Permanent Tissues

 develops from meristematic cells which get differentiated.

 cells lose power of division
 They can resume meristematic activity if needed.
 may be living or dead and thin or thick walled

Permanent tissue can be classified into:

Simple Tissues:
 homogenous in nature and
 composed of structurally and functionally similar cells(one type of cells)
e.g., parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma

Complex tissues: 
 Complex tissues are heterogenous in nature,
 Composed of structurally and functionally different cells(more than one type of cells)
e.g., Xylem & Phloem

Secretory tissues: 
 perform secretory functions.
 may occur as a single cell, in isolated groups or in masses.
 may be external or internal in position.
e.g., Trichomes and Glands, Hairs, Hydathodes, Oil Glands, Secretory Cells and Laticiferous
tissues.
Simple tissue

Parenchyma
 Simple tissue
 Permanent tissues
 Don not divide, but may divide undergoes differentiation
 Thin walled
 On maturity they contained living protoplast
 Isodiametric
 Mature parenchyma cells are tightly packed have well-developed intercellular spaces.
 stems and leaves of hydrophytes (water plants) have intercellular spaces.
 Parenchyma Cells in Microscopic
Shape and Arrangement:

1. Polyhedral. Many parenchyma cells are polyhedral and isodiametric. Polyhedral

parenchyma cells have 14 faces.

2. Elongated. Found in palisade tissue of the leaf and in the medullary rays.

3. Lobed Cells. Found in spongy mesophyll and palisade parenchyma.

4. Stellate. Found in plants with well-developed air-spaces, such as in Junica.

5. Orthic. A geometrically perfect, 14-sided polyhedron with 8 hexagonal and 6

quadrilateral faces is called Orthic Tetrakaidecahedron. The number and size of
intercellular spaces affect the number of faces of a polyhedron.

Structure & Contents of the Cell: 

 photosynthetic cells, have thin primary walls but certain parenchyma cells with thick
primary walls are also present, e.g., endospermic cells of phoenix (date
palm), Coffea  (Coffee) and
  Asparagus have thick walls formed of hemicelluloses.
 Parenchyma cells with thick, lignified, secondary walls are also found, as in the
secondary xylem.

Parenchyma Cell Diagram

Types of parenchyma:

Assimilatory: 
 which take part in photosynthesis contain chloroplasts and form a tissue called
Chlorenchyma.
 These cells have a single or many vacuoles.

Storage Parenchyma: 
 Some contain leucoplasts
 may store reserve materials.
 Amides, proteins and sugars are found dissolved in cell sap, as in roots of sugar-beet. 
 Starch, proteins and fats occur in cytoplasm in the form of small particles.
  Proteins, starch grains and oils are found in the endosperm and cotyledons of many
plants.
In succulent plants,
 parenchyma cells which store water are present.
 Such cells are large
 thin-walled
 have only a thin layer of cytoplasm.

Aerenchyma: 
 The tissues with prominent intercellular spaces is called Aerenchyma
e.g., occurring in plants growing in waterlogged soils and aquatic environments.

Pseudo-parenchyma: 
 These are thin walled
 elastic and meristematic in nature.

Chromoplast Parenchyma: 
 Chromoplast contain pigments
e.g., common in petals of flowers, fruits etc.

Origin:
 primary plant body, i.e., parenchyma of the cortex and the pith, differentiates from the
ground meristem.
 primary and secondary xylem is formed from pro-cambium and the vascular
cambium.
 Parenchyma also rise from the phellogen in the form of phelloderm.

Functions of Parenchyma Tissues

 the cell wall parenchyma appears as ground substance in which other tissues such as
vascular tissues are embedded.
 the apical meristems and the reproductive cells are parenchymatous. These are also
involved in the phenomenon of wound healing and regeneration.
 precursor of the other tissues.
 functions of photosynthesis, assimilation, respiration, storage, secretion, excretion,
etc., as they have living protoplast.
 The parenchyma cells associated with xylem and phloem are connected with
transportation of food and water.
 The intercellular larger portions of plants, such as pith, all or most, of the cortex of
the root and shoot, the pericycle, the mesophyll of the leaf and the fleshy parts of the
fruit consist of parenchyma cells. They are also present in xylem and phloem.

 
 Table of Simple Tissues

Collenchyma Tissues
 more or less elongated cells
 unevenly thick_walled
 glistering cell wall
 non-lignified walls
 develops from the elongated cells which resemble procambium
 isodiametric
 Living on maturity
 Polyhedral
 Collenchyma functions as supporting tissue in young growing organs and in mature
organs of herbaceous plants.
 Collenchyma Cells
Occurrence:

 stems, leaves, floral parts, fruits and roots.

 In roots, it develops when the roots are exposed to the light.
 absent in stems and leaves of those monocots which develop sclerenchyma at an
early stage.
 present below the epidermis
 In stem, the collenchyma is found as a cylinder or I the form of longitudinal strips.
 In leaves, collenchyma occurs on both sides of the veins and along the margins of
the blade.
 In many plants, the elongated parenchyma cells present outside the phloem strands
develop thick walls after the tissue ceases to function.
 The structure formed is usually termed as Bundle Cap.
 If the entire bundle is enclosed by thick walled elongated cells, it is said to have a
Bundle Sheath.

Size & Shape:

 vary in size and shape.

 long with tapering ends resembling the fibers or they may be short, prismatic
resembling parenchyma cells.
 The variations in size and shape are related to the origin of the cells.
Cell Wall:
 Cell wall of collenchyma characteristically unevenly thickened.
 Primary pit-fields are present in collenchyma cells in both thin and thick parts of the
walls.
 Consist of cellulose, pectic compounds, hemicellulose and contain much water.
 The orientation of the cellulose microfibrils in the successive lamellae of the wall is
alternately transverse and longitudinal.
 In many dicots, the collenchyma may become sclerefied.
  In older plant parts, the collenchyma becomes meristematic and shows active growth
when increase in circumference takes place.

On the basis of thickenings on the cell wall and arrangement of the cells,

Angular Collenchyma: the wall thickening in the angles or corners of the cells,

e.g., in petioles of leaves of Vitis, Begonia, Cucurbits etc.

Lamellar Collenchyma:  on tangential walls of the cells. Such type of thickenings found in
stem cortex of Sambucus nigra and petiole of Cochlearia arnioracia.

Lacunar Collenchyma: which face intercellular spaces,

e.g., in petioles of species of Compositae, Salvia, Malva, Althaea, etc.

Annular Collenchyma the cell lumen is circular in cross section.

Types of Collenchyma
Functions:

 mechanical tissue having provide elasticity.

 it provides mechanical strength to growing organs.
 In leaves, acting as supporting tissue.
 forming bundle caps and bundle sheaths.
 photosynthetic tissue.
Sclerenchyma Tissues
 simple tissue
 thick walled cells
 often lignified,
 living on maturity
 Provide support & protection.
 The individual cells are termed as Sclerenchyma Cells.
 The sclerenchyma cells lose protoplast at maturity.
  Sclerenchyma cells differ in shape, structure,

Sclerenchyma Cells
divided into fibers and Sclereids.

Fibers
 long cells
 pits less common
 Tapering ends
 Non loving
 Lignin
Sclereids
 Short cells
 Pits more common
 Stone of cells
 lignin

Fibers:
 Elongated cells
 Originate from different meristematic cells
 Pits less common
 Longer in cell
 may occur singly as idioblasts or in the form of bands or a network or a hollow cylinder.
 they are found among the vascular tissue but in many cases, they are found in the ground
tissue.

According to the position in the plant body, the fibers are classified into two types:
Xylary Fibers:

Labriform fibers: (Liber-inner bark)

 They resemble phloem fibers.
 They have extremely thick walls
 Simple pits.

Fiber Tracheids:
  Their walls are less thicker than labriform fibers but thicker than tracheids.
 The pits are bordered but the pit chamber is smaller than those of tracheids.

Mucilaginous fibers.
innermost layer of secondary wall is rich in cellulose and poor in lignin. This layer is called
G-Layer. This layer absorbs much water and may swell up so as to fill the lumen of the ffiber.

extra_xylary fibres
 Occur in elsewhere other than xylem
E.g., cortex and in phloem
Phloem fibersOriginate from primary and secondary phloem
Cortical fibersFrom cortex
Pericycle fibers Located on the pericycle of vascular bundles
Bast fibers: combined into group or Bundles
Septate fibers: Living protoplast divide in septa

Economic fibers
Hard fibers:

 High lignin content in the wall

 Stiff nature
 Obtained from monocots
E.g., agave sisalana(sisal)
Musa textilis (abaca)
Furcraea gigantea( maturitius hemp)
Soft fibers

 No lignin
 Flexible
 Elastic
E.g., flax, ramie, jute, kenaf
Textile fibers

 Manufacturing of fabric
 Cotton e.g., ramie & hemp
 Jute used for coarse fabric such as sacking & bagging

Cordage fibres
 Manufacturing of ropes
 From hard fibers e.g., abaca ,sisal app, and cotton
Brush fibres
 Manufacturing of brushes
 And brooms
 From the stem and leaves of plamae,
  Inflorescense of sorghum vulgare used for brushes and brooms

Sclereids
 Stone cells
 Cortex & pith of gymnosperms
 Provide Strengthen and hardness to the seed coat
 Idioblast

Types
Brachy sclereids
 Less isodiametric
 Found in cortex, phloem, pith of the stem & fleshy fruits
 Pears ( pyrus communis)

Macro sclereids
 Elongated
 Rod shaped
 Found in the testa of seeds
 In members of leguminosae family

Osteo sclereids
 Bone shaped
 Found in seed coats and leaves of some dicots

Astro sclereids
 Star shaped
 Leaves of some dicot plants e.g., Nymphea

Filiform sclereids
 Long, slender cells

Tricho sclereids
 Branched
 Thin walled
 Resembles plant hairs, branching extending into intra cellular spaces e.g., in levees of
olives.