Arithmetic Operators Control Structures Function Definition

$ var=$(( 20 + 5 )) if [ condition ] # true = 0 function function-name ()

$ expr 1 + 3 # 4 then {
$ expr 2 - 1 # 1 # condition is true # statement1
$ expr 10 / 3 # 3 elif [ condition1 ] # statement2
$ expr 20 % 3 # 2 (remainder) then # statementN
$ expr 10 \* 3 # 30 (multiply) # condition1 is true return [integer] # optional
elif condition2 }
String Operators then
# condition2 is true Functions have access to script variables, and may have
else local variables:
Expression Meaning # None of the conditions is true
${#str} Length of $str fi $ local var=value
${str:pos} Extract substring from $str at
$pos case expression in
pattern1) execute commands ;; Arrays
${str:pos:len} Extract $len chars from $str at
$pos pattern2) execute commands ;;
esac $ vars[2]=”two” # declare an array
${str/sub/rep} Replace first match of $sub with $ echo ${vars[2]} # access an element
$rep while [ true ] $ fruits=(apples oranges pears) # populate array
${str//sub/rep} Replace all matches of $sub with do $ echo ${fruits[0]} # apples - index from 0
$rep # execute commands $ declare -a fruits # creates an array
${str/#sub/rep} If $sub matches front end of $str, done
echo "Enter your favourite fruits: "
substitute $rep for $sub
until [ false ] read -a fruits
${str/%sub/rep} If $sub matches back end of $str, echo You entered ${#fruits[@]} fruits
do
substitute $rep for $sub # execute commands for f in "${fruits[@]}"
done do
Relational Operators echo "$f"
for x in 1 2 3 4 5 # or for x in {1..5} done
Num String Test do
echo "The value of x is $x"; $ copy=( "${fruits[@]}" ) # copy an array
-eq = Equal to $ array=( "${fruits[@]}" "grapes" ) # add to end
done
== Equal to $ unset fruits[1] # delete one element
-ne != Not equal to LIMIT=10 $ unset fruits # delete array
-lt \< Less than for ((x=1; x <= LIMIT ; x++))
-le Less than or equal to do Array elements do not have to be sequential - indices are
-gt \> Greater than echo -n "$x " listed in {!fruits[@]}:
done
-ge Greater than or equal to
for i in ${!fruits[@]}
-z is empty for file in *~ do
-n is not empty do echo fruits[$i]=${fruits[i]}
echo "$file" done
File Operators done
All variables are single element arrays:
break [n] # exit n levels of loop $ var=”The quick brown fox”
True if file exists and...
continue [n] # go to next iteration of loop n up $ echo {var[0]} # The quick brown fox
-f file ...is a regular file
-r file ...is readable Function Usage String operators can be applied to all the string elements
-w file ...is writable in an array using ${name[@] ... } notation, e.g.:
-x file ...is executable function-name arg1 arg2 arg3 argN $ echo ${arrayZ[@]//abc/xyz} # Replace all
-d file ...is a directory occurrences of abc with xyz
-s file ...has a size greater than zero. n.b. functions must be defined before use...
User Interaction Data and Time BASH Quick Reference Card
echo -n "Prompt: " $ start=`date +%s` “All the useful stuff on a single card”
read $ end=`date +%s`
echo "You typed $REPLY." $ echo That took $((end-start)) seconds #!/bin/bash
$ date +"%c" -d19540409 $ chmod ugo+x shell_script.sh
echo -n "Prompt: " Fri 09 Apr 1954 12:00:00 AM GMT
read response $ bash [options] [file]
echo "You typed $response." Case Conversion Options
-x show execution of [file]
PS3="Choose a fruit: " $ in="The quick brown fox"
select fruit in "apples" "oranges" "pears" -v echo lines as they are read
$ out=`echo $in | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]`
do $ echo “$out”
if [ -n "$fruit" ] THE QUICK BROWN FOX Variables
then
break $ var=”some value” # declare a variable
Preset Variables
fi $ echo $var # access contents of variable
echo "Invalid choice" $ echo ${var} # access contents of variable
done $HOME User’s home directory $ echo ${var:-”default value”} # with default
$HOSTNAME Name of host $ var= # delete a variable
$ dialog --menu "Choose" 10 20 4 1 apples 2 \ $HOSTTYPE Type of host (e.g. i486) $ unset var # delete a variable
oranges 3 pears 4 bananas 2>/tmp/ans $PWD Current directory
$ fruit=`cat /tmp/ans` $REPLY default variable for READ and SELECT Quoting - “$variable” - preserves whitespace
$ echo $fruit
$SECONDS Elapsed time of script
Positional Variables
$ zenity --list --radiolist --column "Choose" \
$TMOUT Max. script elapsed time or wait time
--column "Fruit" 0 Apples 0 Oranges 0 Pears 0 \ for read
$0 Name of script
Bananas > /tmp/ans
$ fruit=`cat /tmp/ans`
$1-$9 Positional parameters #1 - #9
References ${10} to access positional parameter #10 onwards
$ echo $fruit
$# Number of positional parameters
Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner's handbook
Reading Input from a File "$*" All the positional parameters (as a single
[Link]
word) *
exec 6<&0 # ‘Park’ stdin on #6 ures/lsst/
"$@" All the positional parameters (as separate
exec < [Link] # stdin=file "[Link]" BASH Programming Introduction, Mike G
strings)
read # from stdin [Link]
until [ -z "$REPLY" ] Advanced BASH Scripting Guide, Mendel Cooper
$? Return value
do [Link]
echo “$REPLY” # lists [Link] set [values] - sets positional params to [values]
read
Copyright & Licence set -- - deletes all positional parameters
done shift [n]- move positional params n places to the left
exec 0<&6 6<&- # restore stdin
echo -n "Press any key to continue" This Reference Card is Copyright (c)2007 John McCreesh
jpmcc@[Link] and is licensed under the Creative Command Substitution
read
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 UK:
$ var=`ls *.txt` # Variable contains output
Trapping Exceptions Scotland License. To view a copy of this license, visit
$ var=$(ls *.txt) # Alternative form
[Link] $ cat myfile >/dev/null # suppress stdout
TMPFILE=`mktemp` sa/2.5/scotland/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, $ rm nofile 2>/dev/null # suppress stderr
on_break() 543 Howard Street, 5th Floor, San Francisco, California, $ cat nofile 2>/dev/null >/dev/null # suppress
{
94105, USA. both
rm -f $TMPFILE
exit 1
} This version dated:20/02/07
trap on_break 2 # catches Ctrl+C