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Equilibrium Constants and Concentrations

1) This tutorial document provides instructions and problems involving chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants (Kc and Kp) for various gas phase and aqueous reactions. Example calculations are given for determining equilibrium concentrations and constants from initial amounts and concentrations. 2) Equilibrium constants are calculated for reactions involving carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon as well as for the dissociation of hydrogen iodide. Degree of dissociation is also calculated. 3) Equilibrium constants are determined for the dissociation of sulfur dichloride and phosphorus pentachloride from initial amounts and concentrations at equilibrium.

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88 views2 pages

Equilibrium Constants and Concentrations

1) This tutorial document provides instructions and problems involving chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constants (Kc and Kp) for various gas phase and aqueous reactions. Example calculations are given for determining equilibrium concentrations and constants from initial amounts and concentrations. 2) Equilibrium constants are calculated for reactions involving carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon as well as for the dissociation of hydrogen iodide. Degree of dissociation is also calculated. 3) Equilibrium constants are determined for the dissociation of sulfur dichloride and phosphorus pentachloride from initial amounts and concentrations at equilibrium.

Uploaded by

haziq ajiz
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES IN SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
SEMESTER 2, SESSION 2020/2021
FAD 1007, CHEMISTRY 3
TUTORIAL 1

1. (a) For each of the following reaction,


(i) Write expression for Kc and Kp.
(ii) Write the unit of the equilibrium constants Kc and Kp if the concentrations are
measured in mol dm-3 while the partial pressures are measured in atm.

I. 4A(g) + B(g) ⇌ 2C(g) + 2D(g)


II. E(g) + F(s) ⇌ G(g) + H(g)
III. 2J(g) + L(g) ⇌ M(g) + 2N(s)
IV. Fe(s) + 5CO(g) ⇌ Fe(CO)5(g)
V. Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) ⇌ Cu(NH3)42+(aq)

(b) Consider the following chemical equation and equilibrium constant at 25 °C.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) Kc = 3.7 × 108 mol-2 L2
Determine the Kc value for
(i) 2NH3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3H2(g)
1 2
(ii) 3N2(g) + H2(g) ⇌ 3NH3(g)
1 3
(iii) NH3(g) ⇌ 2N2(g) + 2H2(g)

2. (a) Carbon dioxide reacts with carbon to give carbon monoxide according to the
equation below.
C(g) + CO2(g) ⇌ 2CO(g)
At 700 °C, a 2.5 L flask is found to contain 0.10 mol of CO, 0.25 mol of CO 2 and
0.40 mol of C. What is the equilibrium constant, Kc for this reaction at 700 °C?

(b) An equilibrium mixture of 0.2 mol of H2 gas and 0.4 mol of I2 gas was found in a
2.0 L of container at T °C as shown in the following reaction. Given the equilibrium
constant for this reaction is 1.5 × 10-6.

H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g)


(i) Is the system at homogenous or heterogeneous equilibrium?
(ii) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of HI at T °C.
(iii) Predict the position of equilibrium for the above reaction at T °C.
(iv) Determine the equilibrium constant for the reverse reaction.

1
3. (a) Consider the following reaction at equilibrium.
S2Cl4(g) ⇌ 2SCl2(g)

An amount of 3.0 moles of S2Cl4 are introduced into a 1.5 L vessel. At equilibrium,
0.5 moles of S2Cl4 remain in the vessel. Calculate the Kc for this reaction.

(b) An amount of 5.0 mol of PCl5 is heated to T °C in a 2.5 dm3 vessel as shown in the
reaction below:
PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
At T °C, Kc for the reaction is 0.02 mol dm-3.
(i) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of PCl5, PCl3 and Cl2.
(ii) Find the degree of dissociation, α of PCl5.

4. A mixture of 4.0 moles of NO2, 2.0 moles of NO and 1.5 moles of O2 is placed in a 2.0
dm3 vessel at 300 °C as shown in the equation below. Given that the equilibrium constant,
Kc for this reaction is 0.168 mol dm-3.
2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g) ∆H = -120 kJ
Find the reaction quotient, Qc and predict the direction of this reaction.

5. An amount of 20.0 g of chlorine were heated with 1.0 g of hydrogen until equilibrium was
established at 470 °C. At equilibrium, it was found that 14.0 g of chlorine remain. The
reaction is shown in the equation below:
H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2HCl(g)

Calculate the equilibrium constant, Kc and predict equilibrium position for this reaction.
(Relative atomic mass of H = 1.0, Cl = 35.5)

Common questions

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Using the reaction H2(g) + I2(g) ⇌ 2HI(g), if [H2] = [I2] = 0.2/2 L, we set up the equation \( Kc = \frac{[HI]^2}{[H2][I2]} \). Solving \( 1.5 \times 10^{-6} = \frac{x^2}{0.1 \times 0.2} \) gives [HI] = 3.0 × 10-4 M .

Kc is determined using \( Kc = \frac{[HCl]^2}{[H2][Cl2]} \). Given masses, convert to moles: [HCl] = 6g/36.5g/mol, [Cl2] = 14g/71 g/mol. Solving gives \( Kc = 0.128 \) mol/L .

The reaction quotient \( Qc = \frac{[NO]^2[O2]}{[NO2]^2} \). If calculated Qc with initial concentrations is above 0.168 mol/dm^3, the reaction shifts left towards reactants; if below, shifts right .

The degree of dissociation α is determined by \( \alpha = \frac{n_{dissociated}}{n_{initial}} \). Given \( Kc = \frac{[PCl3][Cl2]}{[PCl5]} \), solve for α assuming [PCl5] initially = 2 M in a 2.5 L vessel. Using the equilibrium expression, \( α = 0.0095 \).

Knowing Kc and Kp is crucial for predicting the extent and direction of chemical reactions under various conditions. They determine how far a reaction will proceed and allow calculations of concentrations or pressures of reactants and products at equilibrium .

The Kc value for the reverse reaction 2NH3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3H2(g) is the reciprocal of the given Kc for N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g). Thus, \( Kc_{reverse} = \frac{1}{Kc_{forward}} = \frac{1}{3.7 \times 10^8} mol^2 L^{-2} \).

For exothermic reactions like 2NO2 ⇌ 2NO + O2, increasing the temperature shifts equilibrium towards reactants, decreasing Kc, due to Le Chatelier's principle. Conversely, decreasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards products, increasing Kc .

Kc is calculated using the expression \( Kc = \frac{[CO]^2}{[C][CO2]} \). With [CO] = 0.10/2.5 mol/L, [CO2] = 0.25/2.5 mol/L, and [C] = 0.40/2.5 mol/L, Kc = \( \frac{(0.04)^2}{(0.16)(0.10)} = 0.10 \).

Kc is calculated using the equation \( Kc = \frac{[SCl2]^2}{[S2Cl4]} \). Initially, [S2Cl4] = 2 mol/L. At equilibrium, [S2Cl4] = 0.33 mol/L, so [SCl2] = 2.67 mol/L. Thus, \( Kc = \frac{(2.67)^2}{0.33} = 21.6 \) mol/L .

The equilibrium constant Kc is expressed as \( Kc = \frac{[C]^2[D]^2}{[A]^4[B]} \) and Kp as \( Kp = \frac{(P_C^2)(P_D^2)}{(P_A^4)(P_B)} \). For Kc, the unit is \((mol/dm^3)^{-3}\) or \(mol^{-3} dm^{9}\) and for Kp, it is \(atm^{-3}\).

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