APARATE UTILIZATE IN
RADIOTERAPIA
EXTERNA
Dr. Andrada Turcas (Bologa)
11/19/2020
TIPURI DE RADIATII
Electromagnetice Corpusculare
Ionizante Ionizante
Fotoni (RX) Raze γ
• Ap. Roentgen • Dezintegrare nuclei Electroni Partic β-
(e-) emise de
• LINAC Cobalt60 izotopi
• Betatron Radiu,Radon
• Ciclotron Poloniu,Cesiu
Protoni Neutroni
(p+) (no)
NEionizante
Unde radio MicroUnde Partic
alfa
Lumina Vizibila Unde Infrarosii Pi-
Ioni Grei mezoni
Lumina UltraVioleta* Carbon (π)
CLASIFICARE Dupa tipul de radiatie
Electromagnetice
Corpusculare
(Fotoni)
• Gamma (Rγ) • Electroni
• Cobalt • LINAC
• Raze X (RX) • Protoni
• RT superfic • Neutroni
• Ortovoltaj • Ioni grei
• LINAC
PDD
11/19/2020
MASINI PRODUCATOARE DE RX Superficial x-ray machine: 50 - 80 kV
Orthovoltage x-ray machine: 80 - 350 kV
RTE superficiala si ap. RX de Ortovoltaj
11/19/2020
TELETERAPIE
Teletherapy radionuclides:
cobalt-60 (t1/2=5.26 y)
cesium-137 (t1/2=30 y)
11/19/2020
COBALTOTERAPIE
11/19/2020
• The smaller is the source diameter, the smaller is the physical beam penumbra and
the more expensive is the source
• Typical dose rates at 80 cm from source: of the order of 100 – 200 cGy/min
• Teletherapy source is usually replaced within one half-life after it is installed
11/19/2020
When the source is in the BEAM-OFF
position, a light source appears in the
BEAM-ON position above the
collimator opening, allowing an optical
visualization of the radiation field, as
defined by the machine collimator.
11/19/2020
Theratron
11/19/2020
*Gammaknife
- focus about 200 tiny beams of radiation on a tumor with submillimeter accuracy
- Co60
Stereotactic
Radiosurgery
[Link]
ACCELERATOARE
LINIARE
11/19/2020
[Link]
Ex1A&t=369s&ab_channel=Elekta 11/19/2020
PRODUCEREA RX
TUB de Raze X (vid)
Un “pistol” de electroni
CATODUL- emite electroni cu viteza ↑
se lovesc de ANOD (tinta metalica-% Tungsten)
producere RX prin 2 mecanisme
1. Emisie de RX caracteristice
2. BremsStrahlung (Radiatie de franare)
Energia max a RX depinde de Energia max a electronilor incidenti
Electroni incidenti (MV) RX (MeV)
Diagnostic: (E electrica)-Voltaj 20 kV -150 kV Fotoni (RX) cu Energie de 20 keV -150 keV
Eficienta ↓ - maj energiei electrice este pierduta prin CALDURA, 1% prod RX
[Link]
Radiatii X Caracteristice BremsStrahlung (RX de franare)
= ElectroLuminescenta
Electronii incidenti sunt deviati (imprastiati) de campul
Electronul incident (cu E↑) disloca un electron de pe
electric al NUCLEULUI a unui atom cu Z↑
un str intern (E legare ↑)
Electronul isi schimba directia, pierde din energie
Atomul devine IONIZAT = INstabil
Se emite un FOTON = Radiatie de franare
Un electron de pe un str ext ocupa locul vacant
(forma mai STABILA a atomului) BremsStrahlung
Se emite un FOTON (RX) characteristic
[Link]
Fotoni (RX) Electroni
MLC= MultiLeaf COLLIMATOR
11/19/2020
[Link]
ar-accelerator-guides
TOMOTERAPIE
[Link]
MR-LINAC
11/19/2020
**CYBERKNIFE
• combines a compact linear accelerator
mounted on a robotic manipulator, and
an integrated image guidance system.
• The system is designed for stereotactic
radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic
body radiation therapy (SBRT).
• The system is also used for select 3D-
CRT IMRT
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
TERAPIE CU PARTICULE (mai) GRELE
Neutrons
cyclotrons
neutron generators
Protons
cyclotrons
synchrotrons
Heavy ions (helium, carbon, nitrogen, argon, neon)
SynchroCyclotrons
Synchrotrons.
CYCLOTRON SYNCHROTRON
type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the
Cyclotrons were the most powerful particle cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels
accelerator technology until the 1950s when they around a fixed closed-loop path
were superseded by the synchrotron The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest
particle accelerator in the world (CERN). It can accelerate
beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 teraelectronvolts (TeV)
11/19/2020
TERAPIE CU PROTONI
IBA-Ion Beam Applications
•MEVION [Link]
• the world’s only gantry mounted proton accelerator rapyIBA
HITACHI VARIAN- ProBeam
TERAPIE CU IONI DE CARBON
(CIRT)
11/19/2020
11/19/2020
11/19/2020
11/19/2020
FAST NEUTRON THERAPY
High energy neutrons 50 - 70 MeV
cyclotron proton beam impinging upon a beryllium target
a proton linear accelerator
11/19/2020
BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
[Link]
[Link]