Impulse, Momentum, and Forces in Physics
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3 stacks- Impulse and Momentum
- Centrifugal Force
- Specific Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion
- Ohm's Law and Applications
Common questions
Powered by AIThermal expansion affects the dimensions of materials as they heat and cool. Engineers must account for linear and volume expansion in designs to prevent structural failures. For example, expansion joints in bridges and railways accommodate changes in length due to temperature variations, preventing warping or buckling .
The centrifugal force (Fc) exerted on a mass moving in a circular path is calculated using the formula Fc = mv²/r, where m is the mass, v is the velocity, and r is the radius of the circular path. For a 2kg mass moving in a circle with a radius of 0.50m at 5 revolutions per second, the velocity is 10π m/s, resulting in Fc = 2*(10π)²/0.50 = 400π² .
In series circuits, resistance adds up (R_total = R1 + R2...), decreasing current for a constant voltage (V=IR). In parallel circuits, total resistance decreases (1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2...), allowing more current flow for the same voltage, as less opposition is present overall .
Power dissipation in a conductor is due to resistance creating heat as current flows. It's calculated using P = I²R, where I is current and R is resistance. Highly resistive materials or high currents increase dissipation. For a conductor with 7 amperes of current and 15-ohm resistance, P = 7² * 15 = 735 Watts .
The Law of Conservation of Momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it. When two particles collide and stick together, their total momentum before the collision (m1v1 + m2v2) is equal to their total momentum after the collision. This is because the momentum lost by one is gained by the other, leading to a common velocity post-collision .
Ohm’s Law (V = IR) can be used with the charge formula (Q = It) to find time. Given a current (I) and resistor (R), the voltage (V) can be calculated. Using Q = It, if 1200 C passes through a 10-ohm resistor with 6.0 A current, time t = Q/I = 1200/6 = 200 seconds .
Specific heat capacity determines the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance. When two substances come to thermal equilibrium, heat transfer is calculated as Q = mcΔT for each, where m is the mass, c is the specific heat, and ΔT is the temperature change. The specific heat of each dictates how much heat they will gain or lose for a given temperature change .
The banking angle prevents vehicles from slipping by providing necessary centripetal force. The angle can be calculated using tanθ = v²/(gr), where v is velocity, g is gravitational acceleration, and r is radius. For a vehicle at 25m/s on a 200m curve, the angle θ ensures lateral forces due to friction keep the vehicle in its path .
In a perfectly inelastic collision, the energy lost is maximum as the bodies stick together. The kinetic energy post-collision is given by the equation KE = (combined mass) * (final velocity)^2 / 2. Using the conservation of momentum, the final velocity can be found, and hence there's a noticeable decrease in total kinetic energy compared to the initial .
The coefficient of restitution (e) is the ratio of the relative speed after collision to that before collision. For a ball dropped from height h1, the rebound height h2 is given by the equation h2 = e^2 * h1. Therefore, if e = 0.90, the ball will rebound to 0.81 times the original height because e^2 = 0.81 .
