1.

6 Algebra Booster

(i) Maximum Value 10.3 Sum of Infinite Terms of AGP

Let x + y + z + … + w = c
When n is infinite and –1 < r < 1, then
As we know that, AM ≥ GM
rn, rn–1 Æ 0.
Ê x + y + z + º + wˆ n Ê a ˆ Ê dr ˆ
Thus, Á
Ë ˜¯ ≥ x ◊ y ◊ z º w Thus S = Á +
n Ë 1 - r ˜¯ ËÁ (1 - r ) 2 ¯˜
Hence, the greatest value of
1/n
n x◊ y◊z
Ê cˆ
w is Á ˜ 11. SUMMATION OF SERIES
Ë n¯
(i) Sum of the first n natural numbers
(ii) Minimum Value
n(n + 1)
Let x + y + z + … + w = c. =1+2+3+…+n=
As we know that, AM ≥ GM 2
(ii) Sum of the first 2n even natural numbers
Ê x + y + z + ... + w ˆ n = 2 + 4 + 6 + … + 2n = n(n + 1)
Thus, Á
Ë ˜¯ ≥ x ◊ y ◊ z º w
n (iii) Sum of the first 2n – 1 odd natural numbers
Hence, the least value of x + y + z + … + w is n(c)1/n. = 1 + 3 + 5 + … + (2n – 1) = n2
(iv) Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers
10. ARITHMETICO GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION = 12 + 22 + … + n 2 =
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
The combine form of AP and GP will form an AGP.
Let the first term of an AP be a, d the common difference (v) Sum of the cubes of first n natural numbers
2
and r the common ratio of a GP. Ê n(n + 1) ˆ
= 13 + 23 + º + n3 = Á ˜ .
Then the AP Sequence is {a, a + d, a + 2d, …, a + (n – 1)d} Ë 2 ¯
and the GP sequence is {1, r, r2, …, rn–1}.
(vi) Sum of the fourth power of first n natural numbers
Thus the AGP sequence is
= 14 + 24 + … + n4
{a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, …, (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1}
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n 2 + 3n - 1)
=
10.1 nth term of an AGP Sequence 30
The nth term of AGP sequence is (vii) a + a + a + a + + a(n times) = na.
(viii) sin a + sin (a + b) + sin (a + 2b) + …
tn = (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1,
+ sin[a + (n – 1)b]
where a = first term, d = common difference of AP, r = the Ê nb ˆ
common ratio of GP. sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ê bˆ
= ¥ sin Á a + (n - 1) ˜
10.2 Sum of n terms of AGP Ê bˆ Ë 2¯
sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯
Let the first term be a, common difference d and the common
ratio be r of an AGP sequence. (ix) cos a + cos (a + b) + cos (a + 2b) + …
Then the AGP sequence is + cos (a + (n – 1)b)
{a, (a + d)r, (a + 2d)r2, …, (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1} Ê nb ˆ
sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯ Ê bˆ
Let Sn = a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 + … + (a + (n – 1)d)rn–1 = ¥ cos Á a + (n - 1) ˜
Ê bˆ Ë 2¯
\ rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + … sin Á ˜
Ë 2¯
… + (a + (n – 2)d)rn–1 + (a + (n – 1)d)rn
Now, (1 – r)Sn (x) Sum of the product of numbers taken two at a time
Let a1, a2, a3, …, an Œ R, then
= a + (dr + dr2 + dr3 + … + drn–1) + [a + (n – 1)d]rn
(a1 + a2 + a3 + … + an)2
= a + (1 + r + r2 + … + rn–2)dr [a + (n – 1)d]rn n
Ê a ˆ Ê 1 + r + r2 + º + rn-2 ˆ = Â ai2 + 2 Â ai a j
fi Sn = Á + dr
Ë 1 - r ¯˜ ËÁ ¯˜
i =1 1£ i < j £ n
1- r
2
Ê (a + (n - 1)d )r n ˆ Ê n ˆ n

+Á ˜¯
fi ÁÂ i˜ a = Â ai2 + 2 Â ai a j
Ë r -1 Ë i =1 ¯ i =1 1£ i < j £ n

n -1 Ê 2 ˆ
Ê a ˆ Ê1 - r ˆ Ê [a + (n - 1) d ]r n ˆ 1 ÁÊ n ˆ n
fi Sn = Á ˜ +Á 2˜
Ë 1 - r ¯ Ë (1 - r ) ¯
dr + Á
Ë r -1 ˜¯ fi  ai a j = 2 Á Á  ai ˜ -  ai2 ˜˜
1£ i < j £ n Ë Ë i =1 ¯ i =1 ¯

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