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Lectures on Analog Electronics
Book by: Bijay_Kumar Sharma
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38 AE_Lecture11_Part1_Audio Oscillators
Page by: Bijay_Kumar Sharma
Summary
AE_LECTURE 11_Part1.
Section 1. FEEDBACK SYSTEMS STABILITY AND OSCILLATORS
Figure 1. Block Diagram of feedback system.
Here ‘s’ implies s-domain and s=σ+jω. Just as we have time domain, we have frequency domain,
s-domain and z-domain.
In Time-domain we study the response of a system with respect to time.
In Frequency-domain we study the steady state sinusoidal response of a system.
In s-domain we get to see the total response of the system. Whenever a certain input is applied
we have a transient response and steady state response. Total response is the sum total of
transient plus steady state response.
z-domain is for discrete time systems and s-domain is for continuous time systems.
In the Block Diagram of a feedback system, we have the Basic Amplifier Block A(s) , the
feedback network block f(s) and comparison node. f(s) can be frequency independent or
frequency selective.
In negative feed back
In positive feed back
Negative feed back system is a degenerative system:
And Aclosed < Aopen Hence a degenerate system.
Positive feedback system is a regenerative system:
Aclosed = Aopen/[1- |L(s)|]
If
then
Hence regenerative system
then
and system becomes unstable and oscillatory.
We can take advantage of instability and realize a pure sine wave oscillator.
When
. This is BARKHAUSEN CRITERIA.
Then we realize a pure sine wave oscillator.
For self starting condition we allow
to be slightly greater than
.This will ensure self starting condition but it will cause a slight distortion.
Section 2. Class of audio oscillators(1 Hz → 100kHz)
Wien Bridge Oscillator, Phase-Shift Oscillator and Quadrature Oscillator.
2.1. Wien Bridge Oscillator.
Here [Link] is connected as an Non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 3/_0º. The feedback
network is a notch filter providing a dip of exactly 1/3 and phase angle 0º at an angular frequency
of
. Thus an exact loop gain of unity with 0º phase shift is achieved. But for selfstarting condition the
non-inverting gain is kept slightly larger than 3.
Figure 2. Circuit Diagram of Wien Bridge Oscillator.
Replacing s by jω,
At
Then Loop Gain=
Oscillation Frequency=
; This gives a non-inverting gain of 3.
2.2. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
Figure 3. Circuit Diagram of RC phase shift oscillator.
Here Op Amp is connected as an inverting amplifier providing a gain of 29 and phase shift of
180º.
The RC phase shift network gives an attenuation of 1/29 and a phase shift of another 180º.
Thus an exact Loop Gain of 1/_0º is achieved. But for self starting condition the inverting gain is
kept slightly larger than 29.
Figure 4. The feed back network.
The Loop Gain expression is:
L(jω) =
where ∆ =
and
Re(∆) =
Im(∆)=
To satisfy the Barkhausen Criteria, Re(∆) = 0;
But Re∆=
Therefore by cancelling
through out, we get
Therefore
;
Second part of the Barkhausen Criteria says that at oscillatory frequency the phase angle should
be zero.
L(ω=
)=
L(ω=
)=
)=1;
Therefore
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