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C++ and Java Programming Basics Guide

This document provides information on C++ and Java basics including data structures, algorithms, and libraries. It discusses default files and data structures in C++ such as vectors, queues, stacks, and recommends replacing them with deques for better performance. It also covers priority queues, lists, sets, maps, stacks, queues, and their usage. The document concludes with tips on Codeblocks and Eclipse IDEs.

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Gustavo Granados
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views6 pages

C++ and Java Programming Basics Guide

This document provides information on C++ and Java basics including data structures, algorithms, and libraries. It discusses default files and data structures in C++ such as vectors, queues, stacks, and recommends replacing them with deques for better performance. It also covers priority queues, lists, sets, maps, stacks, queues, and their usage. The document concludes with tips on Codeblocks and Eclipse IDEs.

Uploaded by

Gustavo Granados
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ECIGMA - C++ and Java basics

Grupo de Maratonistas
Escuela Colombiana de Ingenierı́a Julio Garavito
14-04-2016

Contents
1 C++ 1
1.1 Default file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Data structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Algorithm library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Librerias 3
2.1 BigInteger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 BigDecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 GregorianCalendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Java RegEx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Tips 6
3.1 Codeblocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1 C++ 3
4 //----------------------------------------------------
5
1.1 Default file 6 //We recommend replacing vectors, queues and stacks with
deques.
1 #include <bits/stdc++.h> 7
2 #define loop(i,a,b) for(i=a;i<b;++i) 8 // deque: double ended queue. Allows:
3 #define rev(i,a,b) for(i=a;i>=b;--i) 9 // 1. Constant access to front and back.
4 #define itloop(i,a) for(i=[Link]();i!=[Link]();++i) 10 // 2. Constant push back/front element.
5 #define SET(a,c) memset(a,c,sizeof(a)) 11 // 3. Constant pop back/front.
6 #define READ(file) freopen(file, "r", stdin) 12 // 4. Constant [pos] access.
7 #define WRITE(file) freopen(file, "w", stdout) 13
8 #define pb(a) push_back(a) 14 // Declare:
9 #define pf(a) push_front(a) 15 deque<type> d;
10 #define tup(a,b) make_pair(a,b) 16
11 #define popb() pop_back() 17 // Methods:
12 #define popf() pop_front() 18 type [Link]();
13 #define x first 19 type [Link]();
14 #define y second 20 void d.push_back(type i);
15 21 void d.push_front(type i);
16 using namespace std; 22 void d.pop_back();
17 typedef long long large; 23 void d.pop_front();
18 typedef pair<int,int> ii; 24 type [Link]();
19 typedef deque<int> di; 25 type [Link]();
20 typedef deque<i> dii; 26 type d[pos];
21 typedef di::iterator dit; 27 int [Link]();
22 28
23 int main(){ 29 //----------------------------------------------
24 return 0; 30
25 } 31 // priorityQueue: heap. Allows:
32 // 1. Constant access to minimal element.
1.2 Data structures. 33 // 2. Logarithmic removal of minimal element.
34 // 3. Logarithmic push of an element.
35
1 // From now on, ’type’ can be replaced with any data type 36 // Declare:
or class such as 37 // a.) default cmp (lesser):
2 // int, char, pair<int,int>, double, etc.

1
38 priority_queue<type> q; 7 + Reverse
39 8 + Sort
40 // b.) greater cmp: 9 + Swap
41 priority_queue< type, vector<type>, greater<type> > q; 10 */
42 11
43 // c.) desired cmp: 12 // lower/upper_bound usage: (binary search)
44 class cmp{public: bool operator()(const type a,const type b13
)const{ 14 // Given a sorted array (or deque or vector),
45 return a<b; 15 // + lower_bound returns an iterator pointing to the first
46 } }; element in the range [first,last) which does not
47 priority_queue<type,vector<type>,cmp> q; compare less than val.
48 16 // + upper_bound returns an iterator pointing to the first
49 // Methods: element in the range [first,last) which compares
50 type [Link](); greater than val.
51 void [Link](); 17
52 void [Link](type i); 18 // Example
53 int [Link](); 19 // i: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
54 20 // A[i]: 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
55 //---------------------------------------------- 21 // LowerBound :
56 22 // 7: < < < < >= >= >= >= >= >= lowerbound for 7 :
57 // list: linked list. Allows: 4
58 // 0. NON Constant [pos] access. 23 // -1: >= >= >= >= >= >= >= >= >= >= lowerbound for -1 :
59 // 1. Constant access to front and back. 0
60 // 2. Constant push back/front element. 24 // 30: < < < < < < < < < < lowerbound for 30 :
61 // 3. Constant pop back/front. 10
62 // 4. Constant removal of element at iterator. 25 // 12: < < < < < < >= >= >= >= lowerbound for 12 :
63 // 5. Constant removal of element in [it1..it2). 6
64 // 6. Constant insert of element at iterator. 26 // UpperBound :
65 27 // 7: <= <= <= <= > > > > > > upperbound for 7 :
66 // Declare: 4
67 list<type> l; 28 // -1: > > > > > > > > > > upperbound for -1 :
68 0
69 // Methods: 29 // 30: <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= upperbound for 30 :
70 type [Link](); 10
71 type [Link](); 30 // 12: <= <= <= <= <= <= <= > > > upperbound for 12 :
72 void l.push_back(type i); 7
73 void l.push_front(type i); 31
74 void l.pop_back(); 32 int A[10];
75 void l.pop_front(); 33 loop(i,0,10) A[i]=2*i;
76 void [Link](l<type>::iterator it); // removes at it. 34 j = lower_bound(A,A+10, 7)-A; // j is 4.
returns it to next position. 35 j = lower_bound(A,A+10,-1)-A; // j is 0.
77 void [Link](it0, it1); // removes [it0..it1). it1 does not36 j = lower_bound(A,A+10,30)-A; // j is 10.
change. 37 j = lower_bound(A,A+10,12)-A; // j is 6.
78 void [Link](it, type i); // inserts i just before it. it 38
does not change. 39
79 void [Link](it,int n,type i); // inserts n times i. 40
80 void [Link](it,it0,it1); // inserts from it forward a 41 //sort usage:
copy of [it0..it1). 42
81 int [Link](); 43 sort(A,A+N); //Sort an array A of size N
82 44
83 45 sort([Link](),[Link]()); //Sort a vector or deque A
84 //---------------------------------------------- 46
85 47 bool myCmp(int a, int b){ return a>b; }
86 // set: multiset. Allows: 48 sort(A,A+N,myCmp); //Sort using your own compare
87 function.
88 //---------------------------------------------- 49
89 50 //Swap usage: Given a and b of the same type or class, swap
90 // map: dictionary. Allows: their content with
91 51
92 //---------------------------------------------- 52 int a=0,b=1;
93 53 swap(a,b);
94 // iterators: pointer-like. Allows: 54 // now a is 1 and b is 0.
55
1.3 Algorithm library. 56 swap(A[7],A[6]); // swap elements in a vector
57
58
1 /* 59 //reverse usage:
2 Contents: 60
3 + Lower bound (binary search) 61 reverse(A,A+N); //Reverse an array A of size N
4 + Upper bound (binary search) 62
5 + Max 63 sort([Link](),[Link]()); //Reverse a vector or deque A
6 + Min

2
2 Librerias
2.1 BigInteger
1 import [Link];
2
3 public class BigInt {
4 /*
5 * Variables de la clase:
6 *
7 * [Link]: El cero ya construido en BigInteger.
8 * [Link]: El uno ya construido en BigInteger.
9 * [Link]: El diez ya construido en BigInteger.
10 */
11 public static void main(String[] args) {
12 String numero = "33";
13 int numero2 = 30;
14 int n = 2;
15 long i = 300;
16 BigInteger num1 = new BigInteger(numero); //El constructor es un String
17 BigInteger num2 = new BigInteger(numero2+""); //"Metodo inusual" para construir con enteros.
18 BigInteger num3 = [Link](i); // Construye un BigInteger a partir de un long.
19 /*
20 * Todas las operaciones de aca en adelante, deben ser guardadas en una variable, por ejemplo:
21 * [Link](num2); // Si se deja asi, no se guardara en ningun lado.
22 * num1 = [Link](num2); // En cambio aca, se guardara en la variable num1 para su uso futuro.
23 */
24 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1+min2: 63.
25 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1-min2: 3.
26 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1*min2: 990.
27 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1/min2: 1.
28 [Link]([Link]()); //Valor absoluto: 33.
29 [Link]([Link](num2)); //33 mod 33 = 3.
30 [Link]([Link](100)); //Probabilidad del parametro% de ser primo o no: false.
31 [Link]([Link](num2)); //-1, 0 or 1 si num1 es menor que, igual o mayor que num2: 1.
32 [Link]([Link](num2)); //Retorna el minimo entre num1 y num2: 30
33 [Link]([Link](num2)); //Retorna el maximo entre num1 y num2: 33
34 [Link]([Link](num2)); // num1 | num2: 63
35 [Link]([Link](num2)); // num1 & num2: 0
36 [Link]([Link](num2)); // num1 & ~num2: 33
37 [Link]([Link](n)); // num1 << n: 138
38 [Link]([Link](n)); // num1 >> n: 8
39 [Link]([Link](n)); // num1 ^ (1<<n)
40 [Link]([Link]()); // Devuelve el indice del bit 1 mas a la derecha (el numero de bits cero
a la derecha del bit 1 mas a la derecha) o -1 si no tiene bits. Equivalente a: num1 == 0 ? -1 : log2(num1 & -num1)).
41 [Link]([Link]()); // -1, 0 or 1 is el valor del BigInteger es negativo, cero o positivo: 1
42 [Link]([Link]()); // ~num1: -34
43 [Link]([Link](num2, num1)); // num1^(num2) mod num1: 0
44 [Link]([Link]()); // -num1: -33
45 [Link]([Link](num2)); // GCD([Link](), [Link]()): 3
46 [Link]([Link](n)); // num1^n: 1089
47 [Link]([Link](num2)); // num1 % num2 (A diferencia de mod, este puede retornar un numero negativo
): 3
48 [Link]([Link](num2)); // Retorna un BigInteger[] con dos valores: (num1 / num2) y (num1
% num2) (Direccion de memoria si se imprime directamente)
49 [Link]([Link]()); //Siguiente numero probablemente primo: 37
50 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna un byte[] con la representacion en complemento a dos del BigInteger
(Direccion de memoria si se imprime directamente).
51 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor entero del BigInteger.
52 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor flotante del BigInteger.
53 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor en double del BigInteger.
54 [Link]([Link]()); // Retorna el valor en long del BigInteger.
55 }
56 }

2.2 BigDecimal
1 import [Link];
2 import [Link];
3 public class BigDeci {
4 /* Tipos de redondeo:
5 * BigDecimal.ROUND_CEILING: Redondea hacia el infinito positivo.

3
6 * BigDecimal.ROUND_DOWN: Redondea hacia el cero.
7 * BigDecimal.ROUND_FLOOR: Redondea hacia el infinito negativo.
8 * BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN: Redondea hacia el "vecino mas cercano" a menos que ambos vecinos sean equidistantes, en
ese caso redondea hacia abajo.
9 * BigDecimal.ROUND_HALF_UP: Redondea hacia el "vecino mas cercano" a menos que ambos vecinos sean equidistantes, en
ese caso redondea hacia arriba.
10 * BigDecimal.ROUND_UNNECESSARY: Redondea afirmando que la operacion tiene un resultado exacto, por lo tanto, no es
necesario un redondeo.
11 * BigDecimal.ROUND_UP: Redondea hacia arriba de cero.
12 * Variables de la clase:
13 * [Link]: El valor de 10, con una escala de 0.
14 * [Link]: El valor de 0, con una escala de 0.
15 */
16 public static void main(String[] args) {
17 String numero = "33";
18 int numero2 = 30;
19 int n = 2;
20 long i = 300;
21 double h = 100;
22 BigDecimal num1 = new BigDecimal(numero); //El constructor es un String
23 BigDecimal num2 = new BigDecimal(numero2+""); //"Metodo inusual" para construir con enteros.
24 BigDecimal num3 = new BigDecimal(new BigInteger("3000")); //BigDecimal tambien se puede construir a partir de un
BigInteger.
25 BigInteger num4 = [Link](); //Se puede construir un BigInteger a partir de un BigDecimal, con la escala.
26 num4 = [Link](); // Se puede construir un BigInteger tambien a partir de un BigDecimal, pero esta ves sin
su escala.
27 BigDecimal num5 = [Link](i); //Construir un BigDecimal a partir de un long, con escala de cero.
28 num5 = [Link](i,BigDecimal.ROUND_DOWN); // Tambien se puede definir la escala cuando se construye con
Long.
29 BigDecimal num6 = [Link](h); // Construir un BigDecimal a partir de un double.
30 /*
31 * Todas las operaciones de aca en adelante, deben ser guardadas en una variable, por ejemplo:
32 * [Link](num2); // Si se deja asi, no se guardara en ningun lado.
33 * num1 = [Link](num2); // En cambio aca, se guardara en la variable num1 para su uso futuro.
34 */
35 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1+min2: 63.
36 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1-min2: 3.
37 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1*min2: 990.
38 [Link]([Link](num2)); //min1/min2: 1.
39 [Link]([Link]()); //Valor absoluto: 33.
40 [Link]([Link](num2)); //-1, 0 or 1 si num1 es menor que, igual o mayor que num2: 1.
41 [Link]([Link](num2)); //Retorna el minimo entre num1 y num2: 30
42 [Link]([Link](num2)); //Retorna el maximo entre num1 y num2: 33
43 [Link]([Link]()); // -1, 0 or 1 is el valor del BigInteger es negativo, cero o positivo: 1
44 [Link]([Link]()); // -num1: -33
45 [Link]([Link](n)); // num1^n: 1089
46 [Link]([Link](num2)); // num1 % num2 (A diferencia de mod, este puede retornar un numero negativo
): 3
47 [Link]([Link](num2)); // Retorna un BigInteger[] con dos valores: (num1 / num2) y (num1
% num2) (Direccion de memoria si se imprime directamente)
48 [Link]([Link](n)); // Retorna un BigDecimal moviendo n-veces a la izquierda el punto decimal:
0.33
49 [Link]([Link](n)); // Retorna un BigDecimal moviendo n-veces a la derecha el punto decimal:
3300
50 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor entero del BigInteger.
51 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor flotante del BigInteger.
52 [Link]([Link]()); //Retorna el valor en double del BigInteger.
53 [Link]([Link]()); // Retorna el valor en long del BigInteger.
54 [Link]([Link]()); // Retorna la representacion en String del BigDecimal.
55 [Link]([Link](n)); // Agregar una escala de (parametro) digitos: 3000.00
56 [Link]([Link](n, BigDecimal.ROUND_FLOOR)); // Ademas de definir una escala, elige el tipo de
redondeo, especificados al comienzo: 3000.00
57 }
58 }

2.3 GregorianCalendar
1 import [Link];
2 public class GC{
3 /*
4 Constants
5 ERA ,AD ,YEAR ,MONTH
6 DAY_OF_MONTH, DAY_OF_WEEK ,WEEK_OF_MONTH

4
7 ,DAY_OF_WEEK_IN_MONTH ,AM_PM,HOUR, HOUR_OF_DAY, MINUTE, SECOND, MILLISECOND
8 */
9 public static void main(String args[]){
10 Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(); // 0 params = Current time
11 // print out a bunch of interesting things
12 [Link]("ERA: " + [Link]([Link]));
13 [Link]("YEAR: " + [Link]([Link]));
14 [Link]("MONTH: " + [Link]([Link]));
15 [Link]("WEEK_OF_YEAR: " + [Link](Calendar.WEEK_OF_YEAR));
16 [Link]("WEEK_OF_MONTH: " + [Link](Calendar.WEEK_OF_MONTH));
17 [Link]("DATE: " + [Link]([Link]));
18 [Link]("DAY_OF_MONTH: " + [Link](Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH));
19 [Link]("DAY_OF_YEAR: " + [Link](Calendar.DAY_OF_YEAR));
20 //Month is indexed from 0 to 11
21 GregorianCalendar gc = new GregorianCalendar(2014 , 11 , 24); //Construct a date with params year, month, day
22 int diasAdd = 50;
23 [Link]([Link], diasAdd); // Adding days to the date
24 //Days of differce between two Dates
25 GregorianCalendar a = new GregorianCalendar(a1 , m1 , d1);
26 GregorianCalendar b = new GregorianCalendar(a2 , m2, d2);
27 long res = [Link]([Link]() - [Link]());
28 long z = (res /(86400000));
29 [Link](z);
30 //Setting time Zone
31 [Link]([Link]("GMT"));
32 }
33 }

2.4 Java RegEx


1 import [Link];
2 import [Link];
3 import [Link];
4 import [Link];
5
6 public class Main {
7 public static int elem (char c) {
8 switch(c) {
9 case ’C’: return 0;
10 case ’H’: return 1;
11 case ’O’: return 2;
12 case ’N’: return 3;
13 default: return -1;
14 }
15 }
16 public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
17 BufferedReader br= new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader([Link]));
18 double[] mol= {12.01,1.008,16.00,14.01};
19 int N= [Link]([Link]().trim());
20 Pattern pat = [Link]("[CHON]([0-9]+)?");
21 double res;
22 int h;
23 String l, r;
24 for (int i=0; i<N;i++) {
25 res=0d;
26 l=[Link]().trim();
27 Matcher mat = [Link](l);
28 while ([Link]()) {
29 r=[Link]();
30 if ([Link]()>1) h=[Link]([Link](1));
31 else h=1;
32 res+=mol[elem([Link](0))]*h;
33 }
34 [Link]("%.3f\n",res);
35 }
36 [Link]();
37 }
38 }
39
40 /*
41 * boolean b = [Link]("a*b", "aaaaab");
42 * realiza la busqueda de una cadena en otra. Complejidad O(n),
43 * en el peor de los casos es O(2^n), donde en es a lo sumo 25.

5
44 *
45 * [Link]
46 */

3 Tips
3.1 Codeblocks
1. Settings - Editor - Use tab character, tab indents, tab size 2,
2. Settings - Editor - Default code.
3. Settings - Editor - Strip trailing blanks.
4. Settings - Editor - Brace completion.
5. Settings - Editor - Keyboard shortcuts - Close file.
6. Settings - Editor - Brace indention off.

3.2 Eclipse
1. Settings

Common questions

Powered by AI

BigDecimal in Java is preferred over primitive data types in scenarios requiring precision with floating-point numbers, such as in financial calculations. Primitive floating-point types, like float and double, introduce precision errors due to their binary representation, possibly yielding inaccurate results in calculations requiring high precision. BigDecimal solves this by providing operations that ensure precision with arbitrary length numbers and control over rounds, helping avoid such precision issues in critical domains like currency conversions and accounting .

BigInteger in Java handles large numbers by allowing a range far exceeding the default primitive types. It supports arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and includes bitwise operations, modular arithmetic, and power computations. It stores values as immutable objects, which means operations result in a new BigInteger instance instead of modifying the existing one. Constructions of a BigInteger can be done via strings, integers, or even longs, though nuanced methods like converting from integer values involve constructing by string .

The lower_bound function in C++ performs a binary search on sorted data structures like arrays, vectors, or deques, returning an iterator to the first element not less than a specified value. Important nuances include that if all elements are smaller than the specified value, lower_bound returns the end iterator. This operation leverages logarithmic time complexity, making it efficient for sorted data searches. The function helps in both searching and order maintenance scenarios, forming a foundational component of many algorithms .

Iterator manipulation in C++ is pivotal for efficient data handling and processing. Iterators provide a powerful abstraction over collections, allowing element traversal with pointer-like semantics while decoupling algorithms from container types. Operations such as insertion, deletion, and traversal heavily rely on iterators to maintain performance guarantees of underlying data structures. Proper manipulation enhances the efficiency of algorithms by reducing overhead and providing consistent access patterns. Coded correctly, iterators allow seamless integration with C++ libraries and the standard algorithm functions, promoting cleaner, more efficient code .

Choosing the right data structure is crucial for algorithm efficiency because it directly affects time complexity and memory usage, which are critical in programming competitions where executions must often fit within strict limits. Each data structure has its strengths and weaknesses; for example, using a deque allows constant time insertions and deletions at both ends, whereas vectors are optimal for indexed access and sequential insertion at the end. Understanding such trade-offs enables competitors to optimize algorithms for speed and efficiency, significantly impacting performance under competitive constraints .

The GregorianCalendar class in Java enhances date-time handling by allowing for a comprehensive and flexible representation of dates and times. It offers functionalities for calculating the difference between dates, adding and subtracting from dates, and setting time zones, often with greater ease than manual calculations. The class internally accounts for Gregorian calendar specifics, such as leap years, making date manipulations reliable and reducing error-prone manual coding. It provides access to complex operations without the need to manage individual elements of time separately, simplifying comprehensive date-time management .

Deques in C++ are more versatile than vectors, queues, and stacks due to their double-ended nature, allowing constant time complexity operations for element access both at the front and back. They support constant time insertion and deletion at both ends, whereas vectors only support efficient operations at the back, and stacks and queues are typically limited to one end. Additionally, deques offer constant time random access to elements, unlike lists, which adds an edge in terms of performance over certain data types that do not support such operations .

In C++, a priority queue is a data structure that allows constant access to the minimal or maximal element depending on the comparator used, and logarithmic time complexity for insertion and removal operations. By default, a max-heap is implemented, but a custom comparator can convert it to a min-heap or any other order defined by the user. The comparator influences whether the elements are considered greater or lesser, changing how the priority queue prioritizes elements. Thus, by altering the comparison function, the priority queue can adapt to various use cases requiring different orderings .

When using Java RegEx for pattern matching, key considerations include understanding the syntax and greedy versus non-greedy quantifiers, the impact of pattern complexity on performance, and the nuances of special constructs that significantly streamline certain matches. Performance can degrade with highly complex patterns, so optimizing for efficiency and clarity is crucial. Additionally, exploring built-in methods like Pattern and Matcher provides robust mechanisms for compiling patterns and performing matches, respectively. These considerations ensure that pattern matching is both efficient and maintainable in parsing scenarios .

Advanced sorting functions in C++ significantly enhance algorithmic contest performance by providing efficient, ready-to-use algorithms such as quicksort and mergesort, which are embedded within the standard library's sort function. These functions are optimized for speed and have time complexities of O(n log n), making them suitable for large datasets. They support custom comparison functions for tailored orderings and are integral to algorithms whose performance depends on sorted data. Leveraging these functions can simplify problem-solving, allowing participants to focus efforts on problem-specific challenges rather than implementation details of efficient sort algorithms .

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