MUSCLE

1) The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle functions in which of the following?

Cellular Ca2+ storage

Kinesin moves vesicles unidirectionally from the minus end to the plus end of the microtubule
—Myosin, minimyosin, dynein, dynamin, and kinesin (answers a, b, c, and e) are all
mechanochemical enzymes or molecular “motors” that hydrolyze ATP and undergo
conformational changes that are converted into movement. Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for
movement toward the minus end of the microtubules. Remember kinesin kicks out and dynein
drags them in

Visual inspection of this image shows the presence of large, long fibers that appear unbranched.
Also observed are cross-striations as the presence of small, alternating dark and light bands.
There are also several peripherally located nuclei. All of these structural characteristics indicate
the tissue is skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle contain central nuclei, with branched fibers that are
connected by dense intercellular junctions, called intercalated discs. Cardiac muscle, like skeletal
muscle, is striated. Smooth muscle fibers are much smaller, are spindle-shaped and have
centrally located nuclei. Myofibrils in smooth muscle are not organized into striations. Tendons
are highly organized dense regularly arranged connective tissue, and as such, have highly
compact, and very dense parallel arranged fibroblast nuclei, alternating with regularly arranged
collagenous fibers. The presence of striations within the cells eliminates nerve fiber bundle as a
possible tissue.

The transverse tubular (or T) system of myocytes is an extension of the cell's

Answer Choices:
A Golgi apparatus
B Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C Nuclear membrane
D Cytoskeletal network
Correct E Plasma membrane
The cytoplasmic densities in smooth muscle are aggregates of

Answer Choices:
A Actin
B Desmin
C Tubulin
D Alpha actinin
E Myomesin

Thick filaments are anchored to Z discs by Titin

the paired terminal cisternae and T tubules are referred to as the triad, and in human skeletal
muscle, are located at the A-I band junction.

A motor unit may be defined as A single axon innervating one, or more than one muscle
fibers

The neuromuscular junction is also known as The motor end plate

A triad in skeletal muscle is composed of three components, a T tubule and two terminal
cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that flank it.

Unlike skeletal muscle, in which the T tubule system encircles the sarcomeres at each A-I zone
interface, the T tubule system of cardiac muscle surrounds the sarcomeres at the Z line.
Obviously then, the T tubule system in skeletal muscle circles the sarcomeres twice as many
times as that of cardiac muscle.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle is less developed than that of skeletal muscle and
the terminal cisternae are likewise poorly developed. The terminal cisternae and the T tubules
form a diad , as opposed to the triads of skeletal muscle.

The specialized transverse junctions between cardiac muscle cells provide structural support
between apposed ends of the cells. These intercalated discs transmit the forces of contraction
between adjacent cells and structurally always occur coincident with the Z lines, the terminal
aspect of a sarcomere.

The fascia adherens is the junctional complex between two adjacent cardiac muscle fibers.

Cardiac muscle fibers are large, branching fibers that display one, or sometimes two centrally
located nuclei within the cell. The ends of the fibers branch longitudinally which appose similar
branches on adjacent cells. Between the connecting fibers are specialized transverse junctions
called intercalated discs. The interdigitating intercalated disc binds the cells, aids in transmitting
the contractile forces between abutting cells, and provides areas of low electrical resistance for
the rapid spread of excitation throughout the myocardium of the heart.

White" striated muscle fibers are also referred to as "fast-twitch" fibers. They can generate a
great deal of tension quickly, but they fatigue rapidly. They are very extensively and finely
innervated, allowing them to make small, precise movements. "Fast-twitch" fibers are
particularly found within the extraocular muscles and the muscles of the hand.

"Red" striated muscle fibers are also called "slow-twitch" fibers. They cannot produce as much
tension as "white" fibers, but they do not fatigue as quickly. They are found in the back muscles
that are used to maintain posture, among other places.

Upon contraction, the sarcomere of skeletal muscle shortens. Identify the appropriate histological
sequence of the following events:

I band width shortens, A band remains constant length, H band width shortens

An example of muscle comprised predominantly of "fast-twitch" white muscle fibers would be

A Diaphragm
B Supraspinalis
C Gluteus maximus
D Lateral rectus oculi (eyes)
E Rectus abdominis
Smooth muscle is directly innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

The term "connective tissue matrix" refers to: extracellular fibers and ground substance.

Which connective tissue component is characterized by high tensile strength and flexibility?

Collagen

Which type of connective tissue is avascular and further characterized by ground substance in the
form of a firm, resilient solid with a high proportion of glycosaminoglycans and with cells
isolated in lacunae?

1. adipose tissue
2. tendon
3. cartilage
4. bone
5. areolar tissue

Which type of connective tissue is highly vascular, with mineralized matrix consisting of
collagen fibers embedded in calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite), and with cells located
individually in lacunae?
1. adipose tissue
2. tendon
3. cartilage
4. bone
5. areolar tissue