Chapter one

THE SYSTEMS ANALYST AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER OUTLINE

The Systems Analyst

Systems Analyst Skills
Systems Analyst Roles
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Project Identification and Initiation
System Request
Applying the Concepts at Tune Source
Feasibility Analysis
Technical Feasibility
Economic Feasibility
Organizational Feasibility
Applying the Concepts at Tune Source
Appendix 1A—Detailed Economic
Feasibility Analysis for Tune Source

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Exersise
1. What are the six general skills all project team
members should have?
Technical, Business, Analytical, Interpersonal,
Management, and Ethical skills.
The knowledge of how to employ technology in development system solutions are known as
_____ skills. (Technical)

Knowledge of how to apply IT to business problems to achieve a valuable solution is called ____
skills. (Business)

The ability to deal with others honestly and ethically are ___ skills. (ethical)

The ability to manage others and cope with an uncertain environment are known as ____
skills. (Management )

The ability to solve complex problems are known as ____. (analyst)

The oral and written communication skills with both technical and non-technical
solutions are known as _____ (Interpersonal skills)

2. What are the major roles on a project team?

Business analyst, systems analyst, infrastructure
analyst, change management analyst, project
manager.
_____ analyst has an emphasis on the business issues addressed by the system: value of new
system, identification of problems & opportunities; revision of business processes and policies.
(Business analyst)

___ analyst has an emphasis on IS issues of the system: how IT can be used to support business
processes. (system analyst)

Which analyst does the design of new business processes and IS and enforcement of IS
standards? (system analysts)

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The _____ analyst deals with technical issues associate with integrating new system
components to existing technical _____. (infrastructure)

The ____ analyst has an emphasis on facilitating org. adaptation to new systems and identifies
and overcomes resistance to change (Change management)

Who deals with assuring adequate training and documentation of a new system?
(Change management analyst)

The _____ assures progress is being made on the project, time schedules & budgets are met,
supervises project team. ( Project manager)

Who manages relations with project sponsors and users? ( Project manager)

3. Compare and contrast the role of a systems

analyst, business analyst, and infrastructure
analyst.
A System Analysts role
•Identifying how technology can improve business processes
•Designing the new business processes
•Designing the information system
•Ensuring that the system conforms to information systems standards
‫تحديد كيف يمكن للتكنولوجيا تحسين العمليات التجارية‬ •
‫تصميم العمليات التجارية الجديدة‬ •
‫تصميم نظام المعلومات‬ •
‫التأكد من مطابقة النظام لمعايير نظم المعلومات‬ •

A Business Analyst’s role

•Analyzing the key business aspects of the system
•Identifying how the system will provide business value
•Designing the new business processes and policies
‫• تحليل جوانب العمل الرئيسية للنظام‬
‫• تحديد كيف سيوفر النظام قيمة األعمال‬
‫• تصميم العمليات والسياسات التجارية الجديدة‬

The Infrastructure Analyst’s role

•Focuses on the systems technical architecture that includes networking,
hardware, software
•Ensuring the system conforms to infrastructure standards
• Identifying infrastructure changes needed to support the system
‫• يركز على البنية التقنية لألنظمة التي تشمل الشبكات واألجهزة والبرمجيات‬
‫• التأكد من توافق النظام مع معايير البنية التحتية‬
‫• تحديد تغييرات البنية التحتية الالزمة لدعم النظام‬

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4. Compare and contrast phases, steps,
techniques, and deliverables.
Phases are broad groupings of activities undertaken during the development of an information
system. In general we describe four phases: planning, evaluating, designing and implementing.
The required activities or tasks are outlined within each phase as a series of steps which guide
the work to be performed.
Steps are accomplished by applying appropriate techniques, or methods of performing tasks.
Deliverables are the understanding and/or specific materials produced which represent a step ‘s
accomplishment.
‫(المراحل هي مجموعات واسعة من األنشطة المضطلع بها أثناء تطوير نظام‬
‫ التخطيط والتقييم والتصميم‬:‫ نصف أربع مراحل‬، ‫ بشكل عام‬.‫المعلومات‬
‫ تم تحديد األنشطة أو المهام المطلوبة داخل كل مرحلة كسلسلة من‬.‫والتنفيذ‬
‫ يتم إنجاز الخطوات من خالل‬.‫الخطوات التي توجه العمل الذي يتعين القيام به‬
‫ أو‬/ ‫ النواتج هي الفهم و‬.‫ أو طرق أداء المهام‬، ‫تطبيق التقنيات المناسبة‬
.‫ًا للخطوة‬
‫المواد المحددة المنتجة والتي تمثل إنجاز‬
)

5. Describe the major phases in the systems

development life cycle (SDLC).
1. Planning Stage
2. Feasibility or Requirements Analysis Stage
3. Design and Prototyping Stage
4. Software Development Stage
5. Software Testing Stage
6. Implementation and Integration
6. Describe the principal steps in the planning
phase. What are the major deliverables?
 Step 1 – Project Initiation: the project sponsor works with the IS department to develop a
preliminary assessment of the project’s feasibility. It is important to make an initial evaluation of
the project’s value (is it worth doing; is it technically possible for us; will it be used?). The system
request and the results of the feasibility analysis are usually presented to management for
approval. If the project is accepted, we move to:
 Step 2 – Project Management: the project work plan is created, project staffing is determined,
and project management controls and procedures are established. These elements comprise the
project plan
‫ يعمل راعي المشروع مع قسم نظم المعلومات لتطوير‬:‫ بدء المشروع‬- 1 ‫الخطوة‬
‫ من المهم إجراء تقييم أولي لقيمة المشروع (هل‬.‫تقييم أولي لجدوى المشروع‬
‫ عادة ما‬.)‫ًا بالنسبة لنا ؛ هل سيتم استخدامه؟‬‫يستحق ذلك ؛ هل هو ممكن تقني‬
‫ إذا‬.‫يتم تقديم طلب النظام ونتائج تحليل الجدوى إلى اإلدارة للموافقة عليها‬
:‫ ننتقل إلى‬، ‫تم قبول المشروع‬

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 ‫ وتحديد موظفي‬، ‫ يتم إنشاء خطة عمل المشروع‬:‫ إدارة المشروع‬- 2 ‫الخطوة‬
‫ تشكل هذه العناصر خطة‬.‫ ووضع ضوابط وإجراءات إدارة المشروع‬، ‫المشروع‬
‫المشروع‬

7. Describe the principal steps in the analysis

phase .What are the major deliverables?
The analysis phase answers the questions of who will use the system, what the system will do,
and where and when it will be used. During this phase, the project team investigates any current
system(s), identifies improvement opportunities, and develops a concept for the new system.
This phase has three steps:
- Analysis Strategy: Developed to guide the project team's efforts. Such a strategy usually
includes an analysis of the current system (as-is system) and its problems, and then ways to
design a new system (to-be system).

- Requirements Gathering: The analysis of this information—in conjunction with input from
project sponsor and many other people—leads to the development of a concept for a new
system. The system concept is then used as a basis to develop a set of business analysis models
that describes how the business will operate if the new system were developed.

- System Proposal: The analyses, system concept, and models are combined into a document
called the system proposal, which is presented to the project sponsor and other key decision
makers.
‫ وأين‬، ‫ وماذا سيفعله‬، ‫تجيب مرحلة التحليل على أسئلة من سيستخدم النظام‬
‫ يتحقق فريق المشروع من أي نظام‬، ‫ خالل هذه المرحلة‬.‫ومتى سيتم استخدامه‬
‫ تتكون هذه‬.‫ما للنظام الجديد‬
ً‫ ويطور مفهو‬، ‫ ويحدد فرص التحسين‬، ‫(أنظمة) حالي‬
:‫المرحلة من ثالث خطوات‬
‫ تتضمن مثل هذه‬.‫ وضعت لتوجيه جهود فريق المشروع‬:‫ استراتيجية التحليل‬-
‫ ثم طرق‬، ‫اإلستراتيجية عادة تحليالً للنظام الحالي (كما هو النظام) ومشاكله‬
.)‫تصميم نظام جديد (نظام مستقبلي‬

‫ باالقتران مع المدخالت من راعي‬- ‫ تحليل هذه المعلومات‬:‫ جمع المتطلبات‬-

‫ ثم‬.‫ يؤدي إلى تطوير مفهوم لنظام جديد‬- ‫المشروع والعديد من األشخاص اآلخرين‬
‫يتم استخدام مفهوم النظام كأساس لتطوير مجموعة من نماذج تحليل األعمال التي‬
.‫تصف كيفية عمل األعمال إذا تم تطوير النظام الجديد‬

‫ يتم دمج التحليالت ومفهوم النظام والنماذج في مستند يسمى‬:‫ اقتراح النظام‬-
‫ والذي يتم تقديمه إلى راعي المشروع وصناع القرار الرئيسيين‬، ‫اقتراح النظام‬
.‫اآلخرين‬

8. Describe the principal steps in the design

phase .What are the major deliverables?

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Design Strategy
- Determining proper approach for acquiring System architecture
- Describing basic hardware, software, and networking User interface
- Developing system's overall structure, navigation, inputs, outputs, and screens
Database and file specifications
- Specifying data storage structures Program Design
- Plans and outlines for each program to be written Deliverable: System Specification

‫استراتيجية التصميم‬
‫ تحديد النهج المناسب لالكتساب بنية النظام‬-
‫ وصف األجهزة األساسية والبرمجيات والشبكات واجهة المستخدم‬-
‫ تطوير الهيكل العام للنظام والتنقل والمدخالت والمخرجات‬-
‫والشاشات مواصفات قاعدة البيانات والملف‬
‫ تحديد هياكل تخزين البيانات تصميم البرنامج‬-
‫ مواصفات‬:‫ مخططات ومخططات لكل برنامج يتم كتابته التسليم‬-
‫النظام‬

9. Describe the principal steps in the

implementation phase. What are the major
deliverables?
Build system
- Writing and testing system Train users
- Assuring that end users understand new system's functions and work procedures
Convert to new system
- Managing transition from old to new Support new system
- Monitoring performance of system and need for changes
Deliverables: Programs, manuals, training materials, and plans for system support

‫بناء النظام‬
‫ نظام الكتابة واالختبار تدريب المستخدمين‬-
‫ التأكد من فهم المستخدمين النهائيين لوظائف النظام الجديد‬-
‫وإجراءات العمل التحويل إلى نظام جديد‬
‫ إدارة االنتقال من القديم إلى الجديد دعم النظام الجديد‬-
‫ مراقبة أداء النظام والحاجة إلى التغييرات‬-
‫ وخطط‬، ‫ والمواد التدريبية‬، ‫ والكتيبات‬، ‫ البرامج‬:‫التسليمات‬
‫دعم النظام‬

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10. Which phase in the SDLC is the most
important?
Planning

11. What does gradual refinement mean in the

context of SDLC?
Gradual refinement means going back and understanding and fixing previously done
work during the SDLC. Initially users only have a general idea of the shape of the new
system. They can go back and refine these ideas after getting more information
regarding the system.

- Initially, requirements are only vaguely understood

- Understanding is improved during Analysis phase
- Further detail is developed during Design
- Understanding is fully expressed during Implementation

‫يعني التحسين التدريجي العودة إلى الوراء وفهم العمل الذي تم‬
‫ يكون لدى‬، ‫ في البداية‬.SDLC ‫ًا وإصالحه أثناء‬
‫إنجازه مسبق‬
‫ يمكنهم العودة‬.‫المستخدمين فكرة عامة فقط عن شكل النظام الجديد‬
‫وتنقيح هذه األفكار بعد الحصول على مزيد من المعلومات المتعلقة‬
.‫بالنظام‬

‫ لم يتم فهم المتطلبات إال بشكل غامض‬، ‫في البداية‬ -

‫تم تحسين الفهم أثناء مرحلة التحليل‬ -
‫تم تطوير مزيد من التفاصيل أثناء التصميم‬ -
‫يتم التعبير عن التفاهم بشكل كامل أثناء التنفيذ‬ -

12. Describe the four steps of business process

management. Why do companies adopt BPM as
a management strategy?
1. Defining and mapping the steps in a business process
2. creating ways to improve on steps in the process that add value
3. finding ways to eliminate or consolidate steps in the process that do not add value
4. creating or adjusting electronic workflows to match the improved process maps.
Companies use this to adapt more rapidly and effectively to a changing business

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‫‪environment. Improved process alignment with industry "best practices". Increased‬‬
‫‪process efficiencies as costs are identified and eliminated from process workflows.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬تحديد وتخطيط الخطوات في عملية األعمال‬

‫‪ .2‬إيجاد طرق لتحسين خطوات العملية التي تضيف قيمة‬
‫‪ .3‬إيجاد طرق الستبعاد أو توحيد خطوات العملية التي ال تضيف قيمة‬
‫‪ .4‬إنشاء أو تعديل تدفقات العمل اإللكترونية لتتناسب مع خرائط‬
‫العملية المحسنة‪.‬‬
‫تستخدم الشركات هذا للتكيف بشكل أسرع وأكثر فعالية مع بيئة‬
‫األعمال المتغيرة‪ .‬مواءمة عملية محسنة مع "أفضل الممارسات"‬
‫الصناعية‪ .‬زيادة كفاءة العملية حيث يتم تحديد التكاليف‬
‫وإزالتها من عمليات سير العمل‪.‬‬

‫‪13. Compare and contrast BPA, BPI, and BPR.‬‬

‫‪Which is most risky? Which has the greatest‬‬
‫?‪potential value‬‬
‫‪BPA is the automation of business processes. Technology components are‬‬
‫‪used to complement or substitute for manual processes.‬‬

‫‪BPI or business process improvement results from studying the business‬‬

‫‪processes, creating new, redesigned processes to improve workflows.‬‬

‫‪BPR or business process reengineering means changing the fundamental‬‬

‫‪way in which the organization operates in order to take advantage of new‬‬
‫‪ideas and new technology. BPR holds the most risk‬‬

‫‪and the greatest potential due to the significant operational changes that‬‬
‫‪occur.‬‬
‫تستخدم مكونات التكنولوجيا‬ ‫‪ BPA‬هي أتمتة العمليات التجارية‪ُ .‬‬
‫الستكمال العمليات اليدوية أو استبدالها‪ .‬ينتج ‪ BPI‬أو تحسين‬
‫إجراءات العمل من دراسة العمليات التجارية ‪ ،‬وإنشاء عمليات‬
‫جديدة معاد تصميمها لتحسين سير العمل‪ .‬إعادة هندسة العمليات‬
‫التجارية أو إعادة هندسة عمليات األعمال يعني تغيير الطريقة‬
‫األساسية التي تعمل بها المنظمة من أجل االستفادة من األفكار‬
‫الجديدة والتكنولوجيا الجديدة‪ BPR .‬يحمل أكبر قدر من المخاطر‬
‫وأكبر اإلمكانات بسبب التغيرات التشغيلية الكبيرة التي تحدث‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
14. Give three examples of business needs for a
system.
 Support a new marketing campaign.
 Reach out to a new market sector.
 Improve supplier interactions.
.‫دعم حملة تسويقية جديدة‬ 
.‫الوصول إلى قطاع سوق جديد‬ 
.‫تحسين تفاعالت الموردين‬ 

15. Describe the roles of the project sponsor and

the approval committee.
The project sponsor is a key person who identifies business value to be gained from
using information technology.
The approval committee reviews system requests from groups throughout the
organization and selects projects for the benefit of the business.

‫راعي المشروع هو الشخص الرئيسي الذي يحدد القيمة التجارية التي‬

.‫يمكن اكتسابها من استخدام تكنولوجيا المعلومات‬
‫تقوم لجنة الموافقة بمراجعة طلبات النظام من المجموعات في‬
.‫جميع أنحاء المنظمة واختيار المشاريع لصالح األعمال‬

16. What is the purpose of an approval

committee? Who is usually on this committee?
The approval committee generally serves as the decision making body regarding
business investments in information systems projects. This approval committee could be
a company steering committee that meets regularly to make information systems
decisions, a senior executive who has control of organizational resources, or any other
decision-making body that governs the use of business investments.

This committee generally has a broad organizational representation, and therefore can
avoid allocating resources that will serve only narrow organizational interests. The
approval committee commonly has project oversight responsibilities as well as
monitoring project performance after the project has been accepted.

‫تعمل لجنة الموافقة بشكل عام كهيئة صنع القرار فيما‬

.‫يتعلق باالستثمارات التجارية في مشاريع نظم المعلومات‬

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 ‫يمكن أن تكون لجنة الموافقة هذه لجنة توجيهية للشركة‬
‫ أو‬، ‫تجتمع بانتظام التخاذ قرارات أنظمة المعلومات‬
‫ أو‬، ‫مسؤول تنفيذي كبير يتحكم في الموارد التنظيمية‬
‫أي هيئة أخرى لصنع القرار تحكم استخدام االستثمارات‬
.‫التجارية‬

، ‫ما بتمثيل تنظيمي واسع‬ً‫تتمتع هذه اللجنة عمو‬

‫وبالتالي يمكنها تجنب تخصيص الموارد التي لن تخدم سوى‬
‫ عادة ما تتولى لجنة‬.‫المصالح التنظيمية الضيقة‬
‫الموافقة مسؤوليات اإلشراف على المشروع باإلضافة إلى‬
.‫مراقبة أداء المشروع بعد قبول المشروع‬

17. Why should the system request be created by

a businessperson as opposed to an IS
professional?
It is important to have a clear understanding of how system will improve
business. Companies have now realized that identifying business value and
understanding the risks associated with the project are necessary to avoid
any potential risks involved. Usually the system originates with a
businessperson as he understands the need for the system or system
improvement in the business unit and will have a much better idea of the
value of the proposed system or improvement and therefore is in a better
position to create a meaningful system request

In fact, the ideal situation is for both IT people (i.e., the experts in systems)
and the business people (i.e., the experts in business) to work closely to
find ways for technology to support business needs. In this way,
organizations can leverage the exciting technologies that are available
while ensuring that projects are based upon real business objectives, such
as increasing sales, improving customer service, and decreasing operating
expenses.

‫من المهم أن يكون لديك فهم واضح لكيفية تحسين النظام‬

‫ لقد أدركت الشركات اآلن أن تحديد قيمة األعمال‬.‫لألعمال‬
‫وفهم المخاطر المرتبطة بالمشروع ضروريان لتجنب أي‬

10
 ‫مخاطر محتملة ينطوي عليها‪ .‬عادة ما ينشأ النظام مع‬
‫رجل أعمال ألنه يفهم الحاجة إلى تحسين النظام أو‬
‫النظام في وحدة األعمال وسيكون لديه فكرة أفضل بكثير‬
‫عن قيمة النظام المقترح أو التحسين ‪ ،‬وبالتالي فهو في‬
‫وضع أفضل إلنشاء نظام هادف طلب‬

‫في الواقع ‪ ،‬الوضع المثالي هو أن يعمل كل من العاملين‬

‫في مجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات (أي الخبراء في األنظمة)‬
‫ورجال األعمال (أي الخبراء في مجال األعمال) عن كثب‬
‫إليجاد طرق للتكنولوجيا لدعم احتياجات العمل‪ .‬وبهذه‬
‫الطريقة ‪ ،‬يمكن للمؤسسات االستفادة من التقنيات‬
‫المثيرة المتوفرة مع ضمان استناد المشاريع إلى أهداف‬
‫عمل حقيقية ‪ ،‬مثل زيادة المبيعات وتحسين خدمة العمالء‬
‫وتقليل نفقات التشغيل‪.‬‬

‫‪18. What is the difference between intangible‬‬

‫‪value and tangible value? Give three examples‬‬
‫‪of each.‬‬
‫‪Tangible value - can be easily measured and quantified‬‬

‫‪Intangible value - cannot be easily measured or quantified‬‬

‫القيمة الملموسة ‪ -‬يمكن قياسها وقياسها بسهولة‬

‫القيمة غير الملموسة ‪ -‬ال يمكن قياسها أو قياسها بسهولة‬

‫‪19. What are the purposes of the system request‬‬

‫‪and the feasibility analysis? How are they used‬‬
‫?‪in the project selection process‬‬
‫)‪System request - describe business reasons for building a system (the value it will provide‬‬

‫‪Feasibility analysis - help understand the opportunities and limitations associated with a project‬‬

‫طلب النظام ‪ -‬وصف أسباب العمل لبناء نظام (القيمة التي سيوفرها)‬

‫تحليل الجدوى ‪ -‬ساعد في فهم الفرص والقيود المرتبطة بالمشروع‬

‫‪11‬‬
20. Describe two special issues that may be
important to list on a system request.
1. System needed by January 2015
2. Top-level security clearance required by team
2015 ‫ النظام مطلوب بحلول يناير‬.1
‫ أعلى مستوى تصريح أمني مطلوب من قبل الفريق‬.2

21. Describe the three dimensions of feasibility

analysis.
1. Technical Feasibility - asks "can we build it?" from a technical standpoint

2. Economic Feasibility - asks "should we build it?" from a monetary standpoint

3. Organizational Feasibility - asks "if we build it, will they come?" meaning, will a
business need be addressed

‫ يسأل "هل يمكننا بنائها؟" من وجهة نظر فنية‬- ‫ الجدوى الفنية‬.1

‫ يسأل "هل يجب أن نبنيها؟" من وجهة نظر‬- ‫ الجدوى االقتصادية‬.2

‫نقدية‬

"‫ هل سيأتون؟‬، ‫ يسأل "إذا قمنا ببنائها‬- ‫ الجدوى التنظيمية‬.3

‫ سوف تحتاج األعمال التجارية‬، ‫بمعنى‬

22. What factors are used to determine project

size?
Many factors go into project sizing, including estimated duration, resource
requirements, budget, complexity, risk, visibility and related matters. Sizing
frameworks should be established to define each "sizing factor" according
to each project size

‫ بما في ذلك المدة‬، ‫تدخل العديد من العوامل في حجم المشروع‬

‫المقدرة ومتطلبات الموارد والميزانية والتعقيد والمخاطر‬
‫ يجب إنشاء أطر تحجيم لتحديد كل‬.‫والرؤية والمسائل ذات الصلة‬
‫ًا لحجم كل مشروع‬
‫"عامل حجم" وفق‬

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23. Describe a “risky” project in terms of
technical feasibility. Describe a project that
would not be considered risky.
Risky:
- large project
- uses unfamiliar tech
- hard to integrate with current tech

Not Risky:
- small project
- uses familiar tech
- easy to integrate with current tech
:‫محفوفة بالمخاطر‬
‫ مشروع كبير‬-
‫ يستخدم تقنية غير مألوفة‬-
‫ صعوبة االندماج مع التكنولوجيا الحالية‬-

:‫غير محفوف بالمخاطر‬

‫ مشروع صغير‬-
‫ يستخدم تقنية مألوفة‬-
‫ سهولة االندماج مع التكنولوجيا الحالية‬-

24. What are the steps for assessing economic

feasibility? Describe each step.
1. Identifying costs and benefits - List tangible costs and benefits

2. Assessing values to costs and benefits - Assign dollar values to costs and benefits

3. Determining cash flow - Project costs and benefits over a period of time (3-5 years)

4. Determining Net Present Value (NPV) - Calculate future costs, measured in today's
standards

5. Determining Return on Investment (ROI) - Calculate how much money the

organization will receive

6. Determining the break-even point - Find the first year where benefits outweigh costs

7. Graphing the break-even point - Plot yearly costs/benefits on a line graph

Explain net present value and return on investment for a cost-benefit analysis.

13
‫‪NPV - The present value of FUTURE benefit minus the present value of FUTURE costs.‬‬

‫‪ROI - The amount of revenue that results from the investment.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬تحديد التكاليف والفوائد ‪ -‬اذكر التكاليف والفوائد الملموسة‬

‫‪ .2‬تقدير قيم التكاليف والفوائد ‪ -‬قم بتعيين قيم بالدوالر‬

‫للتكاليف والفوائد‬

‫‪ .3‬تحديد التدفق النقدي ‪ -‬تكاليف وفوائد المشروع على مدى فترة‬

‫زمنية (‪ 5-3‬سنوات)‬

‫‪ .4‬تحديد صافي القيمة الحالية (‪ - )NPV‬حساب التكاليف‬

‫المستقبلية ‪ ،‬مقاسة بمعايير اليوم‬

‫‪ .5‬تحديد عائد االستثمار (‪ - )ROI‬احسب مقدار األموال التي ستحصل‬

‫عليها المؤسسة‬

‫‪ .6‬تحديد نقطة التعادل ‪ -‬ابحث عن السنة األولى التي تفوق فيها‬

‫الفوائد التكاليف‬

‫‪ .7‬رسم بياني لنقطة التعادل ‪ -‬ارسم التكاليف ‪ /‬الفوائد السنوية‬

‫على رسم بياني خطي‬
‫اشرح صافي القيمة الحالية والعائد على االستثمار لتحليل التكلفة‬
‫والعائد‪.‬‬
‫‪ - NPV‬القيمة الحالية للمزايا المستقبلية مطروح‬
‫ًا منها القيمة‬
‫الحالية لتكاليف المستقبل‪.‬‬

‫عائد االستثمار ‪ -‬مقدار اإليرادات الناتجة عن االستثمار‪.‬‬

‫‪25. List two intangible benefits. Describe how‬‬

‫‪these benefits can be quantified.‬‬
‫‪a. One example of an intangible benefit is reduced response time to customer requests.‬‬

‫‪b. A second example of an intangible benefit is improved customer satisfaction.‬‬

‫‪26. List two tangible benefits and two‬‬

‫‪operational costs for a system. How would you‬‬

‫‪14‬‬
 determine the values that should be assigned to
each item?
Hardware and Software together with Operational Labor are your Operational Costs. The values
for these costs can be determined by getting an estimate from where you will buy the Hardware
and Software and based on the hourly rate of the employees to being hired to do labor. For
Tangible Benefits, a system can have Increased Sales and Reduced Inventory Costs. The values
for these can be acquired based on previous results. If getting more output from the system can
increase the number of products for sale, you can determine the increase in sales. For Reduced
inventory costs, you can calculate how much the system saves by calculating how much was
reduced from inventory costs and adding that to benefit

27. Explain how an expected value can be

calculated for a cost or benefit. When would this
be done?
The expected value is defined as the difference between expected profits and expected costs.
Expected profit is the probability of receiving a certain profit times the profit, and the expected
cost is the probability that a certain cost will be incurred times the cost.

A wheel of fortune in a gambling casino has 54 different slots in which the wheel pointer
can stop. Four of the 54 slots contain the number 9. For a 1 dollar bet on hitting a 9, if he
or she succeeds, the gambler wins 10 dollars plus the return of the 1 dollar bet. What is
the expected value of this gambling game? What is the meaning of the expected value
result?

Probability of Success=4/54Probability of Failure=50/54Expecte
d Value=Expected Profit−Expected Cost=(4/54)*10−(50/54)*1
=−$0.185

28. Explain the net present value and return on

investment for a cost–benefit analysis. Why
would these calculations be used?
The net present value (NPV) method compares the present values of the project's cash inflows
and outflows. If the present value of the benefits (inflows) is equal to or greater than the
present value of the costs (outflows), then the project is considered economically justifiable.
NPV has the advantage of including a required rate of return in the calculation, so the NPV
figure captures the costs associated with tying up money in the project. NPV also explicitly
considers the timing of the cash flows throughout the system life. The return on investment

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(ROI) method simply compares the total net cash flows from the project with the total outflows
in aggregate. While this ROI number gives some sense of how much money the project
generates in comparison to its total cost, it omits any consideration of the timing of the cash
flows and the time value of money. The ROI method, while simple to compute, is flawed in many
ways and should not be used as the only economic indicator of a project's merit

29. What is the break-even point for the project?

How is it calculated?
The break-even point is the point where a company’s revenues equals its costs. The
calculation for the break-even point can be done one of two ways; one is to determine the
amount of units that need to be sold, or the second is the amount of sales, in dollars, that
need to happen.

The break-even point allows a company to know when it, or one of its products, will start
to be profitable. If a business’s revenue is below the break-even point, then the company
is operating at a loss. If it’s above, then it’s operating at a profit

To calculate the break-even point in units use the formula: Break-Even point (units) = Fixed
Costs ÷ (Sales price per unit – Variable costs per unit) or in sales dollars using the formula:
Break-Even point (sales dollars) = Fixed Costs ÷ Contribution Margin.

30. What is stakeholder analysis? Discuss three

stakeholders that would be relevant for most
projects.
When it comes to any organizational project, all of the internal people and teams who the
project will involve or affect are called its stakeholders. A stakeholder analysis is a process of
identifying these people before the project begins; grouping them according to their levels of
participation, interest, and influence in the project; and determining how best to involve and
communicate each of these stakeholder groups throughout.

The list of potential stakeholders could include:

 Executive staff
 Marketing
 Sales
 Finance
 Product
 Development/engineering/manufacturing
 Procurement
 The heads of all affected business units
 Consultants
 Operations/IT

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17
1. The person who identifies the business value that can be gained from using information
technology is called the _____.
a. manager
b. project sponsor
c. staff member
d. system analyst
e. system request

Ans: b

2. In order to approve a system request, the approval committee must know

a. all of the details of the ultimate system to be developed.
b. the high level functionality of the system.
c. what the screens and reports will look like in the final system.
d. who the end users of the system will be and exactly how they will use it in their jobs.
e. all of the above.

Ans: b

3. _____ value can be quantified during the project initiation phase.

a. Expected
b. Tangible
c. Intangible
d. Real
e. Salvag

Ans: b

4. _____ is the process of examining the technical, economic, and organizational pros and
cons of developing a new system.
a. Committee approval
b. Feasibility analysis
c. Functionality determination
d. Risk analysis
e. System request

Ans: b

5. Most system requests include all of the following except _____.

a. business need
b. business requirements
c. project sponsor
d. project manager
e. business value

Ans: d

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6. The four elements commonly found on a system request are _____.
a. economic, organizational, technical, and operational feasibility
b. project sponsor, business need, business requirements, and business value
c. risk analysis, familiarity, project size, and cost-benefit analysis
d. training, software, installation, and equipment
e. upgrades, licensing fees, repairs, and charges

Ans: b

7. Suppose a proposed new financial reporting system for the AMF Biotech Corporation
must be completed by the start of the next fiscal year in order to comply with new
government regulations. This information should be included as part of the
____________ section of the system request.
a. business need
b. business value
c. business requirements
d. special issues or constraints
e. none of the above

Ans: d

8. Explaining "the business capabilities of the information system" is written in the _____
section of the system request.
a. business need
b. business value
c. business requirements
d. project need
e. special issues

Ans: c

9. Feasibility analysis may be defined as a(n)_____.

a. assessment of ability of the ultimate users of the system to accept the system and
incorporate it into the ongoing operations of the organization
b. determination of the extent to which the system can be technically designed,
developed, and installed
c. guide to determining whether to proceed with a project
d. identification of only the costs and benefits associated with the project
e. none of the above
Ans: c
10. Which of the following factors could be included in a technical risk assessment?
a. Cost of a new Web server
b. Cost of hiring a Webmaster
c. No previous experience with Java within the IS department
d. Some fear of job loss among order entry department personnel
e. All of the above

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Ans: c

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