MMW Notes 3.
Existential Statement – there is at
least one thing for which the
Mathematics as a Language
property is true
- Language facilitates
Conditional Statement
communication as it allows people
to express themselves and - symbolized by p and q
somehow bridges the gap among - is an if-then statement in which p is
them a hypothesis and q is a conclusion
- MATH as a language is precise as
such it is able to make very fine
distinctions or definitions among a
set of mathematical symbols
- A mathematician can express long
expositions or sentences briefly
using the language of mathematics
Mathematical Statement
- declarative statement that is either
true or false
The following are NOT mathematical
statements:
1. neither true nor false
2. it is a command or an order =
imperative sentence
3. it is a question = interrogative
sentence
4. has pronouns
5. expressing variable time
Sets
6. expresses opinion
7. not declarative - Is any collection of objects
8. truth value depends on a variable (elements) which may be
value mathematical or not
- Should be related and well –
Kinds of Mathematical Statements:
defined
1. Universal Statement - says that a
Subset
certain property is true for all
elements in a set - Part of another set
2. Conditional Statement – says that if
one thing is true then some other How to Describe a Set?
thing has also to be true - Roster Method
- Ruled Method
Union of Sets - a collection of sets of all dependable one or one that might
elements in the collection have just happened by chance in
the study.
Intersection of a set – set of items that is Applications
present in both sets Government agencies
Science and medicine
Complement of a set – elements that are
Business
not inside the circle
education
Statistics and its Applications How to solve the Mean, Median, Mode,
Standard deviation, Variance, and Range
Statistics came from the Latin word
statisticus which means “the study Mean – the expected value or average, is
of people, supplies, etc. in a state the central value of a discrete set of
A branch of mathematics that deals numbers: specifically, the sum of the values
with collecting, simplifying, and divided by the number of values
describing data. It is also concerned Formula:
with drawing conclusions about
populations based on data from
samples
Steps:
Is all about making sense of data,
and figuring out how to put that 1. Identify the data
information to use 2. Follow the formula:
2 Main Branches a. Add the data
o Descriptive Statistics – b. Divide the sum with the
techniques in collecting, number of data
organizing, and escribing
Median – a value separating higher half
numerical facts called data
from the lower half
- 2 categories of measures: central
tendency and variability - The middle value of a sorted list of
- Use to repurpose hard-to- numbers
understand quantitative insights
Steps:
across a large data set (GPA)
o Inferential Statistics – 1. Sort the values (ascending or
drawing conclusions or descending order)
decisions about 2. Count the number of values (x); if
populations based on odd, x + 1 then divide by 2; if even,
random samples. determine the middle pair and find
- 2 main areas: estimating the value by adding the pair and
parameters and hypothesis testing dividing by 2.
- To try to infer from sample data
what the population might think; Mode – the value that appears most often
or make a judgement of the in a set of data values
probability that an observed
- To find the mode, put the numbers
difference between groups is a
in order. Then count how many of
each number. A number that 3. Get the average of squared
appears most often is the mode differences and divide by n – 1
- Having two modes is called
Range – difference between the highest
bimodal
and lowest values in the set
- Having more than 2 modes is called
multimodal - Provides an indication of statistical
- Recognize that modes for non- dispersion around the central
numerical data sets can be found in tendency or how spread out the
the same way as for numerical data data are.
sets - Data with large ranges tend to be
- Recognize that no mode exists for more spread out
data sets in which every value
occurs the same number of times Formula: Range = Maximum Value –
Minimum Value
Standard Deviation – measure of the
amount of variation or dispersion of a set
of values
Formula:
Steps:
1. Find
the mean
2. Find the difference of each data
and the mean and square it.
3. Finding the sum of step 2
4. Divide the sum of step 3 by n – 1
(number of data)
5. Finding the square root of step 4
Variance – the average of the squared
differences from the mean
- Measures how far a set of numbers
is spread out from their average
value
- Square of standard deviation
Steps:
1. Find the mean
2. Subtract the mean from each
number in the data and square the
result