***DISCLAIMER: This worksheet is to be used for educational purposes only
and may/will contain errors.**************************************
Created by Mathew Picardal: [Link]
LinkedIn: [Link]
Masonry Design Examples
***DISCLAIMER: This worksheet is to be used for educational purposes only
and may/will contain errors.**************************************
Created by Mathew Picardal: [Link]
LinkedIn: [Link]
Flexural and Shear Design Example:
Referenced from "2015 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures" by Brandow,
Ekwueme, and Hart: [Link]
Example 1:
Design the reinforcement for the 32-inch deep beam shown in the below
figure. The compressive strength of the masonry is 2000 psi. Grade 60
steel is used for the longitudinal reinforcement and Grade 40 steel is used
for the shear reinforcement. Assume that the beam is simply supported and
the effective length is 16'-0".
SOLUTION:
Load Combo: D+L
w ≔ 800 + 400 = 1200 plf
L ≔ 16 ft Effective Span Length
w ⋅ L2
M ≔ ―― = 38400 lb - ft Applied moment
8
w⋅L
V ≔ ――= 9600 lbs Applied shear
2
P≔0 lbs Applied axial load
f'm ≔ 2000 psi Masonry compressive strength
Em ≔ 900 ⋅ f'm = 1800000 psi Masonry modulus of elasticity for compression
Fb ≔ 0.45 ⋅ f'm = 900 psi Masonry allowable compressive stress
Fs ≔ 32000 psi Grade 60 longit steel
Fsv ≔ 20000 psi Grade 40 shear steel
Es ≔ 29000000 psi Steel modulus of elasticity
Estimate required steel, assume j=0.9:
j ≔ 0.9
b ≔ 7.63 Width of beam
d ≔ 28 in. Effective depth of the flexural member, distance from
extreme compression fiber to centroid of reinforcing steel
M ⋅ ((12))
Asreq ≔ ―――= 0.571 in. 2 Estimated area of steel required
Fs ⋅ j ⋅ d
Try (2) #5 longitudinal bars
As ≔ 2 ⋅ 0.31 = 0.62 in. 2 Area of steel provided
As
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.0029
b⋅d
Es
n ≔ ―― = 16.1
Em
ρ ⋅ n = 0.047
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
k≔ ((ρ ⋅ n)) + 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ n - ρ ⋅ n = 0.263
k
j ≔ 1 - ―= 0.912
3
Final flexural stress checks:
2 ⋅ M ⋅ ((12))
fb ≔ ―――― = 642.981
k ⋅ b ⋅ j ⋅ d2
if ⎛⎝fb ≤ Fb , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
M ⋅ ((12))
fs ≔ ―――= 29090 psi
As ⋅ j ⋅ d
if ⎛⎝fs ≤ Fs , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Therefore, use (2) #5 longitudinal bars
Shear Design:
dv ≔ 32 in. Actual depth of masonry member in direction of shear
considered - usually beam depth
V
fv ≔ ――= 39.3 psi
b ⋅ dv
Assume M/Vdv=1.0, conservative
γg ≔ 1
FvMAX ≔ 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm γg = 89.4 psi
Check:
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ FvMAX , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Check masonry shear strength alone:
0.25 ⋅ P
Fvm ≔ 0.5 ⋅ ((4 - 1.75 ((1)))) ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm + ――― = 50.3 psi
b ⋅ dv
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ Fvm , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Therefore, no shear reinforcing is needed since masonry
alone is sufficient.
Shear Design Example:
Referenced from "2015 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures" by Brandow,
Ekwueme, and Hart: [Link]
Example 2:
Design the shear reinforcement for an 8 inch CMu beam given the following:
L ≔ 20 ft Effective Span Length
dv ≔ 24 in. Actual depth of masonry member in direction of
shear considered - usually beam depth
b ≔ 7.63 in. Beam width
w ≔ 1220 plf Dead and live load
f'm ≔ 2000 psi
Fs ≔ 32000 psi Grade 60 steel
SOLUTION:
w⋅L
V ≔ ――= 12200 lbs Applied shear
2
V
fv ≔ ――= 66.6 psi Applied shear stress
b ⋅ dv
Assume M/Vdv=1.0, conservative
γg ≔ 1
FvMAX ≔ 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm γg = 89.4 psi
Check:
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ FvMAX , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Check masonry shear strength alone:
0.25 ⋅ P
Fvm ≔ 0.5 ⋅ ((4 - 1.75 ((1)))) ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm + ――― = 50.3
b ⋅ dv
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ Fvm , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “Not good”
Therefore, will need to add shear reinforcing:
Assume #4 bars for the shear reinforcing:
Av ≔ 0.2 in. 2 Shear bar area
Find how much steel shear strength is required:
Fvs ≔ fv - Fvm = 16.3 psi
Re-arrange shear equation to solve for shear steel spacing:
0.5 ⋅ Av ⋅ Fs ⋅ dv
s ≔ ――――― = 25.712 in.
Fvs ⋅ ⎛⎝b ⋅ dv⎞⎠
Note additional shear requirements: s must not exceed the smaller
of 48 inches or one-half beam effective depth:
dv
―= 12 in.
2
Since masonry is modular, spacing is best kept at 8 inch increments.
Therefore, use #4 shear bars spaced at 8 inches on center
Axial Design Example:
Referenced from "2015 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures" by Brandow,
Ekwueme, and Hart: [Link]
Example 3:
Design a 24-inch by 32-inch, 30 foot high CMU column to support a concentric
dead and live load of 425 kips. The masonry compressive strength is 2000 psi
and Grade 60 steel is used. For illustrative purposes, ignore minimum
eccentricity requirements.
SOLUTION:
f'm ≔ 2000 psi Masonry strength
b ≔ 31.63 in. Column width
t ≔ 23.63 in. Column thickness
P ≔ 425000 lbs Applied axial load
Fs ≔ 32000 psi Grade 60 steel
Assume pinned-pinned condition since it's not given:
H ≔ 30 ((12)) = 360 in. Effective column height
t
r ≔ ――= 6.82 in. Least radium of gyration
‾‾
12
H
―= 52.8
r
H
―< 99
r
Therefore:
Need to solve for area of steel, split equation up into masonry strength and
steel strength component:
⎛ ⎛ H ⎞2 ⎞
Pm ≔ 0.25 ⋅ f'm ⋅ ((b ⋅ t)) ⋅ ⎜1 - ⎜――― ⎟ ⎟ = 320603 lbs Masonry compressive
⎝ ⎝ 140 ⋅ r ⎠ ⎠ strength
strength
Ps ≔ P - Pm = 104397 lbs Required axial strength from steel
Re-arranging steel axial strength equation to solve for Ast:
Ps
Ast ≔ ―――――――― = 5.85 in. 2 Area of steel required
⎛ ⎛ H ⎞2 ⎞
0.65 ⋅ Fs ⋅ ⎜1 - ⎜――― ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ 140 ⋅ r ⎠ ⎠
Try (8) #8 vertical longitudinal bars
Ast_provided ≔ 8 ⋅ 0.785 = 6.28 in. 2 Area of steel provided
Check vertical reinforcement ratios and hook requirements:
Ast_provided
ρ ≔ ―――― = 0.0084
b⋅t
ρ < 0.04 = 1 OK
ρ > 0.0025 = 1 OK
Also, provide hooks and ties for intermediate bars to meet hook requirements:
Check tie requirements:
Use #3 ties
s ≔ min ((16 ⋅ 1 , 48 ⋅ 0.375 , t)) = 16 in.
Therefore, use #3 ties @ 16" on center
Axial & Flexural Design Example:
Referenced from "2015 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures" by Brandow,
Ekwueme, and Hart: [Link]
Example 4:
Verify that a 20 ft high, 16 inch concrete masonry column can support the
service loads shown in the figure below. The masonry compressive strength is
2000 psi, and Grade 60 steel is used. Conservatively ignore the contribution of
steel in compression.
SOLUTION:
f'm ≔ 2000 psi Masonry strength
b ≔ 15.63 in. Column width
t ≔ 15.63 in. h≔t Column thickness
P ≔ 28000 lbs Applied axial load
Fs ≔ 32000 psi Grade 60 steel
Fb ≔ 0.45 ⋅ f'm = 900 psi Masonry allowable compressive stress
H ≔ 20 ft Column height
P ≔ 28000 lbs
V ≔ 1000 lbs
As ≔ 4 ⋅ 0.785 = 3.14 in. 2 Longit bar reinf area
Av ≔ 0.11 in. 2 Shear bar reinf area
d ≔ 12 in. Effective depth of the flexural member, distance from
extreme compression fiber to centroid of reinforcing steel
Em ≔ 900 ⋅ f'm = 1800000 psi Masonry modulus of elasticity for compression
Es ≔ 29000000 psi Steel modulus of elasticity
Check minimum eccentricity requirements of 0.1 column dimension
does not govern:
0.1 ⋅ b
emin ≔ ――= 0.13 ft
12
P ⋅ emin = 3647 lb - ft
M ≔ V ⋅ H = 20000 lb - ft Moment caused by seismic load
P ⋅ emin < M = 1 Therefore, OK, design for moment caused by sesimic
STEP 1: Check Axial Only:
Assume pinned-pinned condition since it's not given:
H ≔ H ⋅ 12 = 240 in. Effective column height
t
r ≔ ――= 4.51 in. Least radium of gyration
‾‾
12
H
―= 53.2
r
H
―< 99
r
Therefore:
P
fa ≔ ―― = 114.6 psi
b⋅t
⎛ ⎛ H ⎞2 ⎞
Fa ≔ 0.25 ⋅ f'm ⋅ ⎜1 - ⎜――― ⎟ ⎟ = 428 psi Masonry compressive strength
⎝ ⎝ 140 ⋅ r ⎠ ⎠
if ⎛⎝fa ≤ Fb , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
STEP 2: Check Combined Flexural & Axial:
b ⋅ t2
Sn ≔ ――= 636.4 in. 3 Section modulus
6
M ⋅ ((12))
fb ≔ ―――= 377.1 psi
Sn
if ⎛⎝fa > fb , “UNCRACKED” , “CRACKED”⎞⎠ = “CRACKED”
Therefore, use cracked sections:
As ≔ 2 ⋅ 0.79 = 1.58 in. 2 Note, this is flexural steel used to resist
tension, so only 2 bars will activate
As
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.0084
b⋅d
Es
n ≔ ―― = 16.1
Em
ρ ⋅ n = 0.136
If masonry compressive stress governs:
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
⎛ P ⎞ ⎛ P ⎞
k ≔ ⎜ρ ⋅ n - ――― ⎟ + 2 ⋅ ρ ⋅ n - ⎜ρ ⋅ n - ――― ⎟ = 0.552
⎝ b ⋅ d ⋅ Fb ⎠ ⎝ b ⋅ d ⋅ Fb ⎠
k
j ≔ 1 - ―= 0.816
3
Mm ≔ 0.5 ⋅ Fb ⋅ k ⋅ b ⋅ j ⋅ d 2 - P ⋅ ((d - 0.5 ⋅ h)) = 339043 lb - in
If steel tensile stress governs:
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
⎛ n⋅P ⎞ ⎛ n⋅P ⎞ ⎛ n⋅P ⎞
k ≔ ⎜ρ ⋅ n + ――― ⎟ + 2 ⋅ ⎜ρ ⋅ n + ――― ⎟ - ⎜ρ ⋅ n + ――― ⎟ = 0.472
⎝ b ⋅ d ⋅ Fs ⎠ ⎝ b ⋅ d ⋅ Fs ⎠ ⎝ b ⋅ d ⋅ Fs ⎠
k
j ≔ 1 - ―= 0.843
3
Ms ≔ As ⋅ Fs ⋅ j ⋅ d + P ⋅ ((0.5 ⋅ h - 0.33 ⋅ k ⋅ d)) = 677769 lb - in
⎛ Mm Ms ⎞
Ma ≔ min ⎜―――, ―――⎟ = 28.3 k - ft Governing Allowable Moment
⎝ 1000 ⋅ 12 1000 ⋅ 12 ⎠ Capacity
M
M ≔ ――― = 20 k - ft Applied Moment
((1000))
if ⎛⎝M ≤ Ma , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Shear Design:
dv ≔ h = 15.63 in. Actual depth of masonry member in direction of shear
considered - usually beam depth
V
fv ≔ ――= 4.1 psi
b ⋅ dv
Assume M/Vdv=1.0, conservative
γg ≔ 1
FvMAX ≔ 2 ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm γg = 89.4 psi
Check:
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ FvMAX , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Check masonry shear strength alone:
0.25 ⋅ P
Fvm ≔ 0.5 ⋅ ((4 - 1.75 ((1)))) ⋅ ‾‾‾
f'm + ――― = 79 psi
b ⋅ dv
if ⎛⎝fv ≤ Fvm , “OK” , “Not good”⎞⎠ = “OK”
Therefore, no shear reinforcing is needed since masonry
alone is sufficient.
Check additional column reinforcing requirements:
Ast_provided ≔ 4 ⋅ 0.785 = 3.14 in. 2 Area of steel provided
Check vertical reinforcement ratios and hook requirements:
Ast_provided
ρ ≔ ―――― = 0.0129
b⋅t
ρ < 0.04 = 1 OK
ρ > 0.0025 = 1 OK
Check tie requirements:
Using #3 ties
s ≔ min ((16 ⋅ 1 , 48 ⋅ 0.375 , t)) = 15.63 in.
Therefore, use #3 ties @ 16" on center
