Chapter 30

REPRESENTING AND INTERPRETING DATA WITH ONE

VARIABLE

Learning Exercise 30.1:

3)
Make a bar graph of the following information about the coastal water
temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) for Cape Charles, VA. (Place the months
on the bottom axis.)

Solution:
4)
Using technology in some form, make a circle graph representing the
following given information about transportation in Jasmine’s class: 12
students walked to school, 7 took a bus, and 8 went by car. Compare the
resulting circle graph with the one you made in Activity 2, part (a).

Solution:

Given Data:

Means of Transport Number of students

Walked 12
Bus 7
Car 8

Circle Graph:
In activity 2, Part a: The chart is made according to the Degree, while this chart is made
according to the percentage.

In Article 2, Part A:

In Degrees:
𝟏𝟐
Walked = 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 160°

𝟖
Car = 𝟐𝟕 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 106.67°

𝟕
Bus = × 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 93.33°
𝟐𝟕

Circle Chart:

Comparison:

With Degree With Percentage

6)
Following is a problem from the National Assessment of Educational Progress
(NAEP) given to eighth-graders. 1 Of the student responses, 79% were
correct. What kinds of thinking are involved in answering the question?

- Solving this kind of question requires excellent observational skills and thinking beyond
the given information.

The given pie chart shows the portion of time Pat spent on homework in each
subject last week. If Pat spent 2 hours on mathematics, about how many hours
did Pat spend on homework altogether?

Solution:

From the pie chart, we can observe that math makes an angle of 90 degree in the circle.

Given the value of mathematics section is 2 hours. Let total hours = x

we know:
𝟗𝟎 𝟐
=
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒙

𝟑𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐
 x= 𝟗𝟎
 x=8
Answer. Total hours spent on homework = 8
7)

Display each of the following data sets 2 with a bar graph, a circle graph, or a
pictograph. In each case, explain why you chose the type of representation you
did. Describe why one particular representation was more suitable or argue
that another could have worked equally well.

a)

Solution:

This type of data is best represented using Bar Graph.

The Age column of the data can be represented on the Horizontal Axis while Percent of book
readers can be represented on the Vertical axis.
b)

As to the most recent book people read, 48% bought it; 24% borrowed it from
family, friend, or coworker; 14% borrowed it from the library; and 14% got
it from another source.
Solution:

This Type of data is best represented by Pie- Chart. The data consists of percentage
corresponding to the Source of book reading. Pie-chart provides efficient representation of
percentage data.

Pie – Chart:

c)
Readers of e-books in this 12-month period had consumed books on
an array of devices: 42% read on a computer, 41% read on an e-
book reader, 29% read on their cell phone, and 23% read on a
tablet computer.
Solution:

This Type of information can be best represented using Bar Graph. As the percentage
corresponding to the device is given. The total percentage is greater than 100 %, therefore it
cannot be represented using Pie- Chart. Pie – Chart:
Bar Graph:

8)
a)
An anti-tax group presents the graph below to argue against a tax increase.
How is the graph deceptive?

Solution:

The graph is deceptive because, $ 90 is 3 times $30 but it appears 4 times as large. Therefore, it
conveys wrong information.
b) Sketch a less deceptive pictograph for the data in the graph in part (a).

Solution:

c)

Bar graphs may also be deceptive in the same way as the pictograph for part
(a). What makes the following bar graph deceptive?

Solution:

The given bar graph is deceptive because the width of the bar at “Now” is wider than that of
“Then”. But in actual only the height of the bar should increase according to the data not the
width. Therefore, this bar graph is deceptive.
b)

Be alert when scales are altered. Sometimes changes in scale can leave an
incorrect impression. What is exaggerated in the following bar graph by
having the tax scale not start at $0?

Solution:
Having the tax scale not started at $0, does not specify the size of the Bar therefore not clarifying
the scaling of data.

For example, in this graph, we don’t know what the base value is. If its 20 then the scaling will
be disrupted.

If we take incorrect base value as it is not specified in the graph.

The height of the bar at “Then” = 30 – 20 =10

The height of the bar at “Now” = 90-20 = 70

Now, the scaling from 10 to 70 represents Increase 7 times. That is incorrect.

Therefore, not starting value from zero, exaggerates trends.

9)

Two sixth-graders’ circle graphs are shown on the next page. The
students were asked to choose a career, find out what the salary
would be for that career, decide how they would spend the money,
and illustrate this information on a circle graph. On a scale of 1–10,
with 10 being the highest, how would you grade each graph? Justify
your decisions.

Given:

The Students have submitted the circle chart with information like Career name and Detail
of Spending.

Solution:

Grade – 3

Reason for deduction of marks:

 5 marks deducted for Incorrect Calculation. The calculation of percentage for
representation on Pie-Chart is Incorrect.
 1 mark deducted for no Proper Title. The title does not specify the Total salary that is
considered for data and title format is also not appropriate.
 1 mark deducted for no proper Annotation while calculating the percentage. Instead
of short form proper name of the spending should be used for efficient representation.
b)

Solution:

Grade – 9

Reason for Deduction of marks:

 1 mark deducted for not mentioning percentage in Annotation.

Learning Exercise 30.2:

3)
Interpret the following line plot:

Given:
In this line plot, the horizontal axis represents the Marks with number of
students above the line.

a) How many student scores are recorded on the line plot?

Solution:
 The number of students is equal to number of values marked on
the graph. Here, it is number of ‘x’ marked.
 On counting number of ‘x’ = 31
 Answer:
Number of student scored recorded on line plot = 31

b) What was the highest score? What was the lowest score?
Solution:
 Highest score = Highest score recorded with at least 1student.
From the line plot we can observe that , 3 students have scored 100
marks. Therefore, 100 is the highest score.
 Answer.
Highest Score = 100

 Lowest score = Lowest score recorded with at least one student.

From the line plot we can observe that 1 student has scored 40
marks.
 Answer.
Lowest Score = 40

c) How many students scored 70 or higher?

Solution:
 Number of students scoring 70 or higher = Number of students
marked at marks 70 and more.
 Answer.
Number of students scoring 70 or higher = 20
 d) What was the most frequent score?
Solution:
 The most frequent score = Score with maximum number of
students recorded.
 The maximum number of students are 5 at score 80.
 Answer.
The most frequent score = 80

4)
Which types of graphs (including stem-and-leaf) could be made with the
following data sets? Justify your answers.

a) The responses of 20 five-year-old children to the question, “What is

your favorite flavor of ice cream?”
Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Flavor of Ice cream on Horizontal axis and
Number of students who like particular flavor on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With flavor of Ice cream on Horizontal axis and
Number of students who like particular flavor on Vertical axis.
 Pie chart – Different sections of the Pie chart would represent
different flavor and value of that particular section would represent
the number of students
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the names of different
flavors and responses of each children will be marked
corresponding to their favorite ice – cream

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Pie chart, Line plot

b) The heights of 20 five-year-old children.
Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different heights on Horizontal axis and
Number of students corresponding to heights on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different heights on Horizontal axis and
Number of students corresponding to heights on Vertical axis.
 Pie chart – Different sections of the Pie chart would represent
different heights and value of that particular section would
represent the number of students.
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the With Different
heights and number of students of that particular height would be
represented vertically above the line
 Stem and Leaf – Different heights would form the Stem and
number of students would form leaves.

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Pie chart, Line plot, Stem and Leaf

c) The eye colors of students in your class

Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different eye color on Horizontal axis and
Number of students corresponding to eye color on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different eye color on Horizontal axis and
Number of students corresponding to eye color on Vertical axis.
 Pie chart – Different sections of the Pie chart would represent
different eye color and value of that particular section would
represent the number of students.
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the With Different eye
color and number of students of that particular eye color would
be represented vertically above the line

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Pie chart, Line plot

d) The brands of toothpaste used by 500 dentists
Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different brands of toothpaste on Horizontal
axis and Number of dentist corresponding to toothpaste of their
choice on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different brands of tooth paste on Horizontal
axis and Number of dentists corresponding to their choice of
toothpaste on Vertical axis.
 Pie chart – Different sections of the Pie chart would represent
different brands of toothpaste and value of that particular section
would represent the number of dentists.
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the toothpaste of
Different brands and number of dentists preferring that toothpaste
would be represented vertically above the line
Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Pie chart, Line plot

e) The growth each week of a plant:

 Bar Graph – With Different weeks on Horizontal axis and
measurement of growth on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different weeks on Horizontal axis and
measurement of growth corresponding to weeks on Vertical axis..
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the Different weeks
and measurement of height would be represented vertically above
the line
 Stem and Leaf – Different weeks would form the Stem and
measurement of height would form leaves.

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Line plot, Stem and Leaf

f) The annual salaries of teachers in your school district
Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different salaries on Horizontal axis and
number of teachers on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different salaries on Horizontal axis and
number of teachers corresponding to salaries on Vertical axis.
 Stem and Leaf – Different salaries would form the Stem and
number of teachers would form leaves

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Stem and leaf

g) the number of grams of chocolate in the 12 best-selling candy bars in

the United States
Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different candy bars on Horizontal axis and
number of grams of chocolate on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different candy bars on Horizontal axis and
number of grams of chocolate corresponding to candy bar on
Vertical axis.

Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram

h) your weight measured every day for three months

Solution:
 Bar Graph – With Different months on Horizontal axis and
weight measured on Vertical axis.
 Histogram – With Different months on Horizontal axis and
measured weight corresponding to months on Vertical axis..
 Line plot – Horizontal axis would represent the Different months
and weight would be represented vertically above the line
 Stem and Leaf – Different months would form the Stem and
height would form leaves
Answer. Bar Graph, Histogram, Line plot, Stem and leaf
Supplementary Exercise : 30. 2

1)
Here are the test scores for a class of 24 students:
75 81 78 69 81 69 87 91 97 81 62 78
54 77 83 85 84 93 79 86 82 85 81 73

a)
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for the test scores:
Solution:
Step 1: The data falls between: 53 and 97.

Left most digits of numbers in data set: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

These would form the Stem of the graph.

Step 2: Form the stem.

5
6
7
8
9

Step 3: For each value in the data set, we place the digit in the 1s
place in the row that corresponds to the digit in the 10s place.

5 4
6 992
7 588793
8 11713546251
9 173
 Step 4. Arrange each row in numerical order.

5 4
6 299
7 35788 9
8 11112345567
9 137

Answer:

5 4
6 299
7 35788 9
8 11112345567
9 137

b) Make a histogram for the test scores.

c)

What information is lost in the histogram that is contained in the stem-and-

leaf plot?

Solution:
The Stem and Leaf Plot represents individual marks of the students, while Histogram only tell
the number of students in particular range of marks.

Therefore, the information lost in the histogram is individual marks.