Mobile Communications Homework 4 Solutions
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Saad NadeemMobile Communications Homework 4 Solutions
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Saad NadeemCommon questions
Powered by AIFast fading corresponds to rapid changes in the channel impairments due to motion leading to fewer bits being sent while the channel appears static. In contrast, slow fading allows longer durations where channel conditions are constant, enabling more bits to be transmitted consecutively, reflected in calculations given the coherence time and bit rate .
Changing the phase in the mean values of a Rician random variable affects the mean power of the line-of-sight component. This alters the offset in the amplitude of the resultant stem plot. Specifically, modifying from π/3 to π/6 shifts the means, altering the appearance of the plot by adjusting the direct path’s strength visibly .
Frequency selective fading typically degrades performance due to intersymbol interference. For GSM with 200 KHz bandwidth, selective fading could severely impact performance without equalization. IS-95 (CDMA) might manage slightly better but still faces multipath issues. WCDMA (5 MHz) and LTE (20 MHz) are more robust due to wider bandwidths, but significant impairment would still justify equalizer use to maintain integrity .
Typically, when examining Rayleigh distribution and its fading characteristics, the signal below the threshold of ρ = -10 dB is a significant portion due to the distribution's tail. However, a precise fraction wasn't specified in the source but theoretically represents the fading deep enough to be considered in such thresholds .
Stem plots visualize the amplitude variation of the received signal, offering insight into the nature of fading, whether Rayleigh due to non-line-of-sight paths, or Rician from direct line paths with random fluctuations. They help compare variation intensity, observe effects of parameter changes, and understand fading impact. It aids in studying receiver performance and verifying theoretical models .
Coherence bandwidth is a statistical measure of the range of frequencies over which the channel can be considered 'flat,' and is inversely related to the rms delay spread. For the given power delay profiles, compute the coherence bandwidth for 90% and 50% correlations using formulas for CB90 and CB50, respectively, adapted from the delay spread. Calculations need detailed application of theory and empirical values .
The Doppler spread quantifies the spectral broadening caused by relative motion between transmitter and receiver, determining the channel's temporal variability. If Doppler spread is small compared to the signal bandwidth, the channel exhibits slow fading with stable conditions over each signal period. A larger Doppler spread implies rapid channel fluctuations, indicating fast fading, requiring adaptive techniques to maintain communication quality .
Normalizing Rician variables to unit mean square value effectively scales the amplitude to a standardized form, reducing the observed signal power fluctuation range. This reduces fading severity, as reflected in fewer samples dropping 10 dB below the rms value compared to the unnormalized version, indicating less variation and enhanced resilience against deep fades .
Increasing the speed to 100 km/hr increases the Doppler frequency, potentially transforming slow fading into fast fading. However, given the rms delay spread of 100 ns is still larger than the symbol duration (50 ns), the channel remains frequency-selective. Therefore, as the speed increases, the system transitions to frequency-selective fast fading .
For a BPSK signal with a bit rate of 20 Mbps, the symbol duration is 50 ns. Given that the rms delay spread is 100 ns, which is greater than the symbol duration, the channel will experience frequency-selective fading. Additionally, with the mobile terminal moving at 70 km/hr, the Doppler frequency shift is not very high, implying slow fading. Thus, the channel exhibits frequency-selective slow fading .