TYPES OF METHODS
Type of methods for Statically Indeterminate Structures:
Displacement Method:
i. Slope Deflection Method (Beam, Frames)
ii. Moment Distribution Method (Beam, Frames)
iii. Stiffness Matrix Method (Beam, Frame, Truss, Determinate
Structures)
Force Method (Flexibility Method):
i. Method of consistent deformation
ii. Method of least work (Unit load method)
Slope deflection method
DOF
It is the ability to move in any direction. It is the movement along the support.
Constraints
It is the Resistance across the support.
Sidesway
A frame will be Sidesway or displayed to one side when it or load acting on it will
be non-symmetric.
Procedure
1. Draw free body diagram (Elastic Curve, Geometric, Elastic Deflection Curve).
2. Find FEM Values.
3. Find Slope deflection equation.
4. Find Moment Equation or Equilibrium Equation.
5. Find Values of Slope and Moments.
6. Draw SFD and BMD.
DOF and Constraints
For fix-fix
DOF = 0 CONSTRAINT= 6
For fix-free
DOF = 3 CONSTRAINT= 3
For fix-hinge
DOF = 1 CONSTRAINT= 5
For fix-roller
DOF = 2 CONSTRAINT= 4
For roller-hinge
DOF = 3 CONSTRAINT= 3
Moment Formula
Note:
When Support Settlement is not Known then ∆ = 0
In Fixe Support θ =0 in Hinge & Roller θ have Some Value.
For fix-fix
2 EI ∆
M NF =
L (
2 θN +θ F−3( ))
L
+ FEM NF
2 EI ∆
M FN =
L ( ( ))
2 θ F +θ N −3
L
+ FEM FN
∴ θ=¿ Angular Displacement of Span along the Support.
∴ Δ = Settlement of support
For fix hinge
3 EI ∆
M NF =
L ( ( ))
θ N −3
L
+ FEM NF
M FN =0
FEM Values
Note:
In finding FEM left Edge is Negative and Right is Positive.
For Point Load (Center of Beam)
For fix-fix for Fix- Hinge
−PL PL 3 PL
FEM AB = FEM BA= FEM AB =
8 8 16
For Point Load (On different position)
For fix-fix for Fix- Hinge
−P b2 a P a2 b P a2 b P a2 b
FEM AB = FEM BA= FEM AB =−( + )
L2 L2 L2 2 L2
For UDL
For fix-fix for Fix- Hinge
−W L2 W L2 −W L2
FEM AB = FEM BA= FEM AB =
12 12 8
For UVL (Decreasing from left to right)
For fix-fix for Fix- Hinge
−W L2 W L2 −W L2
FEM AB = FEM BA= FEM AB =
20 30 15
Slope deflection method
Procedure
1. Draw Free Body Diagram.
2. Determine Member Stiffness Factor, K.
3. Determine Distribution Factor, DF.
4. Find FEM Values.
5. Complete MDM Table.
6. Find Moment Values.
7. Draw SFD and BMD.
Stiffness Factor K
For fix-fix
4 EI
K=
L
For Fix-Hinge
3 EI
. K=
L
Moment Distribution Factor, DF
If a resisting moment is applied to a fix connected Joint then each connected
member will supply the portion of that moment to satisfy the equilibrium condition
at joint. Then the fraction of that moment is called Moment Distribution Factor.
K
DF =
∑K
For fix support, DF = 0
For Hinge Support DF = 1
Carry Over Moment (COM)
It is defined as the moment induced at the fixed end of the beam by the action of
a moment applied at the other end, which is hinged.
For fix end
1
COM = M
2
For Hinge End
COM = 0
FEM
Same as in upper method
Slope deflection method
The stiffness method (also known as the displacement method) is the
primary method used in matrix analysis of structures. ... Thus, in the stiffness
method the number of unknowns to be calculated is the same as the degree of
kinematic indeterminacy of the structure.
The beam is first subdivided in finite elements, the nodes of each element are
located at a support or at points where members are connected together. The
Square box are used to show the member and Circle Box are used to show the
end Supports.
Linear Displacement∆
If the far end B of the is displaced along A then the cord is rotated clockwise yet
end do not rotate then the equal and opposite moment and shear reactions are
developed in the member
General Stiffness Matrix
12 EI 6 EI −12 EI 6 EI
3 2 3
L L L L2
6 EI 4 EI −6 EI 2 EI
2 2
L L L L
−12 EI −6 EI 12 EI −6 EI
3 2 3
L L L L2
6 EI 2 EI −6 EI 4 EI
2 2
L L L L
Q=KD
K= EI x k (Member Stiffness Matrix)
K = structure stiffness matrix
Q = Unknown Loads (Colum Matrix)
D = Displacement (Column Matrix)
∴ The rows and columns of each k (member stiffness matrix) matrix are
identified by the two code numbers at the near end of the member ( N y , N z ¿
followed by those at the far end ( F y , F z )
Procedure
1. Identify Nodes
2. Determine Member stiffness matrix, k.
3. Determine Structural Stiffness matrix, K.
4. Determine Displacement and Loads.
5. Find Loads and Moment.
6. Draw SFD and BMD.
Force Method
This method was one of the first available for the analysis of statically
indeterminate structures. Since compatibility forms the basis for this method, it
has sometimes been referred to as the compatibility method or the method of
consistent displacements. This method consists of writing equations that satisfy
the compatibility and force-displacement requirements for the structure in order
to determine the redundant forces.
Procedure
1. Principle of Super Supposition.
2. Determine Compatibility Equation.
3. Determine Equilibrium Equation.
4. Draw SFD and BMD.
SFD and BMD
UVL
The Shear force Diagram Curve is
Concave Outward.
The Shear Force Diagram Curve is Convex
Inward.
Propped Cantilever Beam
A beam with fixed support at one end and generally roller support (some time
hinged support) at another end is known as propped cantilever beam. If the roller
support is not at the extreme end but present at other location and providing
reaction force then it is called propped cantilever with overhang.
Strength vs stiffness
Strength measures how much stress the material can handle before permanent
deformation or fracture occurs, whereas the stiffness measures the resistance
to elastic deformation.
Space Trusses
Space trusses are three-dimensional structures with longitudinal members
connected at their ends by hinges assumed to be frictionless. There are three
equilibrium equations Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Fz = 0 in space trusses.
Creep
In materials science, creep is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses. It can
occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below
the yield strength of the material.
Cladding
Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer.
In construction, cladding is used to provide a degreeof thermal
insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings
Inflection Point
An Inflection Point is a point on a curve at which the sign of the curvature (i.e.,
the concavity) changes or curve changes its direction.
Monolithic frame
Today, monolithic frame construction is especially popular. This technology
involves the erection of a framework consisting of the base of the building, floors,
columns of a bearing type and crossbars. Only then do the walls. The frame of
the future building is formed by reinforcement and formwork.
Structural Analysis
The process to determine the response or behavior of a structure under some
specified loads or combinations of loads is known as structural analysis.
Structural Design
The process to find out the safe, durable and economical specifications of the
structure including materials, technology, geometry, the size of structural
members sufficient to carry loads of structure during the life period of the
structure is known as structural design
LOAD VS FORCE
Force is applied by the object and load is applied on the object.