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Linear Functionals

linear functionals in functional analysis

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Abdur Rehman
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19 views19 pages

Linear Functionals

linear functionals in functional analysis

Uploaded by

Abdur Rehman
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
hectuner 13-18 Couse coke 1633) a ee ante EF Dua’ ov Conyugore Space D Neel Space x, Beinn (lie: funTnal ) LA (w Wit) be a novmed Save Peete an BE Coripbn surder. Tee funtion fs N—> F eed tp be oO ¢ wnctioe 2 and i rat veclos MM, Tis Oinear duncdonrd 'f velol Meee N oA abe F iC (Gie Ly) = a po) “A Ginear Lunchorak 1s gerd T be continuo ¢ 2 : A Ty Qn aa - My aun ¢ 72, bore endl 5 At LC). ¢ Emcen fix-x~1e6 > |fOo- fw}e é Bn ince Felon? tx guid te be bounded if Le Go) = K dxf aay and — tence Fh LAC i oc ahtyie yy x¢o al More otth {£ca) < UF fall ¥ xen provided ‘f'is bounded we) ee ee ee oe. — Sa WM mF te a Cntr Pundimad. Tan f one ify The iearereys cbicl in N Proofs. I t nn ire preente 5 Kev f = bx en | Low = o§ 14 Cloded in wv, LA Sung I Be any Sejumer in kerf at OF ae I HE haw tak eked. Snte P is ction 9° | nie Sot) ayo oO Binte Xn € Kerf (hon each ‘n’) | = f (%)=0 (Glos eee TH , a xen aay Ny Ea Cm) = f 0x) 13 O RM CX)=0, So, X EC feat Hence eee +n clased In N. Coveney fuppore thal Kerf +h elesed Tat reas Pee, Sine: f° ply if is bomddd, Seo, we prt that las. bounded. we het tore carer Cael xf ig thon fl = 0 30 Kel 4 is bounded an Apuco f 1 NED Case I £42, then (Kerf) is nan—enphy aA open yt lat Xo e (bet), then, £00) + % : on sek, AO we Can Choose f(x0)=\. Since (Ker {) ig open i. 4 definition 6) sven set there exists open ball b(t) jt wext we claim that replue Lo bg ae > tro le | en. : an Fe Suppose against fi Clotim tha ae im fader — Holz} vx i ori a d= =X ad observe hah fH) fo f(%0 +7) Gey edt CS) Lye pet 7 1%) = eee £07) Se C! = 0 puis 1m pliz» Kot Je Kv ee Aho oe eel, 2 Tee a |, ik ey Me ed le foal Jxorg- Xo) = hdl = ff fal is SB |oty-mll [fo]<' -—— @ Next. (kt ‘z’ be on arbitrary aslo nr ae See tha == oe J tz l= Scr wd qn by @ ali L + (5) = ga leol< | jh i a He] <2 \21) Gaecaen i hi, Shows that {¢’ 14 bounded om Nar Ahuee i cmtinvowr om N ras nt ; Rok ana [ Exarpler bow 2d Lineow Pea ae ‘ il Sampleed one wey iace a finite dimengi ee ixt = fe jay ¥ x-Cr,n, —% er"), l FX) = Za Ki Pea c Pi. and bounded Lunelo nal. [ [ Frou ole thal pp = Hall [ [ Bee gee ad a, be F, mide Bex l5)- 2 Z acai rx) » Ean sb7) Bere aneh SRR ; saft +b tld Bo fF is Linear. afte ) Lis bounded , a Py al jo CEG eee ‘ ! f (x)= = ee me : r ee loo | =} ga | LE : ae Ca eZ an 3 [2 bel Cs negra, ) [ r = flat fat a Bee | tf < fall ae oD) r Since. PC h a C= (a, a0. ff Brees - 2 *_ 3 2 teal L = ei Now l My = Sf ol go ince a as 7, oe at xl e yal 2 I L =) i 2lak = @ © g 8 ® md ©, we hare tell = fall Exanfle 2s nee | Ld (claw b} Ml) be nemod Space § aQtveal | Cathinuowr fumclion where (Fil= 9p let] I Defies Be fanine Te e744) ae is ! L(f)= [4 (ve, I I then eas ei On Pena furclmall [ I Eis brow, Pe ee t [a re Pee mls # L(4t+b9) - feesacost - fe £4 alt) ne . a feeoaee > [ 310 \dt ee ee) consid u face)| - [fr coat] 2 b ( (4 co) a a 2 sp leo) (At a ae. = ney (b- 4) => k 2 el é (-4) (fll ve af 1G) ze &-9 fo [IF a Mirah re i dod . ee aT, ts bom Alo nots that gry sep (2! TH) ofa do 4(O=1 © teas), =b-@a C7) Je fee setlist Le ; Dial Space of a normed Space a De iten it ; Et WN be & nomed Space od F be fda Es Space. by all Ginear arch bounded funcoarclr from "VN tt, fF 13 Called duall Space Oa denslod a N* he i a | Nee? Fin Bineas and brea § ' a: Pre thst ee At) one Rea Hace Th tt tw poh a A re oA a fllows 7 L PY f,9¢ 4", “EE = 4x) «gc ee { (£49) Fea) « dO) Vv t = ae ae & L Gi = a fy ve tl - under Hhre gerdbins prove thet (W',-) ta a a Linsov Gpace, (& BoPart. tivo PR by Pie il wen u tacit jes — Prove “that Wr nom Linton Selafier Reeeva aa Ns a Be Peon thal ne Qineaw Hon tbeae difincd a a frie Upiransvpae nowmod Space is boundotl. Freofs Follow Bley: in The proof Gd welabd tower” fee Ricooe eperalow (do it yourself ) Qe Prove That w* is Banach Space. Proof. Exercise) Definibion ¢ (£50 meFric ‘So morphism) LI N and r be novmed Spacer. Ay speralor BMI 5, gal to be an isomolvec. if it Sols fier ©, O ad Os &- ED as syed ne Be A Broor a p Predserven norma , (a {eontebtl — y xen i£omorpham @ the dell See VP is (Lo iM Boh fet dL) represent, duck Space 9 IF [ the. we peol To prot Hot A(R’) = Ie 2 Pe g Nae That by definition ce r a \ ACB") = SSFP ef bur oA, E bounded § ‘E penta CPR we will prowe thot Pp: dcp) >= & cs . hae we i Ciiy Qincar _E i an jSomelyec glow That p a ey bijective Yd) P preserves nov. Pee. 9: Ae )> ia by i | 1 mn \ () = Cf + £é AC) h iSomor pls Gg t 8 where a) i ll given ty & Phe, oom eer te a boo fe Rr, hee fx ang xR i xe EEC E an eee A ee n Cre : Been > £( 2 ue) ( Le 1 y uA Ni 24 FCI =O. stan)" a ca Since f (&) 1) @ real number fav each C1, So et EN 2 [ Bet, wehowt a] [ f(x) < ee ae cable [ [ fee C4, %, eRe [ [ pew we fave prove ae p tifine spe ' oC) = Ce is sijecting, Ono aan ‘Gee ner, 5 i QD ie ee: ‘tI w p ie moe wh ; I Suppose Dat fer nae cate’), \ pce) = PCS) r <<. meee sj l (4,0, @ < (4,42, - dn) | ($0) Ff i) = bee atel) : : a) = g ee ute. 2 oh d v ié 3 a 3 | (e-g) i) = poke a Tun Gaa- £ x Fae = ®) p is onto s — , be pe (h, by, bn) CR” We Show that Thene entih @ fencbionak [ c GR OP 4t- Pld= & [ P a , re Bs S xchi Pe ia, 9 ere ei umdaa Vara 1), & E ge ace) ad fan PCH)= b= (bs, -~ bn) ; Go p Fn eoy * 7 Peed e a(e’) Eyecare Plats bf) = % —@ jp-aFeh§ ie. “(as age), @f +b ger), +, laf + 9) | f L. @ 2 L ! os epeadete:| K F (2.400) +43), a FCA) ALI), a. fcedh9@) Uy (a £¢2), af@),. af) + (49), PIC, pged) | 7 pi We ge).. 5e)) _ al Fe), £0), FO +b(9 A) r 2OG +h i w aa ’ & © tL Plafrsj)= aly +b Cy ' f = apt) +b PG a i) P_prererse nove +- I We hare te prove that pci afl vr -§ See fei} «| nefyedt= Wel (eet =) pe eed tt ¢ Tees I Fie n it Hephe Se fcc) < WEY { eae l 5 Rep) eae tha cai i ae ae . 5 fC%) a S xi Cee) , | 4 | eo ee tt Bim pce)| > | 2 xe te naa Z ie is ns = A ei! ( a } I [ belt feel i cz). peps ! Ky, { im i 1) Bee fede peel jel a Miegic OY) by &) ad Gr), ve hort feel! = HY + Ip col MH, Cc Ge 1k oN be an Oe nen A rovers Spare Then iB duos! n* also 4 ve Bee Since Wim finte fers ek Bere. oe} nae Meee 8 ff. 0% eae nN’, wher eath a Sol. i fe th oO ban Bley rs dined ‘9: G82 fF jae” 1 if ws 4. (ei) = Séj = ‘. ; 5 : i the domain § anak 4 ee ios, co Pe eans oy Nene Wie Bt iA a Linsar by inde penclok Apaming sot 6) yeclors in W* Unass inden pendence 2 Mo healers Aya «An , ea : a ) Li 2 af -Q (zev0 a) i JA Us To prove that en New Gnce ee 00%) = 2 (2 Of (3) ap i an : do this equalon hs last i ae. ae [ j ey = £5 Fee) UC Z ar fs eo els ee [ (4, pr |e, 2 a .. aR (4o ia [ i Thu all bcalay ave Cero i a - So 4 ‘ aM a Perel yet A ie ed Loo ( ; { B* Spans Ne LX fen” be arbitrary ond an fr 5 i a eee iN noe SG ee ie = zt, F(z) = re © eS xe 2r) a pe we f Cee) (=I Een a. ace £ C2) a = Gq x ee Parmer) ipl os ae : rn s cue) Pi t=! fa ¢ ay; ji ¥* HEB is a bows fo N* oA ). + dim wv Baan whenever dim N = Recall hot, the dimension 9 qualionk Apure N/e rs caltoal lo- dimen iow el BubSpace < ea a Ne ae % ; eas | oe Bi, pon nove Liner func anal f: > F, “The Co- dime ng ion of hee bile Ae Perot ( zen} aL ¢ ely hott Baaket> sc Mie . N f Be x, EN, fo Apthe € oe ad since “ef 15 Cinoar Space, thin implier [ 1 | i a : ints a( Lor ket) ¢€ Be igs : i ie Chertef>c a j i fag €or tok > } nele that oe LEN Can 22 written ar ee ee eke 1 er { ete, BS AtokdG. 5 az 0%), ye bot i J a) 4 kerf= atot pt ber f if = AN + ke " ea (x04 kof) es bt? i x 9 snk x4 keenf war avbi tre Bees f 1 of N . fluor ea a | | Ke Nv ane ry inf Yond cf nally we have if et) E ats a Cf eee os ss. Int dimarsrone’ pace U tence Co- dimonsim 6) kor os he [ d { tlyper plane + - prey WN bea pee pace eee dhe Bub Spree él iE po ce-dim (m=, Tam for am Xo EM { ll rorm= Ff xo4g | aem§ 7 Heda ke ee r pevpp (ant. ri : t Qa] | Franplo -— Xet Kerf wD oO hapa plane fen aed ee NN OF a Fx me) non- Lem Ginear i uncional f Be Cine space Shur that Hees we Ns fF CH)o ak} fie a hy per plane. Sls Sine f+ 0 (20 re) Bo there exish x, © N, Sadr td Paige ae wl ae. f Meek: the, --CXo) tt ( = (x) ee. fC%)= & Wo impor xe H thay Ye xo r werd = a hyperplane. <> Goh. feo R ry Tom de 13 Continuo on @ and [fl - [2 LX) = Hy, +A Fy vy x2 (4% mer

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