Antiderivative/

Indefinite Integral
BBA-103

UNIT 4 1
Find all possible functions
F(x) whose derivative is
f(x) = 2x+1

F(x) = x2 + x + 5
F(x) = x2 + x - 1000 F(x) =
F(x) = x2 + x + 1/8 x2 + x
F(x) = x2 + x - π

2
 Definition
A function F is called an Anti-derivative (also
an indefinite integral) of a function f in the
interval I if

F '( x)  f ( x)
for every value x in the interval I.

The process of finding the Anti-derivative of a

given function is called anti-differentiation
3
or integration.
 Find all anti-derivatives
F(x) of f(x) = 2x+1

F(x) = x2 + x + 5
F(x) =
F(x) = x2 + x - 1000
x2 + x
F(x) = x2 + x + 1/8
F(x) = x2 + x - π

In fact, any function of the form F(x) =

x2 + x + c where c is a constant is an 4

Anti-derivative of 2x + 1
 Theorem
If F is a particular Anti-derivative of f on an interval I, then
every Anti-derivative of f on I is given by

F ( x)  c
where c is an arbitrary constant, and all the Anti-

derivatives of f on I can be obtained by assigning

particular values for c. .

5
 Notation

The symbol  denotes the operation of

anti-differentiation, and we write

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c
where F’(x)=f(x), and c is an arbitrary
constant. This is read “The indefinite
integral of f(x) with respect to x is F(x) +
6
c".
  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  c
In this notation,
 is the integral sign;
f(x) is the integrand;
dx is the differential of x which denotes
the variable of integration; and
c is called the constant of integration.

If the Anti-derivative of the function on interval I

exists, we say that the function is integrable over
the interval I. 7
 Integration Rules
1. Constant Rule. If k is any real number, then the indefinite
integral of k with respect to x is

 kdx  kx  C
2. Coefficient Rule. Given any real number coefficient a and
integrable function f,

 af ( x)dx  a  f ( x)dx
8
 Integration Rules
3. Sum and Difference Rule. For
integrable functions f and g,

 [ f ( x)  f ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx

1 2 1 2

4. Power Rule. For any real number n,

where n ≠ -1, the indefinite integral xn of is,

n 1
x
 x dx  n  1  C
n 9
 Basic Integration Formulas

 0dx  C
 kdx  kx  C
n 1
x
 x dx  n  1  C
n

 sec x tan xdx  sec x  C

 cos xdx  sin x  C
 csc xdx   cot x  C
2

 sin xdx   cos x  C

 csc x cot xdx   csc x  C 10
 sec xdx  tan x  C
2
 Integrate
3x 2
 3xdx 
2
C
2
1 1

x

3
dx  x dx  C   2 C
x3 2 2x

 x dx 
12 32 32
x 2x
 x dx   C  C
32 3
 2sin xdx  2 sin xdx  2( cos x)  C  2 cos x  C
 1dx  x  C
  
2
x 2 dx 
x
 2x  C
2

 3x  5x  x dx  35x  53x  x2  C

4 2 5 3 2
11
 Rewriting before integrating

x 1
 x
dx  
x
x

1
x
dx  
  x1 2  x 1 2 d x

2 x3 2
  2 x1 2  C
3

sin x  1 sin x 
 cos2 xdx   cos x cos x dx   sec x tan x dx
 sec x  C 12
 1
Find the general solution of the equation F’(x)
2
=
and x

find the particular solution given the point F(1) = 0.

1
F ( x)   2 dx   x dx
2

x
x 1 1
 C   C
1 x
1
y   C Now plug in (1,0) and solve for C.
x
0 = -1 + C Final answer. 1
y   1 13
C=1 x
 Example 1.

 (5x  7)dx   5xdx   7dx

 5 xdx   7dx
 5( x  C1 )  7 x  C2
1
2
2

 x  7x  C
5
2
2

14
Example 2.

  6 x  9 x  x  dx
4 2

  6 x dx   9 x dx   x
4 2 1
2
dx
 6 x dx  9 x dx   x
4 2 1
2
dx
 x  x  x 2 C
5 3 3
6 9 2
5 3 3

15
 Example 3.

5x  2
 
3

 x 53 
5
 
4
dx 5 x 3
2 x 3
dx

 5 x dx  2 x 3 dx
4 5
3

2
 x  x C
7
15 3 3 3
7 2

16
 Example 4.

  2
(3 csc x cot x 7 sec x ) dx
 3 csc x cot xdx  7  sec xdx
2

 3 csc x  C1   7tan x  C2 

  3 csc x  7 tan x  C
17
 Integration by Chain
Rule/Substitution
For integral functions f and g

 f ( g ( x))[ g '( x)dx]  F ( g ( x))  C

where is an F Anti-derivative of f and C is an arbitrary
constant.

18
 Example 5

 36 x 6 x  5 dx Let g(x) = 6x3+5

24 3

g’(x)=18x2
 2 4 6 x3  5 (18 x 2 dx)
 2 (6 x  5) 4 (18 x 2 dx)
3 1

(6 x  5)
3 5
4

2 C
5
4

 (6 x  5) 4  C
3 5
8
5
19
 Example 5. Take 2!

    
24 3 4 3 2
36 x 6 x 5 dx 2 6 x 5 (18 x dx)
 2  4 u du
 2  (u ) du
1
4 Let u = 6x3 + 5

5
du = 18x2 dx
u 4

2 C
5
4

 u 4 C
5
8
5
20
 85 (6 x  5) 4  C
3 5
 Let g(t) = t4 + 2t
Example 6. g’(t) = 4t3 + 2
= 2(2t3 + 1)

2t 3  1 1 2(2t 3  1)dx
 dx  
t  2t  2  t  2t 
4 7 4 7

   t  2t   2(2t 3  1)dx 
1 4 7

2
1  t  2t 
4 6

 C
2 6
1
 C
12  t  2t 
4 6
21
 Example 7

 x ( x  1) 2dx
5 2 12 Let u = x2 -1
du = 2x dx

   x  ( x  1)
2 2 2 12
2 xdx x2 = u+1

  (u  1) u du
2 12

  (u  2u  u
14 13 12
)du
 151 u15  142 u14  131 u13  C
22
 151 ( x  1)  71 ( x  1)  131 ( x  1)  C
2 15 2 14 2 13
 Example 8.

Suppose we wish to find a particular Anti-derivative

satisfying the equation

dy
 6x 1
dx
and the initial condition y=7 when x =2.

23
 Sol’n of Example 8
dy  (6 x  1)dx

 dy   (6 x  1)dx
y  3x  x  C
2

but x  2 when y  7, then

7  3(2)  3  C  C  7
2

Thus the particular Anti-derivative desired,

24

y  3x  x  7
2
 Example 9.

The volume of water in a tank is V cubic meters when the

depth of water is h meters. The rate of change of V with
respect to h is π(4h2 +12h + 9), find the volume of water
in the tank when the depth is 3m.

25
 Sol’n of Example 9
   4h 2  12h  9 
dV
dh
     12h  9  dh
 2
dV 4h Volume V=0 if depth
 4h 3  h =0
V    6h 2  9h   C
 3 
 4(03 ) 
0   6(02 )  9(0)   C
 3 
 C 0
 4h 3 
Thus V     6h 2  9h 
 3 
 4(33 )  26
V    6(3 )  9(3)   207
2
m3
 3 
 Integration Using
Trigonometric Identities
 
Integrals of the form sinmnxdx, cosmnxdx, wherem
is small positive integer can be evaluated using the following
identities.

1- cos2x
1 sin2x =
2
1+ cos2x
2 cos x =
2
2

3 sin3x = 3sinx - 4sin3x

 4 cos3x = 4cos3x - 3cosx 27

 Example - 10

Evaluate:  cos4x dx

Solution:Let I=  cos4x dx

2 2
 2cos2x   1+cos2x 
=   dx =    dx
 2   2 
 

 1 cos2x cos2 2x  x sin2x  1+cos4x 

=  + +  dx = + +   dx
4 2 4  4 4  8 
 
x sin2x 1 1 x sin2x x sin4x
= + +  dx +  cos4x dx = + + + +C
4 4 8 8 4 4 8 32

3x sin2x sin4x
= + + +C 28
8 4 32
 Integration Using
Trigonometric Identities
  sinmxsinnxdx,
Integrals of the form sinmxcosnxdx,

 cosmxcosnxdx and  cosmxsinnxdx

can be evaluated using the following identities.

1 2sinAcosB = sin A+B +sin A -B

 2 2cosAsinB = sin A+B - sin A -B

3 2cosAcosB = cos  A+B  +cos  A -B 

29
 4 2sinAsinB = cos  A -B - cos  A+B
 Example - 11
Evaluate:  sin3xcos2x dx

Solution: Let I =  sin3xcos2x dx

1
=
2  2sin3xcos2x dx

1
 sin5x + sinx  dx
2
=

[Using 2sinAcosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)]

1   cos5x 
   cos x  C
2 5 

cos5x cosx
=- - +C
10 2
30
 Integration by
Substitution of log
ƒ  x 
Integrals of the form
 ƒ x dx

ƒ  x 
Let I =
 ƒ x dx

Putting ƒ  x  = t  ƒ'  x  dx = dt

dt
I =  = loge t +C = loge f(x) +C
t

31
 Example - 12
1- tanx
Evaluate :  dx
1+ tanx
1- tanx
Solution: Let I =  dx
1+ tanx

cosx - sinx
= dx
cosx + sinx

Putting cosx + sinx = t  -sinx + cosx  dx = dt

dt
I =  = loge t +C
t

=loge cosx+sinx +C
32
Solution Cont.
Method - 2

 
I =  tan  - x  dx
4 

 
= loge cos  - x   C
4 

33
 Integration by Substitution

Integrals of the form sinmxcosnxdx

Use the following substitutions.

(i) When power of sinx i.e. m is odd, put cos x = t,
(ii) When power of cosx i.e. n is odd, put sinx = t,
(iii) When m and n are both odd, put either sinx = t or cosx = t,
(iv) When both m and n are even, use De’ Moivre’s theorem.

34
 Example - 13

3 5
Evaluate : sin xcos xdx


Solution: Let I = sin3xcos5xdx

Powers of sin x and cos x are odd.

Therefore, substitute sinx = t or cosx = t

We should put cosx = t, because power of cosx is heigher

1
Substituting cosx = t  -sinxdx = dt  dx = - dt
sinx


 1 
I = sin3x t5  -  dt
 sinx  35
Cont.

= - t5sin2xdt

= - t 1- t  dt

5 2

=-
 
t5 - t7 dt

t6 t 8 cos6 x cos8x
= - + +C = - + +C
6 8 6 8

36
 FORMULA FOR INTEGRATION BY PARTS

 u dv  u v   v du

Example Example
 dx  x sin x
x
Find x e Find dx

ux dv  e x dx
du  dx ux dv  sin xdx
ve x

du  dx v   cos x
    dx 37
x x x
x e dx xe e
 formula for integration by parts.

 u dv  u v   v du
REMARK1: aim in using integration by parts is to obtain a
simpler integral than the one we started with.

REMARK2: How to choose u and dv to obtain simpler

integral

u  ln x dv  dx
Example
du  1x dx vx
Find  ln( x)dx 38
  e dt REMARK2: in
2 t
Find t
some integral, we
may need to
u t 2
dv  et dt apply integration
by parts many
du  2tdt v  et times.

    dt

2 t 2 t t
t e dt t e 2te
diff

u  2t dv  e dt t t2  et
2t et
du  2dt v  et
2  t
e
 2te t
dt  2te t
  dt
2e t
0  t 39
e
    )C

2 t 2 t t t
t e dt t e ( 2te 2e
 REMARK2: in some integral, we
may need to apply integration
by parts many times.
 e dt
2 t
Find t

Example
diff  Find  e dx
x 3 2x

t2  et
2t
2
 et
et Example

 sin x dx
2
0 Find x
et
 40
formula for integration by Example
 sin x dx
x
parts. Find e
 u dv  u v   v du
diff 
diff 
u
 dv
sin x
 ex
cos x
du v
 sin x
 ex

x
e

REMARK3: sometimes a repeated application of integration by parts leads back to 41
an integral similar to our original one. If so, this expression can be combined with
original integral.
Observe:

   (ln x)dx
3 by parts by parts
(ln x ) dx 2
 (ln x ) dx

Reduction Formula

 (ln x) dx  x(ln x)  n  (ln x)

n n n 1
dx

REMARK3: sometimes The reduction formula is useful because

by using it repeatedly we could eventually express our integral. 42
Reduction Formula
n 1
tan x
 tan xdx  n  1   tan xdx (n  1)
n n2

Example
 x dx Example
 x dx
5 6
tan tan
5  3 1 6420

43
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Reduction Formula
1
 n 
n 1 n 1 n2
cos n
xdx  cos x sin x  cos xdx
n
Example
 Example

5 6
cos x dx cos x dx
5  3 1 6420
Reduction Formula

1
 n 
n 1 n 1 n2
sin n
xdx   cos x sin x  sin xdx 44
n
 That’s all
Folks!
Thank you!!!
45