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PSYC3400 Personality Exam 3

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1. Abraham Maslow emphasizes positive traits, positive subjective experience, and positive institutions

created a hierarchy of needs that portrays behavior as motivated by an array of needs ranging from lower,
physiological needs to higher emotional needs that fuel self-actualization

what makes person go: hierarchy of needs (chiefly, physiological needs called D-needs)

what makes person grow: hierarchical growth, starting with D-needs and progressing to B-needs

what makes us unique: 8 pathways to self-actualization

2. alienation as 1. separation from nature
manifested by... 2. lack of meaningful interpersonal relations
3. alienation from one's authentic self
3. anal stage vs. anality the anus and its incomprehensible, repulsive product (excrement) represents the date of all the physical:
decay and death

Freud focused attention on the shame aspect of toilet training during the anal stage, while Becker viewed
toilet training as a positive, rather than traumatizing, triumph over our physical-ness
4. Animus and Anima Animus: the unconscious masculine side of a woman

Anima: the unconscious feminine side of a man

the two primary archetypes of the unconscious mind that formulate the archetype of The Self, our true self
as opposed to the mask we where for others (The Persona)

serve as primary source of communication with the collective unconscious

androgyny: the coexistence of stereotypical female and male characteristics in the same person; Jungian
idea that no one is purely male or female

these archetypes work with social factors to influence the development of sex roles and gender identity
5. anxiety "the dizziness of freedom"

normal anxiety: proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression, and can be confronted
constructively on the conscious level

neurotic anxiety: experienced whenever values become transformed into a dogma

6. anxiety, threat, if a person continues to live in a state of incongruence, this chain of events begins and ends with destructive
defense and consequences
breakdown
7. archetypes represent universal patterns and images of the collective unconscious

these models are innate, universal, and hereditary and function to organize how we experience certain things

four major archetypes:

1. The Persona
2. The Shadow
3. Animus and Anima
4. The Self

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8. attitude general orientation of the psyche in relationship to the world

introverts: prefer to be in tune with own inner world of ideas, thoughts, and fantasies

extroverts: oriented to outside world, seem to be bubbling with enthusiasm for parties, fun, and people
9. Being-needs (B- as you move up the hierarchy, needs become increasingly psychological and social
needs)
self-actualized people operate on the basis of B-needs, which include love, creativity, morality, aliveness, self-
sufficiency

behavior in this case is not motivated be deficiencies like D-needs, but rather by one's desire for personal
growth and ultimately self-actualization
10. Being psychology a perspective that emphasizes positive values such as goodness, truth, beauty and appreciates individuals for
their wholeness and uniqueness
11. binocular view of one eye should focus on humanist ideas of love, beauty, and goodness, while the other must unblinkingly stare
human experience death, ugliness, and meaningless in the face
12. Carl Jung's movement pioneered by Carl Jung that represents broadest form of psychology, including transcendent
transpersonal experiences beyond the reach of empirically based science
psychology
the psyche is composed of 3 elements (ego, perusal unconscious, collective unconscious)

what makes person go: causality, teleology, synchronicity

what makes person grow: individuation, transcendence, four developmental stages

what makes person unique: attitude, ectopsychic functions

13. Carl Rogers believed that a person's biologically based organismic valuing process will reveal values that allow both
biological impulses and values of humanity to live in harmony (congruence)

emphasized the importance of passive listening with a focus on genuineness and empathy

what makes person go: organismic enhancement

what makes person grow: unconditional positive regard

what makes us unique: phenomenological reality

14. castration anxiety the Freudian urge to emerge with Mom or identify with Dad does not arise from childhood cowardice or
vs. existential crisis castration anxieties, but from earliest existential consciousness that we are both living and dying
15. causality a low-level, behavioristic kind of motivation based on past experiences
16. collective contains images and archetypes that we share in common with all humankind from the beginning of time
unconscious
serves as psychological inheritance, containing all knowledge and experiences we share as a species

collective unconscious complexes are represented as symbols that present the nature of our universe in the
language of the collective unconscious (example, archetypes)
17. conditions of worth develop when a child's self-experiences start to be evaluated by others as either worthy or unworthy

in an attempt to feel worthy, child becomes less attuned to their own feeling, denying or distorting their
organic experiences

this leads child to perceive that they are positively valued only under certain conditions, impeding
development of True Self and causing incongruence, which can lead to neuroses

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18. consciousness of self the observing ego and the observed self (the "me" that "I" see when I think about myself"

the ability you stand outside oneself as an observer, to be simultaneously the observing agent
and th observed object

this process resolves the "subject vs. object" dichotomy which is pivotal to existentialism
19. creative illness intense struggle during which person experiences depression, neurosis, or even psychosis, but
never loses his preoccupation with a particular idea or gives up searching for a certain truth
20. Deficiency needs (D-needs) biological needs for water, food, shelter, sex,

the beginning of the hierarchy involves satisfying these needs before Being-needs
21. dialectic the contradictory, oppositional nature of reality
22. difference between Western and Western: see the self as the center of the person
Eastern conceptions of the self
Eastern: seek to escape the nature-based, Western "self" and merge with the universal, Eastern
self which is seen as ancient, everlasting, and birthless
23. different psychology theories behaviorists: situational variables are primary
and personal agency
existentialists: personal responsibility is primary

cognitive behaviorism: considers both situational and personal variables

24. dual personalities personality is comprised of two opposing components that reside in collective unconscious:
1. ego complex
2. shadow complex
25. ectopsychic functions (eight thinking introverts and extroverts, feeling introverts and extroverts, intuitive introverts and
personality styles) extroverts, sensing introverts and extroverts
26. ego includes everything of which we are conscious
27. eight paths to self-actualization 1. concentration: total absorption and focus on growth

2. growth choices: in the face of infinite number of life choices, always choose those which
move your in direction of your goals

3. self-awareness: becoming more aware of our inner nature and behaving accordingly

4. honesty: live authentically in line with your personal values rather than living inauthentically
according to the conditions of worth society attached to you

5. judgement: make choices that are constitutionally right for you as an individual

6. self-development: the continual, ongoing process of becoming fully oneself, because self-
actualization is an ongoing process rather than something you just possess

7. peak experiences: working to recognize and consciously experience transient moments of

self-actualization, moments of ecstasy which cannot be bought and are unpredictable

8. becoming less defensive: let go of ego defense mechanisms that impede your journey
toward self-actualization

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28. Ernest Becker focuses on whole person rather than on personality "parts," similar to Gestalt psychology

all motives, drives, and goals are seen to arise from one powerful, overarching motive: terror of death

what makes person go: terror of death

what makes person grow: expanded upon Freud's psychosexual stages of development and defense
mechanisms

what makes us unique: our awareness of our inescapable mortality, which is a distinctly human quality
29. existential angst an anguished awareness, shared by all humans, that we are "food for worms", destined to die.
30. existential crisis fining and fulfilling one's purpose for existence in a universe where destined-to-die humans are often alienated
from themselves and others
31. existentialism gives priority to existence over essence, meaning that how one lives is more important than what they are
composed of

less optimistic about human nature than humanists, viewing human as inherently fickle and even evil

emphasizes importance of living responsibly and courageously in the face of the apparent meaningless that
haunts the human experience

1. existence trumps essence

2. anxiety and anguish are intrinsic to existence
3. absurdity abounds
4. the void of nothingness
5. death is the ultimate "nothingness"
6. alienation and estrangement
32. feeling extraverts trust their feelings more than facts

intense, gregarious, effervescent, loud

they seek out social situations, maximize emotions, and repress thinking
33. feeling introverts highly conscious of inner feelings, but bc they are introverts, they appear indifferent or cold, giving off air of
superiority

described as narcissistic bc they exhibit apparent lack of empathy for others and have excessive focus on the
self
34. four stages in the 1. innocence: print to developing awareness of the self, the infant exists in state of innocence
emerging
consciousness of the 2. rebellion: can occur at any age, but whenever it does occur, it is seen as necessary transition to something
self better bc it cuts ties and seeks to make new ones

3. ordinary consciousness of self: the stage when a person can to some extent see his own errors, make
allowances for his prejudices, and use use guilt or anxiety as experiences to learn from (what people mean
when they speak of a healthy state of personality)

4. creative self-consciousness: similar to Maslow's idea of peak experiences in that this stage exerts a lasting
influence on one's existential experience; a stage that most humans only achieve at rare intervals, and none of
us except saints live very much of our lives on this level

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35. four styles of 1. Sex/lust: the sexual drive in its most immature, biological form; drive for sexual gratification, depersonalized
live
2. Eros: psychological desire that seeks procreation or creation with an enduring union with a loved one

3. Philia: intimate, non-sexual friendship between 2 people; cannot be rushed and takes time to grow

4. Agape: the highest, far-reaching kind of love that is concerned for the welfare and ultimate well-being of others
beyond any gain that one can get out of it; Love of God for Man, altruistic love
36. Gaia the view that earth functions as a living organism that self-reguates conditions of land, water, and atmosphere in
hypothesis order to maintain an environment favorable to life
37. Heroic only by surrendering to nature on the highest level can humans conquer death
synthesis
successful artists are quintessential model of good mental health bc they shape their existence into a unique gift
that will survive long after their death

failed arrests are neurotics who rigidly partialize experiences and fail to see the big picture
38. hierarchy of 1. physiological needs
needs
2. safety needs

3. psychological needs

4. esteem needs

5. meta needs (self-actualization)

39. humanism 1. people are basically good
2. society adds conditions of worth
3. people are impeded from actualizing their potentials

more focused on the conscious than unconscious

neurosis defined as blockage of innate tendency to self-actualize

40. incongruence results from the clash between biological urges and the values of the self--> when your experiences are inconsistent
with your perceived self

when your self-needs are out of synch with your organismic needs
41. individual existentialism is very idiographic, emphasizing that meaning is individually derived and cannot be generalized in an
distinctiveness "average" experience

heart of existentialism is the individual person authentically struggling to make sense of life
42. individuation a lifelong tendency toward self-realization during which an increasingly larger number of components of the psyche
are recognized and allowed expression
43. intentionality our imaginative participation in the coming day's possibilities
44. intuitive tend to be creative and find new ideas appealing, but find it hard to stick w something until completion
extraverts
decisions based on hunches or whims rather than facts

in touch w unconscious wisdom and repress sensing in favor of intuitions

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45. Intuitive Feelers (NF) The Visionaries - 14% of the population

introspective, logical, on a constant quest for knowledge

1. ENFJ: The Mentor

2. ENFP: The Advocate
3. INFJ: The Confidant
4. INFP: The Dreamer
46. intuitive introverts seen as mystics, dreamers, different

fit stereotype of weird artist or mad scientist and produce strange but beautiful creations
47. Intuitive Thinkers (NT) The Intellectuals - 12% of the population

introspective, logical, on constant knowledge quest

1. ENTJ: The Chief

2. ENTP: The Originator
3. INTJ: The Strategist
4. INTP: The Engineer
48. Jason Silva would be a transpersonal
___________ psychologists
49. Jung's 4 developmental 1. childhood: energy expends on learning; included sexuality in this stage, but did not talk of
stages incestuous relations as foundation for psychological growth as Freud did

2. adolescence: true psychic birth; occurs at 19 in females and 25 in males

3. youth: separation from dependence on family and now married and raising family of your own

4. mid life and old age: life continues to gain strength and meaning as you age
50. metagrumbles because we are in a constant state of wanting, we are still left with these higher-order concerns for
vocational success and abstract values of fairness and justice even after satisfying all lower-level
needs
51. metamotivation the mobilization of behavior in the service of these higher, growth-oriented metaneeds
52. metaneeds values like truth, beauty, and justice which ppear at the highest level of functioning in the process of
self-actualization
53. miscellaneous lecture points Viktor Frankl's "A Man's Search for Meaning" only those with some sort of authentic purpose (will to
about existentialism meaning) survive in devastating/traumatic circumstances like the Holocaust

David Foster Wallace's book "The Infinite Jest"

Randy Paush's "Last Lecture"

"Warm Bodies" movie: Zombies, Bonies, Humans

Jason Silva: replacing reliance on religion/God with reliance on science and logic has left us on all
on the edge of an existential vacuum
54. miscellaneous lecture points "The Hero's Journey" a common archetype used in stories and movies
about transpersonal
psychology Eros and Thanatos: The Treatment of the Narcissistic Neurosis

Wise Old Man archetype: Yoda, Dumbledore, Gandalf

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55. ontology branch of philosphy concerned with the study of ultimate reality and being, trying to help clients find ultimate
meaning in their lives
56. organismic a valuing process that guides our tendency towards self-actualization and involves selecting goals based on
enhancement our inner nature and purpose

helps us become our authentic True Self rather than striving to be an inauthentic Ideal Self
57. peak experience peak experiences:
vs. plateau -moments of pure joy and elation that stand out from everyday events and that leave a lasting memory/impact
experience on the person
-lead to an increase in personal awareness understanding that can serve as turning point in one's life
-often likened to spiritual, transient experiences

plateau experiences:
-more steady, enduring experiences that involve a fundamental change in attitude affecting one's viewpoint
-more voluntary than peak experiences
58. The Persona how we present ourselves to the world, the public personality

our "masks" that function to shield the ego from negative images in various social groups and situations

through process of socialization, we learn to adopt the mask to contain all of our primitive Id urges, impulses,
and emotions that are considered socially unacceptable
59. personal includes material that was once conscious but is now temporarily out of mind, forgotten, or permanently erased
unconscious
includes Freud's preconscious and unconscious

includes one's personal unconscious complexes: thoughts and feelings that cluster around a shared emotional
core
60. phenomenological person's private, subjective perception or interpretation of objective reality
reality
immediate, ongoing experiences of the self that can never be fully known by anyone else, but can only be
understood through empathy, or "waking in their shoes"

each individual constructs their own reality, with no two being alike, making us all unique
61. philosophical Kierkegaard: when despair is fully embraced, it becomes pathway to meaning and faith; only way to overcome
roots of depression os to embrace your despair, for only then can you turn to God
existentialism
Nietzsche: countered Kierkegaard by saying "God is dead" and took a marxist-psychoanalytic stance besting
tat loss of fat in religion enables humans to shed infantile relationship with God and maximize their own god-
like potential

Heidegger: even though we live in incomprehensible world, we should choose a goal and follow it with
conviction nd passion; instead of trying to escape death and pretend it doesn't exist, we should stare it squarely
in face to free us from the anxiety it provokes, "Death is a person's most authentic moment"

Sartre: disagreed w Heidegger, sayin that existence is meaningless and death was ultimate absurdity; saw life
pessimistically, as a futile passion

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62. religions Shinto: nature-focused indigenous religion of Japan that provides clear illustration of nature-based faith

Neo-Paganism: holds all nature in reverence and honors earth as mother

Yahweh: behavioristic God of the Torah

Gospels: shift from behaviorism to inner life/motives of Insight Zone; Jesus Christ was very humanistic/existentialist

Islam: translated as "one who submits;" worship emphasizes behavior like Judaism

Hinduism: encompasses most of the diverse religious traditions and practices of India; utilizes Piaget's twin
processes of assimilation and accommodation

Buddhism: unique bc it has large scale system of non-violence, Pacifistic religion; 4 noble truths
1. life is suffering
2. suffering caused by craving and attachment
3. craving and attachment can be overcome
4. route to transcendence follows eightfold path
63. religions in the 1. lower left quadrant (micro-merging zone): Buddhism, Neo-Paganism, New Age belief; find God in everything
personality
zones 2. lower right quadrant (pantheistic worship zone: Shinto; emphasizes purity and cleanliness as well as reverence
for nature

3. upper right quadrant (monotheistic worship zone): Judaism, Christianity; God is held above all in the highest
reverence and we must worship him above everything else

4. upper left quadrant (macro-merging zone): Hinduism and Islam's brand of monotheism, where Allah is held in
highest reverence while at the same time encouraging the faithful to seek unity with Him
64. repression vs. Becker reformulated this psychoanalytic defense mechanism into the concept of partialization
partialization
function of repression isn't primarily about keeping censored or taboo thoughts out of conscious awareness, but
rather functions to partialize all life experiences into more manageable chunks
65. Rollo May key existential dillema is to figure out to live your life in a way that is authentically you in a world that has
situational demands and circumstantial expectations that force you to pander to the expectations of others (forcing
you to act inauthentically)

depression is the inability to construct a future

"don't refuse the loan of life in order to avoid the debt of death"

we function at 3 different levels:

1. umwelt: biological world
2. eigenwelt: intrapsychic world
3. mitwelt: interpersonal world

what makes person go: consciousness of self, intentionality, individual distinctiveness

what makes person grow: the 4 stages that emerge during consciousness of self

what makes person unique: individual distinctiveness

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66. The Self synthesizes and integrates the entire psyche, which is a vast ocean of oppositions

contains the totality of opposites and strives to harmonize the corruption and perfection that characterizes
humans

so broad and abstract that even when it is fully developed, we can never be entirely in touch with it

formation of The Self regarded as ultimate accomplishment in life

67. self the broadest archetype in the collective unconscious, integrating the entire psyche
68. self-actualization the full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities

self-actualized people are doing the best that they believe they are capable of doing

free from crippling guilt or shame that prevents you from fully enjoying life
69. sensing extraverts always searching for new sensory experiences, may be art or food or wine critics, world travelers, etc.

they are good company bc they are gregarious and pay attention to others rather than turning inward

tend to repress intuition

70. sensing introverts focus on objective sensory events and are described as calm, passive, artistic

experience sensory events in clear-cut, black and white categories like "good" or "evil"

remain calmly unbothered in someone disagrees w them

71. Sensing Judging (SJ) The Guardians - 40% of the population

security-seeking, status quo, backbone

examples include Demeter, Hera, Zeus, and Aphrodite

1. ESTJ: The Supervisors

2. ISTJ: The Inspectors
3. ESFJ: The Providers
4. ISFJ: The Protectors
72. Sensing Perceiving The Creators - 33% of the population
(SP)
experiential and primarily driven by sensation

example is Dionysus, who loves wine and parties

1. ESTP: The Persuader

2. ESFP: The Entertainer
3. ISTP: The Craftsman
4. ISFP: The Artist
73. The Shadow consists of the sex and life instincts (comparable to Freud's libidinal drive)

exists as part of unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts and
shortcomings

forms out of our attempt to adapt to cultural norms and expectations

includes things like greed, envy, prejudice, hate, and aggression

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74. synchronicity meaningful coincidences that are lucky, miraculous, or otherwise beyond understanding

similar to humanist idea of peak experiences

75. synthesis occurs when higher-level process
1. cancels the conflict
2. preserves the elements of truth contained in both the thesis and antithesis
3. transcends and sublimates the conflict into a higher truth
76. teleology idea that behavior is pulled by future goals more than pushed by past conditioning or current
situational stimuli

death is not the end bc existence is a circle with no definite end

counters existentialist idea that death is the end, the ultimate absurdity
77. terror of death instead of Freud's libido as master motivator, Becker believes that this fear of death is the chief
motivational force

terror of death is intensified by its certainty and and by our awareness of it

binocular view of death: we must consciously co-mingle our terrifying awareness of inevitable death
with the happiness of our aliveness in order to achieve balanced existential experience
78. thinking extraverts value facts and logic above all, appearing rigid and inflexible

moral code is intolerable to exception

also known as obsessive compulsive

79. thinking introverts practical and fact-oriented, but so turned inward that they are seen as nerds

hold mostly abstract and intellectual interests, ignoring practical issues of everyday life

struggle socially
80. transcendence synthesizes the many contradictory and conflicting systems of the self into an integrated whole that
resonates with all of humankind
81. transference vs. means of transference functions to help us grapple with our fear of death, where we learn to seek security in
coping with terror of death the form of transference objects when we are children
82. unconditional positive accepting and respecting others as they are without judgment or evaluation
regard
83. Viktor Frankl will to meaning: these meanings are personal and unique to the person

if you are suffering with no meaning, you are suffering in despair: D= S - M

84. Warm Bodies economic upturns = more vampire media content

economic downturns = more zombie content

Zombies are living but dead, operating on lowest common denominator (reptilian brain)

Bonies are zombies that have given up (no will to meaning) and exist as skeletons

humans are alive but uncaring, unfeeling, and incapable of remorse

85. what is personality? a stable core of emotions, dispositions, attitudes, and behaviors that uniquely characterize a person
at a specific point in the time and shape development across the lifespan

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