Chapter 3
Motion in Two or Three Dimensions
Outline
1. Position, velocity, acceleration
2. Motion in a plane (Set of equations)
3. Projectile Motion (Range, Height, Velocity, Trajectory)
4. Circular Motion (Polar coordinates, Time derivatives)
5. Relative Motion
1
Position, velocity, acceleration
r
1. Position r = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ
r r
r r2 − r1
2. Average velocity vav =
t2 − t1
r r
3. Instantaneous velocity r Δr dr dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
v = lim = = i+ j+ k
Δt →0 Δt dt dt dt dt
r
v = v xiˆ + v y ˆj + vz kˆ v = v x2 + v 2y + v z2
r r
4. Average acceleration r v −v
aav = 2 1
t2 − t1
5. Instantaneous acceleration r r r
Δv d v
a = lim =
Δt →0 Δt dt 3
Part 1
Motion in a plane
2
Motion in Plane When Acceleration is
Constant
Set of equations
3
Being practical: 2D motion with const. a
1. initial value problem:
knowing initial conditions
(x0,y0 & vx0,vy0) and acceleration
(ax,ay) one may find position (x,y) ⎧v x = vx 0 + axt
and velocity (vx,vy) at any moment ⎪ 1
⎪⎪ x = x0 + v x 0t + a x t 2
in time. 2
⎨v = v y 0 + a yt
2. final value problem: ⎪ y
when some (or all) or final values ⎪y 1
= y0 + v y 0t + a y t 2
⎪⎩ 2
are known, one may find required
initial conditions to satisfy the final
values
3. a mixture of initial and final value
problems (just algebra :-) 7
Part 2
Projectile Motion
⎧v x = vx0
⎪x = x0 + v x 0t
⎪
⎨v y = v y 0 − g yt
⎪ 1 2
⎪y = y0 + v y 0t − gt
⎩ 2
4
Projectile Motion – 2 D Example
Projectile Motion – 2 D
10
5
Range of Projectile
11
Maximum height reached by projectile
12
6
Velocity at the ground
13
Trajectory of the projectile
14
7
example 1: initial value problem
[Link]
15
Using parabola equation
16
8
⎧v x = vx0
⎪x = x0 + v x 0 t
Problem ⎪
⎨v y = v y 0 − g yt
Figure shows a pirate ship 560 m ⎪ 1 2
⎪y = y 0 + v y 0t − gt
from a fort defending the harbor ⎩ 2
entrance of an island. A defense
cannon, located at sea level, fires x f = 560.0 m
balls at initial speed v0=82 m/s. v0 = 82.0 m / s
(a) at what angle from the g = 9.81 m / s 2
horizontal must a ball be fired to hit
θ =?
the ship?
v02
R = sin( 2θ )
g
two solutions:
17
270 and 630.
Question
A battleship simultaneously fires two shells toward two
enemy ships, one close by (A), one far away (B). The shells
leave the battleship at different angles and travel along the
parabolic trajectories indicated below. Which of the two
enemy ships gets hit first? Do you need more information to
answer the question?
18
9
Maximum height reached by projectile
19
Question
A cart on a roller-coaster rolls down the track shown below.
As the cart rolls beyond the point shown, what happens to its
speed and acceleration in the direction of motion?
1. Both decrease.
2. The speed decreases, but the acceleration increases.
3. Both remain constant.
4. The speed increases, but acceleration decreases.
5. Both increase.
6. Other
20
10
Question
At the same instant that you fire a bullet horizontally from a
gun, you drop a bullet from the height of the barrel. If there is
no air resistance, which bullet hits the ground first?
⎧v x = vx0
⎪x = x0 + v x 0t
⎪
⎨v y = v y 0 − g yt
⎪ 1 2
⎪y = y 0 + v y 0t − gt
⎩ 2
21
Question
When a rifle is fired at a distant target, the barrel is not lined
up exactly on the target. Why not?
⎧v x = vx 0
⎪x = x0 + v x 0t
⎪
⎨v y = v y 0 − g yt
⎪ 1 2
⎪y = y0 + v y 0t − gt 22
⎩ 2
11
Problem
A car comes to a bridge during a storm and finds the
bridge washed out. The driver must get to the other side,
so he decides to try leaping it with his car. The side the
car is on is 21.3 m above the river, while the opposite
side is a mere 1.8 m above the river. The river itself is a
raging torrent 61.0 wide.
How fast should the car be traveling just as it leaves the
cliff in order just to clear the river and land safely on the
opposite side?
What is the speed of the car just before it lands safely on
the other side?
23
⎧v x = vx 0
Problem (cont) ⎪x = x0 + v x 0t
⎪
⎨v y = − g yt
xi = 0.0 m yi = 21.3 m ⎪ 1
⎪y = y0 − gt 2
xf = 61 m yf = 1.8 m ⎩ 2
v0 = ?
vf = ?
1. Use vertical motion to
find time in the air (last
equation)
2. Then find v0 from the
second equation
24
12
Problem 3.55
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the
longest home run ever measured was hit by Roy “Dizzy”
Carlyle in a minor league game. The ball traveled 188 m
(618 ft) before landing on the ground outside the
ballpark.
Assuming the ball's initial velocity was 450 above the
horizontal and ignoring air resistance, what did the initial
speed of the ball need to be to produce such a home run
if the ball was hit at a point 0.9 m (3.0 ft) above ground
level? Assume that the ground was perfectly flat.
How far would the ball be above a fence 3.0 m (10 ft)
high if the fence was 116 m (380 ft) from home plate?
25
⎧v x = vx 0
⎪x = x0 + v x 0t
Problem (cont) ⎪
⎨v y = v y 0 − g yt
⎪ 1 2
x0 = 0 y0 = 0.9 m ⎪y = y0 + v y 0t − gt
⎩ 2
xf = 188 m, yf = 0.0 m
1. find time for
v0 = ?
horizontal motion
from the second
equation
2. using this time find
v0 from the last
equation
3. a fence – then find
time to fly to the
fence in x direction
26
and then y position
13
Problem 3.63
A physics professor did daredevil stunts in his spare
time. His last stunt was an attempt to jump across a river
on a motorcycle. The takeoff ramp was inclined at 53.00 ,
the river was 40.0 m wide, and the far bank was 15.0 m
lower than the top of the ramp. The river itself was 100 m
below the ramp. You can ignore air resistance.
a) What should his speed have been
at the top of the ramp to have just
made it to the edge of the far bank?
b) If his speed was only half the
value found in A, where did he land?
27
Problem 3.63
a) What should his speed have been
Data at the top of the ramp to have just
made it to the edge of the far bank?
b) If his speed was only half the
value found in A, where did he land?
Given: ( x, x0 ), ( y , y0 ), α 0
Unknown: v0 , t
x = x0 + v0 cos α 0 ⋅ t
1 2 a) solve the system
y = y0 + v0 sin α 0 ⋅ t − gt
2 b) find vertical time (now v0 is given)
and then the horizontal distance
28
14
How far and how high?
The fastest man (100 meters): 9.74 s
Asafa Powell (Jamaica) Rieti, Italy September 9, 2007
How high can he jump if … (world record 2.45 m)
How far can he jump if … (world record 8.95 m)
v2
h=
2g
v2
R=
g
29
Going beyond of simple projectile motion
W W I – the largest cannon: effect of air resistance
250
WWI cannon no air resistance
yes (same air density)
speed 1600 m/s yes ρ=ρ0exp(-y/y0)
200 0
angle 52
drag coeff. C=0.06
3
air density 1.25kg/m
150 Rprojectile=0.1 m
Altitude (km)
Mprojectile=94 kg
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 30
range (km)
15
Going beyond of simple projectile motion
effect of air resistance – the acceleration is no longer constant
250
Golf ball no air resistance Golf ball no air resistance
speed 100 m/s air resistance air resistance
30 speed 70 m/s
angle 35
0 with backspin with backspin
200 angle 9 degrees
150
20
altitute (m)
altitute (m)
100
10
50
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 50 100 150 200 250
distance (m) distance (m)
31
Going beyond of simple projectile motion
effect of air resistance – the acceleration is no longer constant
1
terminal velocity mg = CρAv 2
2
speed speed distance
object
(m/s) (mph) (m) 95%
shot 145 316 2500
sky diver 60 130 430
baseball 42 92 210
basketball 20 44 47
raindrop 7 15 6
32
parachutist 5 11 3
16
References
R. Adair The Physics of baseball. New York, Harper and
Row (1990)
C. Lindsey et al The Physics and Technology of Tennis,
USRSA (2004)
T. P. Jorgensen The Physics of Golf, American Institute of
Physics (1999)
J. Wesson The Science of Soccer, Institute of Physics
Publishing (2002)
33
Part 3
Uniform Circular Motion
34
17
Motion in a circle
35
Finding motion information
• velocity change,
• average acceleration,
• and instantaneous acceleration
may be found.
36
18
Uniform Circular Motion
37
Unit vectors in polar coordinates
38
19
Time derivatives of unit vectors
39
Time derivative of azimuthal unit vector
40
20
Kinematical relations for acceleration
41
Circular motion with constant speed
42
21
Circular motion with constant speed
v2
arad = = ω 2r
r
2πr
T=
v
43
Part 4
Relative Motion of Inertial Frames
44
22
Kinematical relations for acceleration
45
Relations between two inertial frames
46
23