Orals Stages of  The communicator interprets the
Communication language symbols he/she receives
 Sequence of the Model and thinks further
 The complete act of communication 7. Feedbacking
is an interacting pattern of stimulus  the communicator may show overt
and response behavior like a nod, yawn, or smile
 The listener must react in an or he/she may not show any behavior
observable manner, and by some at all
direct or indirect means, you 8. Monitoring
mustard, by some direct or indirect  While the communicator watchers
means you must become aware of for signs or understanding of his/her
this response listeners, he/she is also attuned to
1. Thinking what is going inside him/her; the
 A desire, feeling or an emotion communicator is receiving and
provides a communicator a stimulus decoding the messages about
to communicate a need himself/herself from his/her audience
2. Symbolizing in order to adjust to the particular
 Before a communicator can utter a situation.
sound(s), he/she has to know the
code of oral language with which to
represent his/her ideas and in order Dance Model of Communication
to make his/her selection
3. Expressing Dance’s Helical Model
 The communicator then uses his/her  depicts communication as an endless
vocal mechanism to produce the spiral of increasing complexity
sounds of language accompanied by  was developed in 1967 by Frank
his/her facial expression, gestures, Dance, which he originally named
and body stance “Dance’s Helix Model of
4. Transmitting Communication”
 The sound waves spread at 1000 ft  views communication as: cyclical,
per second and light waves travel at a influences by time and experience,
speed of 186 000 miles per second continuous, non-repetitive,
carry the speaker’s message to accumulative
his/her listeners  these five characteristics of the
5. Receiving helical model are represented though
 When sound waves make an impact the visual metaphor of a cone-shaped
upon the listener’s ears after which helical spring.
PCM 0006-22

 Communication start in a small  formal politeness, courtesy,

circle, but winds out more and more behavior, and speech
with each cycle of communication  refers to the faith in the power of
 Communication is increasingly argument, the celebration of
complex and accumulative, that all individual freedom of speech, and
complex communication comes from recognition of the importance of
community standards
simple origins.
 a form of benevolent awareness.
 Respect, restraint, consideration,
4C’s of Communication politeness, affirmation, morality,
A. Comprehension: starts with the sender connection, accountability,
clarity: avoid fozy voice, jargons, assertiveness, the golden rule,
conciseness: avoid lengthy, should be direct, manners, tolerance, self-restraint,
sharp focus, public health, quality of life
correctness: misuse language can damage  A civil communicator cares about the
the reliability/credibility world at large, is willing to
there should be fidelity, same meaning is participate in it, and understands the
conveyed delicate balance between individual
B. Connection the audience can resonate/ rights and the welfare of others.
relate to the message Incivility
Meaning must be geared towards the  Effects of body shaming on internet
audience  Trash talk by sports fans
the meaning should have significance to the  Shock talk by radio hosts
audience level of knowledge,  Humiliation of guests in daytime tv
level of experience should be considered to  Deceitful political advertising
connect to the audience  Can take the ff form:
there is connection if the message have great o Losing temper and yelling,
impact to the audience rude or obnoxious behavior,
Cultural sensitivity: the audience can feel badgering or back-stabbing,
the belongingness withholding info, sabotaging
C. Credibility the audience should believe project, damaging someone’s
what is said reputation
The message should reflect concreteness
message supported by fact, data, stats,
figures there is concreteness that is evident
D. Contagious catches the message and
spread it around, reenacting it, repeating the
message
to be contagious, the messenger should be
energetic people talk about it
if it evokes vivid emotional response

Civility
 accepting others as equal partners in
reaching common goals – others
could be a part of your development
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Civility
 Starting place for good
communication
 Call for communicating clearly,
effectively, and appropriately
 Participating in society in many
ways. Engaging in spirited
discussions on social media sites
 It can help build and sustain decent
institutions based on ties of trust,
reciprocity, and accountability.
Practicing Civility
Effects of Workplace incivility  Empowers rather than disparages
 Creativity suffers  Builds trust rather than deceives
 Performance and team spirit  Helps rather than hurts
deteriorated “to the extent that we protect other
 Lowered morale of employees people’s religion, speech, freedom to learn
 Reduced workplace citizenship and participate in the political process, we
behaviors (littering, carelessness preserve our own” – John Frohmayer,
with handling equipment and Chair National Endowment for the ARTS
facilities, not taking care of others
etc) Civility = Standard Precautions
 Reduced team effectiveness Valuing Diversity
 Being uncivil to customers, clients,
or others outside organization office Diversity
or facility
 As the value of distinct perspectives
The Terrible 10 Form of Incivility that membership in various groups
can bring
 Means understanding the process by
which difference becomes
meaningful in developing the ability
to live, learn, and work within many
cultures
 It requires taking the risk of
subjecting your values and belief to
scrutiny and respecting of others to
disagree (ethnocentrism)
Ethnocentric
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 Evaluating other cultures according decision-making, and the

to preconceptions originating in the development of relationships and
standards and customs of ones’ own communities within and across
culture contexts, culture, channels, and
media”
4 Ethical Principles of Communication
o Communicator who values diversity is
willing to include others and 1st – they “advocate truthfulness, accuracy,
acknowledge the participation of those honesty, and reason as essential to the
who are different integrity communication
o Valuing diversity can be difficult, but it
2nd – NCA endorses “freedom of expression,
makes one more effective communicator
diversity of perspective, and tolerance of
and helps develop productive and
dissent to achieve the informed and
satisfying relationships
responsible decision-making fundamental to
o Valuing diversity = cultural sensitivity
a civil society”
3rd – NCA states that they condemns
Communicating Ethically communication that degrades individuals
and humanity through distortion,
Ethics – refers to the principles that guide intimidation, coercion, and violence and
our decisions about what is good or bad, through the expression of intolerance and
right and wrong hatred”
o Actions are consistent with our values 4th – communicators should “accept the
o Rules that guide behavior in accordance responsibility for the short-and long-term
with sacred teachings consequences of our own communication
o Codes of conduct and expect the same of others”
o Expectations are based on the agreement
about what is good, right, and just
Ethical behavior includes not only actions
Unethical actions/behaviors
to be avoided, but also active steps to create
 Deception good communication
 Taking credit for someone else’s
work  Appropriateness
 Falsifying materials  Means responding in ways that fit
 Sharing of confidential info the communication context
 Requires addressing expectations and
needs of others
 Appropriateness involves more
The us National Communication
complex judgements about the nature
Association (NCA, 1999), (Credo for
of the relationship with others, the
ethical communication)
immediate situation, the broader
 “ethical communication is context
fundamental to responsible thinking,
PCM 0006-22

 The age, culture, gender, past  differences in nonverbal expression

history, and nature of your of the same meaning or feeling:
relationship with a friend all might source of confusion
play a role in determining
Definition of Nonverbal Communication
appropriateness
 The ethical communicator is willing
to take responsibility for her or his
behavior in ways that respect the
expectations of others
 Perspective Taking
 The ability to consider behavior from
someone else’s point of view
 Ethical communicator is willing to
take the time to find out what others
thinking and feel, and act based on
this understanding of different
perspectives Characteristics of Nonverbal
 Perspective taking begins with Communication
assumption that you may not
understand others well enough
 Self-monitoring
 The ability to see, think about, and
act based on the consequences of
your behavior.
 It requires a level of detachment as
you interact with others might see
you the way they do
 The communicators are aware of the
impression they are making and are
able to control the presentation of Functions of Nonverbal Communication
self In social situations
a. Repeating
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
– replicating or reiterating verbal messages
Three levels in communication with nonverbal gestures.
1) repeat
2) clarify
3) emphasize

 similar nonverbal expression: - The act of repetition has communicative

universal (same expression in diff value. repeating a message helps listeners
cultures) emotions, such as better comprehend the [Link] also
happiness, fear, and sadness
PCM 0006-22

accelerates the learning process of children. - raising hands in class, tapping a friend in
It can also add intensity to a message. shoulders
- mirroring same facial expression and e. Contradicting
gestures creates trust and intimacy
- On some occasions, nonverbal actions send
b. Complementing signals opposite from the literal meanings
contained in our verbal messages.
- It is where nonverbal cues augment or add
meaning to the interaction. - oppose, deny, disagree
- reduces much ambiguity in the language. It - Leakage : contradiction in verbal and
clarifies meaning. nonverbal behavior, often “gives us away”
when we are lying
- simultaneously given after the verbal
language f. Accenting
c. Substituting - Nonverbal cues accent verbal
communication when they highlight,
- substitute verbal messages in certain
accentuate, emphasize, or draw attention to
settings. When it takes place or replaces
phrases or words.
verbal words.
- nonverbal cues to exaggerate the verbal
- Objects or picture can also substitute for
language/message
verbal communication.
- To emphasize a particular word, you might
- Emoticons, emojis, traffic signs are
increase the volume and inflection to make it
Substitute for words.
stand out in the sentence.
d. Regulating
- Nonverbal cues heighten our verbal
- Regulate and manage communication by interactions.
using some form of nonverbal behavior
Areas of Nonverbal Communication
- Communicators use nonverbal cues to
regulate verbal messages by controlling,
adjusting, or altering the flow of interaction.
- Nonverbal gestures can open or close
Channels of communication, signal whose
turn it is to talk, encourage someone to talk
more or discourage Someone from talking
much. (to manage/control the flow of
communication)  Kinesics
- The study of the communicative
- Nonverbal cues served as traffic signs dimensions of facial expressions and bodily
during verbal interaction, telling movements/body language
communicators when to stop, go, yield, and
 Facial expressions
merge.
 Eye movement 
PCM 0006-22

 Gesture - to show the appropriate emotion (when and

 Posture where)
- We often try to control or mask our facial
 Facial Expression reactions to strong emotions by conforming
- Comprise much of our nonverbal to social norms
communication. We have 80 facial muscles
with which we can create over 7,000 facial  Facial expressions of emotion are under
expression dual influence of (1) universal,
6 Types of Facial Expression biologically innate factors and (2)
culturally specific, learned display rules.
Five General Display Rules
a) Simulation
 displaying an emotion that you do
not feel.
 No emotion/feeling at all
b) Intensification
 Displaying more emotion than you
feel.
 To exaggerate a feeling
c) Neutralization
 Happiness: round eyes, smiles,  often called a “ poker face” and is
raised cheeks used to conceal something or protect
privacy.
 Disgust: wrinkled nose, lowered
 To hide a feeling
eyelids and eyebrow, raised upper lip
d) Miniaturization/Deintensifying
 Fear: area around eyes, open mouth
 Display of less emotion than you are
 Anger: lower eyebrow and stare
experiencing.
intensely
 Surprise: raised eyebrow, wide open  to underplay a feeling
eyes, open mouth e) Masking
 Sadness: area around mouth and  displaying the emotion opposite to
eyes the one you are feeling.
Oculesics
 Face – the richest source of
nonverbal cues.  refers to the study of eye contact and
 Expressions of disgust, contempt, ad pupil dilation in terms of nonverbal
anger blend together to reflect a communication. Eye contact
remarkable range of emotion. indicates interest, openness, and
sometimes even arousal ( De Fleur,
Display Rules 2005)
 Study of the way eyes are used
- cultural expectation bout the public display during a communication exchange
of emotions.
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Eye Contact  The objectively determined

 The way we use eye contact not only truthfulness, follow-through, and
transmits messages to others and accuracy of a power source (Aguinis
reflects our personality but also et. Al 1998)
indicates what we are thinking. Pupil Dilation
 The use of eye contact follows some
unstated rules.  Attractiveness
 1) staring at a person at a distance:  Interested
an invitation  Emotionally Aroused
 2) returning of the gaze:
acceptance of invitation
In the USA, most effective way to connect
Functions of Eye Contact
with people is to look them in the eye
 Monitor Feedback
 Secure the Attention and Interest of Most people in Arab cultures share a great
Audience deal of eye contact and may regard too little
 Regulate or Control conversation as disrespectful
 Signal Nature of Relationship
 Compensate for Increased Physical In American culture, a certain amount of
Distance eye contact is required, but too much makes
 Communicates interests and many people uncomfortable.
connection in interpersonal
In South Asian and many other cultures,
relationships
direct eye contact is generally regarded as
 Indicates acceptance, warmth, and
closeness aggressive and rude. Avoiding eye contact
 Prolonged mutual gaze has long been with a member of the opposite sex or a
associated with flirtation and sexual superior is seen as a show of respect.
interest. Body Language
 People being interviewed for
employment who make prolonged  Is a form of nonverbal
eye contact are usually perceived as communication which consists of
more competent than those who body postures and gestures
avoid looking at the interviewer.
 Power is the ability to influence Gestures
 Visual Dominance is (+)-related to
 Significant body movements that
credibility power
convey a message.
Power and Oculesics
Categories of Gestures
 Power is the ability to influence
 Visual Dominance is (+)-related to  Emblems- are gestures with specific
credibility power and definitive meanings, often
substituting for explicit verbal words.
Visual Dominance
 Regulators- gestures to initiate,
 The use of your eyes to maintain a
coordinate, and terminate
superior or dominant position
communication.
Credibility Power
PCM 0006-22

 Adaptors – gestures use to adapt to sitting with the foot resting on the opposite
our environment. adaptors are often knee is strongly discouraged in places such
unconcious habits that occur without as many Arab countries.
much intended meaning.
 Illustrators- gestures that accent,
emphasize or clarify verbal Japan
messages.
It contributes important information  Bow is much more than a greeting
to communication interaction.  Bow signifies that culture’s concern
probably always informative and with status and rank
they are sometimes communicative.  A deeper, longer bow
o In some Asian culture,  Indicates respect and
 Conversely small nod with
extensive use of illustrators
 the head is casual and informal.
indicates a lack if
intelligence. In Latin Posture and Interpretation
cultures, the absence of
illustrators indicates a lack of 1. Slumped posture = low spirits
interest. 2. Erect posture = high spirits, energy and
confidence
3) Lean forward = open and interested
4) Lean away = defensive or disinterested
5) Crossed arms = defensive (usually
manifests as discomfort, uneasiness, shyness
or insecurity.
Posture or body image 6) Uncrossed arms = willingness, interests
 is strongly connected to self-concept. 7) Hands on hips=impatient
 Self –concept is a way we perceive
ourselves in relation to the social
standards of our culture. Chronemics
Slouching in Taiwan is considered  the study of time: how people use it,
disrespectful, while other parts of the world structure it, interpret it, and
may not think much of it one way or understand its passage
another.  Two perspectives
In America, standing with hands on the hips 1. time orientations
may suggest power or pride, but in  the value or importance the members
Argentina, it may suggest anger or a of a culture place on the passage of
challenge. time
a. Past-oriented Cultures
PCM 0006-22

previous experiences and events as Adhere to plans

most important
Are concerned about not disturbing
b. Present-oriented Cultures others; follow rules of privacy
current experiences as most
important Show great respect for private property;
c. Future-oriented Cultures seldom borrow or lend 
tomorrow — or some other moment Emphasize promptness
in the future — is most important
2. time systems Are accustomed to short-term
relationships
different cultures, different ways of
organizing time
a. Monochronic Time (M-Time)
- View time as linear  Polychrome Time People
 Things should be done one at Do many things at once
a time.
Are easily distracted and subject to
 Time is segmented into
interruption
precise, small units.
 Time is viewed as a Consider time commitments an objective
commodity; it is scheduled, to be achieved, if possible
managed, and arranged. Are high context and already have
 An event is regarded as information
separate and distinct from all
others and should receive the Are committed to people and human
relationships
exclusive focus of attention it
deserves. Change plans often and easily
b. Polychronic Time (P-Time)
Are more concerned with people close to
- view time as circular
them (family, friends, close business
 Several things are being done associates) than with privacy
at the same time.
 Often schedule multiple Borrow and lend things often and easily
appointments simultaneously Base promptness on the relationship
 Monochrome Time People Have strong tendency to build lifetime
relationships
Do one thing at a time
Concentrate on the job
Proxemics
Take time commitments (deadlines,
schedules) seriously  the study of how people differ in
their use of spatial relations. The use
Are low context and need information of space to communicate verbally.
Are committed to the job
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 communicating with others by virtue  Do not invade the personal space of

of the relative positioning of your other people unless you are close or
body. intimate.
 Intimate space- 0 – 18 inches from  Men claim more personal space than
your body. women.
 Personal space- Extends from 18  Men more actively defend their
inches – 4 feet territories.
 Social distance-Extends from four  Men become more aggressive to
(4) feet to 12 feet or 12 feet from regain privacy
your body ( strangers and formal  Men more frequently walk in front of
acquaintances) women than vice versa.
 Public zone- Extends beyond 8 feet  Short Distance: Latins,
from your body.(limit of sight) Mediterranean Arabs
 Medium Distance: Americans,
Territoriality
Northern Europeans
 Is the human need to mark and  Long Distance: Japanese,
defend space. Mediterranean Europeans
 A possessive reaction to a particular
Haptics
area or object
 Territorial markers- objects or signs  Is the use of touch to communicate
used communicate ownership or nonverbally. Touching is perhaps the
control of a space most powerful and personal of the
 This communicates possession of a nonverbal cues
space.  Most primitive form of
communication
Types of Touch
The Chinese tend to be comfortable
standing just over an arm’s length from one  Functional- professional touches –
another. When meeting strangers, this are the least personal type of touch
distance will be farther. and are associated with occupational
functions
Indians generally respect each other’s
 Social –touch – are associated with
personal space and an arm’s length of
interaction rituals and formal
distance is common during interactions. This
situations this is usually governed by
usually a similar proximity to what
explicit social norms and is used in
Westerners are familiar with. They stand
greeting, religious ceremonies, and
further away from those who are of the
festive rituals.
opposite gender.
 Friendship –warmth touch –
touches that communicates
immediacy and acceptance.
Facts about proxemics: Friendship gestures are intimate but
platonic touches that include hugs,
pats, and embraces.
PCM 0006-22

 Love-intimacy touch – personal way you say something, rather than

gestures that convey deep what you say.
commitment. limited to a few family
3 Main Voice Qualities
members. Long and more intense
 Romantic relationship- include  Rate- how fast you talk. When
gestures to arouse sexual desire and anxious, impatient, or excited, you
pleasure talk very quickly; when you are
discouraged, depressed,
contemplative or melancholy,
Smell/Olfactics
 Volume – loudness of your voice.
 the sense of smell can also be a
When you get someone’s attention,
conduit for meaning
your raise your voice, when you are
 Odors are sometimes forgotten
confiding a secret, you speak very
nonverbal cues.
quietly.
 Nostril - detecting different smell
 Inflection – is the vocal emphasis
simultaneously. Can distinguish
you place on words. By changing the
(10,000) different scents
inflection your
Functions of Smell
HOW CULTURE DIFFERS
 A. trigger strong emotions and
Individualism/Collectivism
memories
 B. Arouse romantic feelings or  Highly individualistic cultures value
sexual desire personal rights and responsibilities,
 C. Persuade/ customers privacy, voicing one's opinion,
 D. approach/ avoidance freedom, innovation, and self-
expression ( Andersen, Hecht,
an essential aspect of intercultural/
Hoobler, & Smallwood, 2003)
multicultural communication is the ability
 Highly collectivist cultures value
to suspend judgment and to accept new
community, collaboration, shared
sensations including unusual smell.
interests, harmony, the public good,
Paralanguage and avoiding embarrassment
( Anderson, Hecht, Hoobler, &
 the set of nonphonemic properties of
Smallwood, 2003)
speech used to communicate
Individualism/Collectivism Influence
attitudes or other shades of meaning
in Communication
 Paralanguage cues are used for
 affect self-concept
forming impressions, for identifying
o Individualist cultures
emotional states, and for making
 Form independent
judgments of credibility, intelligence,
self-concept
and objectivity.
 Base their self esteem
 is the vocal (but nonverbal)
on indiv
dimension of speech. It refers to the
accomplishment
PCM 0006-22

o Collectivist cultures o United States, Germany, Sacndinavia.

 form interdependent
self-concepts
 based their self- 2. High-context cultures
esteem on how well
they work in a group Cultures that rely heavily on words to
 Influence relationship convey meaning in communication.
o Individualist cultures o understood from the context
 assertive and confront o conveyed indirectly
conflict directly o “ reading between the lines”
o Collectivist cultures o American Indian, Latin American, And
 engage in Asian communities
collaboration or avoid
conflict
 Nemawashii (( a term
that also means, “
binding the roots of a
plant before pulling it
out”)
 Influence decision making
o Individualist cultures
 optimal outcomes are
paramount , even at Chronemics
expense of
 a study of how the perception of time
disharmony.
differs among cultures
o Collectivist cultures
Two time systems
 group members strive
 Monochronic cultures
for consensus and
o view time as a series of small
may sacrifice optimal
units that occur sequentially
outcomes for the sake
o value punctuality,
of group harmony
uninterrupted task
Context completion,meeting
deadlines, following plans,
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF
and doing things one a time
CONTEXT
 Polychronic Culture
1. Low -context cultures o view time as a continuous
flow
Cultures that rely heavily on non-verbal and
o appointment times and
subtle situational cues in communication.
schedules are percieved as
o use words approximate and fluid.
o direct, specific, and detailed o comfortable doing several
o Exact words things at once, having
PCM 0006-22

flexible schedule, and

disregarding deadlines
Uncertainty Avoidance
 the extent to which people desire to
predict what is going to happen
 Low uncertainty avoidance culture
o tolerate uncertainty and are
less driven to control
unpredictable people,
relationships, or events. Power Distance
People tend to accept  is the extent to which members of a
unpredictability, tolerate the culture expect and accept that power
unsual, prize creative will be equally shared.
initiative, take risks, and
think there should be as few  high power-distance culture
rules as possible
 unequal distribution of power is
o United States, Sweden, and accepted by both high and low
Denmark power holders.
 Middle East, Malaysia,
 High uncertainty avoidance Guatemala, Venezuela,
culture Singapore
o have low tolerance for  low power-distance culture
uncertainty  members prefer power to be
o created system of formal equally distributed.
rules as way to provide more  inequalities in power and
security and reduce risk. status are muted
o tend to be less tolerant of Masculinity/ Femininity
people or groups with deviant  Masculine culture - men and
ideas or behaviors women are expected to adhere to
 Impacts on communication traditional gender roles and
behaviors
 these cultures also value
masculine roles more highly
than feminine ones.
 Mexico, Italy, Japan
 Feminine Culture people assume a
variety of roles and are valued for
doing so regardless of sex.
PCM 0006-22

 Both men and women in this  In the Middle East, Arabs often value
cultures learn to nurture, negotiating/bargaining.
emphatize, assert, and argue,  In Asian countries, the reputation of
and are rewarded for doing the writer/company is essential to
so. credibility.
 In Indonesia, the phrase “Yes, but”
actually means “no” when speaking.
-differences in organization
 In Arab cultures,
documents/meetings start with
attempts to build common bonds,
rather than the American way of
“getting to the point.”
 Asians often prefer to start with non-
Long-Term/Short-Term Orientation business info such as the weather.
 In India, the term “thank you” is
 deals with how a culture values
considered a form of payment. If
patience in arriving at rewards in the
someone has done you a favor, you
future or immediate situation.
should not say “thank you” in the
 Short-term oriented culture intro/conclusion of an e-mail or letter
or you will indicate you are paying
 tends to value , emphasizes quick for the favor.
results, fulfilling social
obligations, and getting to the -differences in style
bottom line efficiently.
 In China, overt persuasion is rude.
 Long –term Oriented Culture Build strong relationships instead.
 Arabic style values repetition, and
 Emphasizes potential future seems ornamental to North
rewards that will be realized after Americans.
slow and steady perseverance  In Mexico and much of South
toward achieving a mutually America, informal style=lack of
accepted results. respect.
Technical Communication:  In sub-Saharan Africa, readers prefer
a win-win tone where both sides
-differences in content benefit.
 In China, content should be fact-  Some Native Americans prefer the
based, focus on long-term benefits sense that everyone had input; avoid
for readers. direct writing style.
 In Mexico, South America, and  In North America, women are more
many African countries, family direct than anywhere.
backgrounds are of great importance, -differences in design
even in business documents.
PCM 0006-22

 Arabic and some Chinese scripts

read right to left. Culture
 In some Asian cultures, a white  Culture is the "lens" through which
flower or white dress can symbolize you view the world.
death.  "Culture is the arts elevated to a set
 Europeans say Americans use too of beliefs." – Tom Wolfe – it should
many graphics, too much white be appreciated and valued
space.  is the system of shared values,
 Graphs/charts with obvious beliefs, attitudes, and norms that
meanings to Americans can baffle guide what is considered appropriate
international readers. among an identifiable group of
 When giving presentations in some people ( Samovar, Proter, & Mc
Native American cultures, hand Daniel, 2009). – way of life
gestures/eye contact should be
Values
limited/minimized.
 the commonly accepted standards of
Blocks to Cultural Communication what is considered and wrong, good
1. Ethnocentrism : Inability to accept and evil, fair, and unfair, just and
another culture's world view-- “My unjust,and so on..
way is the best."  Ideal Vales
2. Discrimination : Differential -the commonly accepted standards of
treatment of an individual due to what is considered and wrong, good
minority status; actual and perceived; and evil, fair, and unfair, just and
e.g., “We just aren't equipped to serve unjust,and so on..
people like that."  Real Values
3. Stereotyping : Generalizing about a - are the ones that guide actual
person while ignoring presence of behavior.
individual difference; e.g., “She's like Multicultural communication
that because she's Asian – all Asians are  Means a group or organization that
nonverbal." has multiple cultures within it, it is
[Link] Blindness: Differences are made up of several cultures.
ignored and one proceeds as though  Refers to a society that contains
differences did not exist; e.g., “There's several cultural or ethnics group.
no need to worry about a
Cross cultural Communication
person's culture.”
[Link] Imposition: Belief that  deals with the comparison of
everyone should conform to the different cultures. Differences are
majority; e.g., “We know what's understood and acknowledged, and
best for you; if you don't like it you can can bring individual change, but not
go elsewhere." collective transformations.
Intercultural Communication
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
PCM 0006-22

 refers to the interaction that occur fair treatment, quality servide, and
between people whose cultures are employment opportunities
so different that the communication
Cultural Identity
between them is altered ( Samovar,
Porter, & McDaniel, 2009.)  is a part of our self-concept that is
based on how closely we associate with
Culture Clash
both the dominant culture and various
 A communicative misunderstandings co-cultures ( Ting -Polish et al., 2000)
that often occur between two people
Race
from different countries due to an
ignorance of opposing attitudes of  traditionally, the term “ race” was
particular social norms used to classify people based on
biological characteristics ( e.g
Culture Shock
skin,and eye color, hair texture, body
 is a psychological discomfort when shape)
engaging in a new cultural situation (
Native Language
Klyukanov, 2004, p. 33).
 The anxiety that results from losing  is the language of one's ethnic
all of your familiar signs and heritage and its typically the
symbols of social intercourse. language a person learns from birth.
Dominant culture Native language obviously
 refers to the learned system of norms influences communication.
held by the majority group of Sex
empowered people in a society.  consists of biologically determined
Co- culture physical traits.
 is group comprised of a number of
people who hold common values, Gender
beliefs, attitudes, and customs that  consists of the learned roles and
differ from those of the dominant communication patterns deemed “
culture appropriate” for males and females
in the dominant cultures.
Code -switch
Age/Generation
 altering their linguistic and
nonverbal patterns to conform to the  People born and raised in the same
dominant or co-culture depending on generation may identify with a co-
the topic and participants involved in culture distinct to it. Although not all
a conversation ( Bonvillain, 2003) people identify with their
 Broadly, codeswitching involves generational co-culture.
adjusting one’s style of speech,
appearance, behavior,and expression
in ways that will opitmize the PLM MISSION
comfort of others in exchange for
PCM 0006-22

The PLM Board of Regents, Management, results in a belief in the mind of the
Faculty, and Staff are committed: customer. What the organization then
does is it communicates.
 To be recognized by the Philippines and
 When we communicate, it should be
ASEAN academic accrediting agencies
based in truth. When we act, it needs to
as a premier university for its quality
be based upon justice. Justice and truth
education, research, and extension
becomes the new operating principles.
services;
 it is the quality of our relationships now
 To ensure that PLM maintains a higher
that we need to focus on. It is the quality
than the national average performance in
of our relationships that are going to
all professional licensure examinations
define what we deliver.
taken by its graduates; and
 if our actions are just, our
 To continue to provide the students with
communication truthful, then we will
an education that will give them a
form trust
competitive advantage for employment
 two-way communication opens up into
opportunities.
dialogue. However, it is not achievable
PLM VISION unless we have trust
 The context gives the meaning.
Guided by academic excellence, integrity,  when we’re doing the ABCs of
and social responsibility PLM is committed communication, it is all about starting
to pursue the principles of "Karunungan, with action. We learn from our doing.
Kaunlaran, Kadakilaan." Our actions then we need to reflect
upon. And to have a wider more mature
context, we need to involve others by
VIDEOS TO WATCH: consulting with them.
 Ten Meters of Thinking: The ABC of  we’re interdependent. It means that we
Communication: Paul Hughes at as independent parts need to become
TEDxInnsbruck interdependent parts of an organic
whole.
[Link]
v=V00n4QEPP4g&t=55s  The Power of Communication | Nina
Transcript of the video: Legath | TEDxYouth@ISF

[Link] [Link]
thinking-the-abc-of-communication-by- 9OL4UtqDs&t=194s
paul-hughes-full-transcript/ Notes:
Notes:  Its more important to convey the
 dynamic knowledge – looking at the message than to know information
subject in its environment within the  Start communicating with purpose
context  Communication is not about you
 the organization first of all takes an  What do they know about the topic?
action towards the customer. The action What do they need to know? What are
PCM 0006-22

their inspirations and what are their

emotions connected to the topic?
 Communication is about meaning and
connection both are human needs

 A Call for Civility

[Link]
v=bXOObdcUmNU&fbclid=IwAR09k7y97
Sfs4QUr_T1S_be6C5mHL_C85kWRxkL_L
35GkzlAhrJGqxcHbtw
Notes:
Civility is:
 mutual respect.
 Treating others as you want to be treated
 Learning and listening to one another
 All men and women are equal
 Diverse, open, cooperative, supportive
 Expression, debate, community, integrity
 Doing what you know is right

 Learn about the National Standard –

Civility and Respect
[Link]
v=dMIcbVOWvQ8&fbclid=IwAR2kYKzOe
Mgedd2zckjVo1AtEuBR3uoJhu4XZobuY-
LQ_3x
Notes:
 Civility and respect mean showing
appreciation, care, and consideration for
everyone, whether coworkers,
management or client
 being uncivil can threaten behaviors
such as slurs, intimidation or physical
violence.