Experiment No.
3
Objective: Investigating the reaction forces generated by the momentum change of fluid
flow by forces produced by the fluid jet striking the solid surface that causes different
angles for fluid deflection
Apparatus:
Stop watch for time measurement
Different weights
Deflectors with different angles
F1 -10 Hydraulic bench
Theory:
A jet of fluid is stream of fluid with high velocity which would exert force as a reaction
to any hurdle or obstacle in its part. The impact of jet is necessary to know in fluid
mechanics for engineers. In dams where, turbines are run by the water or hydro energy, it
is important to consider the forces that the jet of water exert in turbine. This impact of
fluid causes to rotate the turbine. The force of fluid on surfaces that are in contact with it
can be determined using Newton 2nd law or momentum equations.
Momentum is defined as mass in motion. It is the quantity of motion possessed by body
due to its velocity. As every body has mass, so when it is in motion, the body is said to
have momentum[1]
The rate of change of momentum of object is the resultant force acting on that body
We use flow deflectors to deflect fluid at different angles in our experiment. The
experimental set up looks like:
Fig.1[2]
Consider a jet of fluid coming out of pipe with velocity v and it exert force F on striking
the deflector. The force is given by Reynold transport theorem:
( dBsys
dt )
t=¿
When,
B=m v́ , b=v́
d m v́
( dt ) t=¿
[ Σ F́ ext . sys ] t=¿
[ Σ F́ ext syst ] t= [ Σ F́ ext on cv ] t
[ Σ F́ ext . on cv ] t=¿
For steady flow,
¿
For single inlet and outlet, we have following form
❑ ❑
Σ F́=∫ v´1 ρ ( v́ 1 net ) . dA´ 1+ ∫ v´2 ρ ( v́ 2 net ) . dA´ 2
A1 A2
❑ ❑
Σ F́= v´1 ∫ ρ ( v́ 1 net ) . dA´ 1+ v´2 ∫ ρ ( v́ 2 net ) . dA´ 2
A1 A2
❑ ❑
Σ F́=−v´1 ∫ ρ ( v́ 1 net ) . dA´ 1+ v´2 ∫ ρ ( v́ 2 net ) . dA´ 2
A1 A2
Σ F́=−v´1 m˙ 1+ v´2 m2
˙
For steady flow rate, the mass flow rate is constant
Σ F́= ṁ ( v´2− v´1 )
v 2=v 2cosα
By Bernoulli equation,
P 1 v 12 P 2 v 22
+ + gz 1= + + gz 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
As v1=v2
−Σ F=mv(cosa−1)
Σ F= ṁv ( 1−cosa )
F=ρA v 2(1−cosa)
F=ρA v 2(1+ cosθ)
Where θ=180−α
Procedure:
First of all the spirit level is checked and adjusted so that the apparatus is
completely horizontal.
A weight is gently placed on the platform above the spring. The spring is deflected
by weight.
Hydraulic bench is started and water starts flowing
The flow rate is increased slowly so that the spring is no more under defection
force of weight.
Measure the volume filled in 1 minute by seeing the meter.
Add different weights and take readings
Observations and calculations:
Diameter of nozel= 0.008m
Cross sectional area of nozel= A= 0.000050265
α =90 , So ,θ=90
Sr Volume Time V v= Mass Fexp=W Fth= v2
Qv=
no Collected sec t Qv / A kg =mg ρA v 2 ( +cosθ ) m 2
(litre) m/s (N) ( )
m 3 /s (N) s
×10−4
1 10 60 1.67 3.32 0.05 0.49 0.55 11.022
2 15 60 2.5 4.97 0.1 0.98 1.24 24.700
3 19 60 3.16 6.28 0.15 1.47 1.99 39.438
4 22 60 3.67 7.30 0.20 1.96 2.67 53.290
5 26 60 4.33 8.61 0.3 2.94 3.71 74.132
6 30 60 5 9.94 0.4 3.92 4.97 98.8
Theoretical slope = ρA ( 1+cosθ )=0.050
Slope from experiment is given by plotting graph between Fexp and v 2 .
Graph
4.5
3.5
2.5
Force N
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
v^2
Slope from graph= 0.047
Angle of deflection= 120 degree
Sr Volume Time V v= Mass Fexp=W Fth= v2
Qv=
no Collected sec t Qv / A kg =mg ρA v 2 ( +cosθ ) m 2
(litre) m/s (N) ( )
m 3 /s (N) s
×10−4
1 5.5 25 2.2 4.378 0.1 0.981 0.1789 22.65
2 6 25 2.4 4.77 0.15 1.471 0.2129 22.75
3 7.5 25 3 5.96 0.2 1.96 0.332 35.52
4 8 25 3.2 6.36 0.25 2.42 0.3785 40.44
5 8.5 25 3.4 6.7 0.3 2.94 0.4239 44.89
Graph
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Slope exp = 0.05
Slope theory= 0.025
Angle of deflection = 180 degree
Sr Volume Time V v= Mass Fexp=W Fth= v2
Qv=
no Collected sec t Qv / A kg =mg ρA v 2 ( +cosθ ) m 2
(litre) m/s (N) ( )
m 3 /s (N) s
×10−4
1 4 30 1.33 2.64 0.1 0.98 0.6212 6.96
2 7 30 2.33 4.63 0.2 1.96 2.15 21.4
3 7.8 30 2.6 5.172 0.25 2.45 2.688 26.7
4 8.7 30 2.9 5.76 0.3 2.94 3.345 33.1
5 11 30 3.6 7.162 0.4 3.92 5.156 51.29
Slope theory= 0.0803
Slope exp= 0.08423
Graph
4.5
3.5
2.5
F
1.5
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
sqrt(yh)
Angle of deflection= 30 degree
Sr Volume Time V v= Mass Fexp=W Fth= v2
Qv=
no Collected sec t Qv / A kg =mg ρA v 2 ( +cosθ ) m 2
(litre) m/s (N) ( )
m 3 /s (N) s
×10−4
1 10 30 3.3 6.632 0.02 0.1962 1.869 43.98
2 12 30 4 7.95 0.04 0.3924 2.69 63.2
3 15 30 5 9.94 0.206 0.5886 4.206 98.8
4 16 30 5.3 10.61 0.07 0.6867 4.786 112.5
5 17 30 5.6 11.2 0.09 0.8829 5.403 125.44
Graph
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
F
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
sqrt(yh)
Class work:
Discussion:
It is seen from the graph that with an increase in applied load, the flow rate has to be
increased to balance the counter deflection. In this way the fluid outlet velocity v increase
and the impact of jet on the deflector also increase. The force of fluid increases as square
of outlet velocity. To correctly perform the experiment, we need to set the apparatus
completely horizontal so that the jet is exactly vertical and error in readings is reduced.
References:
[1] Available: [Link]
[2] pressbooks. [Link]