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Complex Number Homework Problems

This document provides 8 problems related to complex numbers. The problems cover topics like determining whether statements about real numbers also hold for complex numbers, solving equations involving complex numbers, factorizing polynomials, plotting complex numbers on an Argand diagram, and properties of complex functions.

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21 views2 pages

Complex Number Homework Problems

This document provides 8 problems related to complex numbers. The problems cover topics like determining whether statements about real numbers also hold for complex numbers, solving equations involving complex numbers, factorizing polynomials, plotting complex numbers on an Argand diagram, and properties of complex functions.

Uploaded by

mlungu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Homework 8 Problems:

1. Below we make some statements about real and complex numbers. The statements about the real
numbers are all true (and well-known.) What about the same statements for complex numbers?
For each of the following statements say whether it is true for complex z. If a statement is true,
give a proof for it; if it is false, give a counter-example.
For real x: For complex z:
(a) If x2 = 0, then x = 0. (a) If z 2 = 0, then z = 0
(b) x2 = |x|2 (b) z 2 = |z|2
(c) |x| ≥ 0 (c) |z| ≥ 0
2
(d) x ≥ 0 for all real x. (d) z 2 ≥ 0 for all complex z.
2. Solve for z if cos z + sin z = 2 .
3. Solve the equation
z 6 − 2z 3 + 2 = 0
and then plot your solutions on an Argand diagram.
4. Find a quadratic function f (z) with real coefficients such that f (3 + i) = 0 and f (0) = −10.

5. The complex number 2 + i is a zero of the polynomial

p(z) = 3z 3 − 14z 2 + 23z − 10.

Use this information to factorize 3x3 − 14x2 + 23x − 10 into real linear and irreducible quadratic
factors. Explain carefully how you obtain your answer.

6. Plot the complex number −i on an Argand diagram, and then plot all the solutions to the equa-
tion z 5 = −i on the same diagram. Also write all the solutions in modulus-argument form.

7. How many distinct complex zeros could the polynomial z 91 + 3z 34 + 5z − 6 have? Does it have
an even or an odd number of real zeros? What is the largest number of irreducible quadratic
factors it can have? Give clear reasons for your answers.

8. Prove properties 1.15.1 in the complex numbers notes.

9. The real numbers are ‘ordered’: if you pick any two (unequal) real numbers, then one of them
is greater than the other. In particular, the real numbers satisfy the following two properties:
P1: If x ∈ R and x 6= 0, then either (but not both) x > 0 or −x > 0, and,
P2: If x, y ∈ R and x, y > 0, then xy > 0
Show that it’s not possible to order the complex numbers by proving that no ordering of them
can satisfy P1 and P2.

10. Express 1 + cos θ + i sin θ in modulus-argument form. [Hint: express everything in terms of θ/2.]
Do the same for 1 + cos θ − i sin θ.
11. If z + 1/z is real, show that either |z| = 1 or z is real.
12. If π/6 ∈ arg(z + a) and 2π/3 ∈ arg(z − a) and a ∈ R, find z.

1. Express in the form a + bi:


cos θ + i sin θ 5
 
a)
sin θ + i cos θ
2

b) [1 + cos(2π/5) − i sin(2π/5)]2
2. Prove that  
n n φn nφ nφ
(1 + cos φ − i sin φ) = 2 cos cos − i sin
2 2 2
[Hint: Conversion from Cartesian to modulus-argument form and back will be useful].
3. Find the solutions of the following equations and plot them on Argand diagrams:
a) z 2 = −2 + 2i
b) z 6 = −64
√
c) z 5 = 1 + 3i
d) z 4 = −1 − i
e) z 2 + 4z + 29 = 0
f) z 2 + 2iz + 1 = 0
g) z 3 + 10z 2 + 37z + 42 = 0 [Hint: find a root by inspection]
√
h) z 6 + 2z 3 + 1 = 0
4. Find a quadratic equation with real coefficients which has 3 + i as one of its roots.
5. Given that 1 + i is a root, express z 4 + 2z 3 − z 2 − 2z + 10 as a product of linear and irreducible
quadratic factors.
6. Given that g(2i) = 0, do the same for: g(z) = z 4 + 2z 3 + 6z 2 + 8z + 8
7. If z = z0 is a solution of the equation az + b = 0 (a, b ∈ C), show that z0 is also a solution of the
equation az + b = 0. Can you extend the principle to quadratic equations?
8. (a) Use the Binomial Theorem to write cos5 θ as the sum of terms of the form b cos (bθ), where
b ∈ R and k ∈ Z. Hint: Use R cos θ = 12 (eiθ + e−iθ ).
(b) Use this to integrate cos5 θ dθ. Is there another way of finding this integral?

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To express 1 + cos θ + i sin θ in modulus-argument form, rewrite 1 + e^(iθ) = (2 cos(θ/2))e^(iθ/2) using the identity e^(iθ) = cos θ + i sin θ. Expressing in terms of θ/2 simplifies the calculations by allowing the use of half-angle formulas which are simpler and often provide more insight into rotational symmetries and properties of angles in complex analysis.

The significance of 2 + i being a zero of the polynomial 3z³ - 14z² + 23z - 10 is that it can be used to factor the polynomial. Since the polynomial has real coefficients, its complex conjugate 2 - i is also a root. These roots allow constructing an irreducible quadratic factor (z - (2 + i))(z - (2 - i)) = z² - 4z + 5. Using this factor, apply synthetic division on the polynomial to obtain linear and quadratic factors, ultimately fully factorizing it.

The polynomial z⁹¹ + 3z³⁴ + 5z - 6, being of degree 91, can have up to 91 distinct complex roots by the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Since complex roots occur in conjugate pairs if coefficients are real, an odd degree guarantees at least one real root. To determine irreducible quadratic factors, take the 91 total roots, assume maximum pairings into quadratics, resulting in up to ⌊91/2⌋ = 45 such factors. Remaining roots unpaired increase real zeros.

The solutions to z⁵ = -i are found by expressing -i as e^(-iπ/2). The polar form for the solutions is z = e^(i(-π/2 + 2kπ)/5) for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. These represent five points equally spaced on a circle with radius 1 in the Argand diagram. Converting these to Cartesian coordinates involves calculating the cosine and sine for each angle (e.g., z₀ = cos(-π/10) + i sin(-π/10)).

Use (1 + cos φ - i sin φ) = 2 cos²(φ/2) e^(-iφ/2). Raising to the power n gives [2 cos²(φ/2)]ⁿ [e^(-iφ/2)]ⁿ = 2ⁿ cosⁿφ e^(-iⁿφ/2). Applying the binomial theorem helps expand complex terms effectively by recognizing the terms within the cosine's expansion behave periodically, simplifying into desired cosine powers.

To solve z⁶ - 2z³ + 2 = 0, substitute u = z³, transforming the equation into u² - 2u + 2 = 0. The discriminant (b² - 4ac) is negative, indicating no real roots. Solve using the quadratic formula: u = (2 ± √(-4))/2 = 1 ± i. Substitute back z³ = 1 ± i. Solve z³ = 1 + i and z³ = 1 - i by converting to polar form and finding cube roots, representing solutions on the Argand diagram as three equidistant points forming a triangle for each root.

Real numbers are considered 'ordered' because they satisfy properties P1 and P2 where any two real numbers can be compared to determine which is greater. This linear ordering is possible due to their single-dimensional nature. Complex numbers, having both real and imaginary components, lack such a straightforward comparison system as they exist in a plane, not a line, hence violating these ordering properties.

For complex numbers, the statement "If z² = 0, then z = 0" is true. This is because if the square of a complex number is zero, then the complex number itself must be zero. This is analogous to the property for real numbers since (z - 0)² = z² implies z = 0 for the equation to hold.

If z + 1/z is real, then z can be expressed as re^(iθ), and 1/z as e^(-iθ)/r. The sum being real implies the imaginary parts cancel, yielding e^(iθ) + e^(-iθ) = real number, whose modulus indicates r = 1, so |z| = 1. Alternatively, if z is real, then |z| is trivially real by being a real number itself. This shows that the real condition on z + 1/z restricts z to either having a unit modulus or being wholly real.

Complex numbers cannot be ordered like real numbers because they don't satisfy both properties P1 and P2. P1 requires a number to be either positive or its negative to be positive. Complex numbers have imaginary components, making it impossible to establish such an order. If we attempt to order, contradictions arise when considering multiplication (P2), which cannot be constrained to positive or negative outcomes unequivocally for non-real components.

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