Did you know?
human body - 119 million RBC per sec
RBC - 0.000007 of a meter in size
human blood - 44% RBC
RBC - erythrocyte; cellular component of blood, millions of which in the
circulation of vertebrates
functions:
- give the blood its characteristic color and carry oxygen from the lungs to the
tissues.
- the mature human RBC is small, roound, and biconcave; non-nucleated and appers
dumbbell-shaped in profile.
composition:
- vertebrate RBC consist maainly of hemoglobin a complex metalloprotein containing
heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O2) in the lungs
or gills and release them throughout the body.
- oxygen can easily diffuse through the RBC's cell membrane
RBC - transport oxygen
- most common type of cell found in blood; 4-6m cells (each cubic mm of blood): the
normal value of RBC is 4-6m however, there are those that differentiate the normal
value for female and male
- with a diameter of only 6um, RBCs are small enough to squeeze through the
smallest blood vessels
OSMOSIS
- diffusion of water (A solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane from a
region of higher water concentration to one of lower water concentration
- exerts a pressure, termed osmotic pressure, which is the force required to
prevent movement of water across cell membrane
- in a hypertonic, there are more solutes; effect of diff concentrations of sol:
water would leave
- hypo, less solute; more water molecules; entry of mol towards the cell
- isotonic - would not need any movement; eqal
OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND THE CELL
- osmotic pressure depends on the difference of solution concentrations inside a
cell relative to outside the cell
- a cell may be placed in solutions that are either hypotonic, isotonic, or
hypertonic comapred to the cell cytoplasm
HYPOTONIC
- lower concetration of solutes; higher conc of water relative to the cell
cytoplasm of the cell
- the colution has less tone, or osmotic pressure, than the cell
- water moves by osmosis into the cell, causing it to swell
- if the cell swells enough, it can rupture, a process called lysis (burst).
ISOTONIC
- a cell immersed in an isotonic solution has the same solute concentrations inside
and outside the cell.
- the cell will neither shrink nor swell
- water does not move
- cells remain intact
HYPERTONIC
- the cytoplasm of a cell has a lower solute concentration and higher water
concentration than the surrounding solution
- water moves by osmosis from the cell into the hypertonic solution, resulting in
cell shrinkage, or crenation (for RBC).
!! there will be no effect if treated with isotonic sol, because there is an equal
concentration in and out of the cell [normal]
!! as compared to hypertonic (rbc), the rbc being here, water is released towards
the area where there is higher concentration. as we all know, this is the movement
from the lower concentrated part of the cell towards the area where there is higher
conc.; the effect would be shrinkage of the cell (crenated cells) [concentrated]
!! hypotonic sol, this being treated with lower conc to high, allowing the rbc to
swell and burst. [dilute]
CAPILLARY PUNCTURE PROCEDURE (phlebotomist/medtechnologist)
- from the finger or veins or any part where to get the necessary sample
1. sanitize hands and put on gloves.
- gloves are required at this point to protect the phlebotomist from bloodborne
pathogen exposure.
2. position your patient
- patient's arm must be supported on a firm surface with the hand extended and the
palm up. (patient should be relaxed)
3. select the puncture or incision site
- normally it is the central, fleshy portion and slightly side of center of a
middle or ring finger and perpendicular to the grooves.
4. clean and air-dry the site
- 70% isopropanol is recommended for cleaning capillary puncture sites
- in the actual process, from the veins or what, the site would be cleansed
in such a way that we use the procedure starting from the middle of the finger
towards the outside part then will be followed by air-drying.
- air-drying the site:
-provides max antiseptic action
- prevents alcohol contamination (volatile and evaporates easily)
5. prepare the equipment
- select a fingerstick lancet accdg to the age of the patient and amount of blood
to be collected.
- place items within easy reach (smooth and easily done procedure)
6. puncture the site and discard the lancet device
- grasp patient's finger with your nondominant thumb and indec finger.
- place the lancet flat against the:
- slightly side center of the fleshy pad of the 3rd or 4th finger
- perpendicular to the fingerprint whorls.
7. wipe away the first drop of blood
- wiping away the first blood drop with a gauze pad
- to prevent contamination of the specimen with excess tissue fluid
- it's not only the blood that will come out of the puncture and will also remove
the site of alcohol residue
BLOOD TEST - the blood coming from the finger will be placed in a capillary tube
(usually used to collect), or slides; normally with an anti-coagulant inside
Good morning
Scope of Quiz:
1. Language of Anatomy
2. Tissues
3. Introduction in membrane diffusion