Name: ______________________________________ Date: ____________________

CHAPTER 7 GLOSSARY WORKSHEET (FROM TEXTBOOK (p134) /PPT)

CLASS GUIDE/INDEPENDENT ATTENDANCE LESSON

The Living Primates

ANT 153 F 2020 IDG (pg. 1 of 3)

THE PRIMATE ORDER

The Order Primate contains 695 species and subspecies of which Homo sapiens (humans), is one.
They are BEST defined in terms of their adaptability.

SHARED DERIVED FEATURES (See Ch 6), are a recently appearing homology that is shared by a relatively
small group of closely related taxa. In the case of primates, it set them apart from other mammals.

1) Many of the Shared Derived Features of primates are related to movement in arboreal (tree living)
habitats.

2) DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES INCLUDE (pg.141)

A) Grasping thumbs and
B) Opposable thumbs (where the fleshy part can touch fleshy tips of all fingers).
C) A grasping big toe (Found on ALL PRIMATES BUT HUMANS!)
D) Fingers and toes ending in nail (some early primates still have both including claws).
E) Tactile pads (on fingers, with nerve endings sensitive to touch)
F) Reduced sense of smell (not as important for tree life).
G) Enhanced visual sense includes eyes on the front of the face ;3D vision; overlapping vision;
changed optic nerves and brain.
H) Hemochorial placenta (effective in providing nutrition for the developing fetus).
I) Prolonged stages of life.
Including long gestational (pregnancy) periods, longer childhoods and longer life spans (pg.140)
J) Increased intelligence behavior flexibility and ability to learn from experience.

3) ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS associated with primates include:

K) Primates also have pentadactylism or five fingers.
L) Epidermal ridges are located on fingers and palms, toes and soles, they form the fingerprint
patterns.

4) All hypothesis concerning the mutations that altered the design of primates (from other mammals),
emphasize the grasping ability of hands and feet (for suspensory or tree hanging activity) and most
importantly, the enhancement of vision (for rapid moving through the trees). Both items enhance
living in an arboreal (tree) environment.
Chapter 7 GLOSSARY pg. 2

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PRIMATES PART 1 (pg.142) * For the chart, know the starred items
1) Primates can be placed into suborders Prosimii (prosimians) and Anthropoidea (anthropoids).
ORDER: PRIMATE
*Suborder: Prosimii (Etymology: Before Simian (monkeys or apes))
*Infraorder: Lemuriformes (Etymology: Spirits of the Dead)
Superfamily: Lemuroides
Family: Lemuridae (lemurs, genti lemurs, ruffed lemurs)
Family: Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs)
Family: Cheirogaleidae (dwarf lemur, mouse lemurs)
Family: Indriidae (indri, sifakas, avahis)
Family: Daubentoniidae (aye-aye)
Superfamily: Lorisidae (angwantibos, potto, slender lorises, slow lorises
Family: Galagidae (galagos)
*Infraorder: Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
2) Infraorder: Lemuriformes (Found on the island of Madagascar may have rafted from East Africa):
Known for their long black and white striped tail.
Lemuriformes:
A) Are strepsirhine primates with a well-developed sense of smell.
B) Still have a rhinarium, the moist naked area surrounding the nostrils.
C) Have what’s called a grooming claw which is found on the second toe and functions in
grooming.
D) Have a dental comb where the lower front teeth are thin and narrow and project
horizontally (like a comb). Which also helps in grooming and scooping fruit pulp.
E) Are mostly nocturnal (active at night).
F) Like humans, are omnivorous (eating both meat and vegetable).
G) And practice a behavior termed scent marking where they use urine, feces or scent gland
rubbings, to mark their territory.
3) Infraorder: Tarsiiformes (Found in the islands of Southeast Asia)
Known for their big eyes and they DO NOT have a dental comb.
Tarsiiformes:
Tarsiers have a mix of prosimian and anthropoid features. Perhaps a prosimian with some
monkey mutations!
A) Are haplorrhine primates where the nostril is surrounded by hairy, dry skin (like monkeys,
apes and humans which also lack of a strong sense of smell). And they do not have a
rhinarium.
B) Have elongated tarsal (ankle) bones with a fused tibia and fibula, so they can leap like
rabbits and hares.
C) Their locomotion pattern involves clinging to a tree trunk and leaping and is called vertical
clinging and leaping
D) Have partially closed eye sockets that are intermediate between lemurs (open) and
monkeys/apes (closed).
E) They feed on insects and lizards but do not eat plant food!
Chapter 7 GLOSSARY pg. 3

4) The suborder Anthropoidea includes the primates that you are most familiar with (The New
World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, small bodied apes and great apes).

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PRIMATES PART 2 (pg.142)

ORDER: PRIMATE * For the chart, know the starred items

*Suborder: Anthropoidea (Monkeys)
*Infraorder: Platyrrhini (NEW WORLD MONKEYS)
Superfamily: Ceboidea
Family: Cebidae (largest group, nails on all digits)
Subfamily: Cebidar (capuchin monkeys, squirrel monkeys)
Subfamily: Aotinae (night and titi monkeys)
Subfamily: Atelinae (spider and howler monkeys)
Subfamily: Pitheciinae (uakarus, sakis)
Family: Callitrichidae
Subfamily: Callitrichinae (tamarins, marmosets)
*Infraorder: Catarrhini (OLD WORLD MONKEYS/APES AND HUMANS)
Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea (semi-terrestrial)
Subfamily: Cercopithecinae (macaques (European), mangabeys,
mandrills, baboons, guenons)
Subfamily: Colobinae (leaf eating monkeys) (guerezas, langurs,
proboscis monkey, snubnosed languers)

INFRAORDER: PLATYRRHINI – NEW WORLD MONKEYS

5) New World monkeys are found in South, Central and “North America”.
6) New World Monkeys can be identified by their platyrrhine noses in which the nostrils are
separated by a broad nasal partition, or septum, and open facing forward or to the sides.
7) Some but not all New World Monkeys are also identified by their prehensile tail that can be used
to hang on to branches and even to pick up objects.
8) The locomotion pattern whereas a monkey uses its tail to suspend (hang) from branches is called
semi-brachiation.
9) Their thumb is grasping but still non-opposable, and in some forms it has disappeared.

INFRAORDER: CATARRHINI – OLD WORLD MONKEYS

10) Old World monkeys are found in Africa, Asia and Europe.
11) They can be identified by their catarrhine noses, which open downward and are separated by a
narrow, nasal septum. This is also found in humans and apes.
12) In the Old World Monkeys, we begin to see the characteristic of an opposable thumb.
13) Old World Monkeys do not have a prehensile tail.
14) They will use a locomotion pattern where the use their hand to grasp and suspend under a tree.
This is called suspensory locomotion.

Chapter 7 GLOSSARY pg. 4

 15) Some Old World Monkeys ischial callosities in the anal region of the animal: these calluses are in
contact with the branch or ground when the animal sits.
16) Old World Monkeys are omnivorous, and some have cheek pouches that open into their mouth
and are used for temporary food storage.
17) The female usually has a sexual skin that turns bright pink or red and sometimes swells when the
female is in estrus (the period of sexual receptivity).

Monkey locomotion patterns include branch running and walking and ground running and walking,
and they usually walk on the palms of their hands)

A CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER PRIMATES PART 3 (pg.142)

ORDER: PRIMATE * For the chart, know the starred items

Superfamily: Hominoidea (APES)
Family: Hylobatidae (“small bodied” or “lesser apes) (gibbons, siamangs)
*Family: Hominidae (5 GREAT APES)
*Subfamily: Ponginae (orangutans)
*Subfamily: Gorillinae (gorillas)
*Subfamily: Homininae (Chimpanzees, bonobos, humans)
*Tribe: Panini (chimpanzees, bonobos) Genus: PAN
*Tribe: Hominini (humans)

SUPERFAMILY: HOMINOIDEA – ALL APES

Apes are a common term that includes the small bodied (lesser) apes (gibbon and siamang), and the
5 Great Apes (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, humans).
18) Monkeys have tails, apes do not have tails!!!!
19) The Hylobatidae family includes the small bodied, lesser apes gibbons and siamang.
20) The gibbons are arboreal and move rapidly through the trees using a locomotion pattern called
brachiation. This form of locomotion involves suspending the body under a branch and rapidly
moving hand over hand (like Tarzan).

FAMILY - HOMINIDAE – THE 5 GREAT APES

The 5 Great Apes include (orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans).
SUBFAMILY – PONGINAE

21) Popular name: orangutans

 Live: Are found on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Borneo
 Appearance: Hair is long, coarse, orange, brown or maroon, have long arms and short legs
 Diet: Omnivorous (fruit, vegetables and insects)
 Sexual dimorphism: a large degree of sexual dimorphism.
Males: Weigh 171 lbs, have cheek pads, have a throat pouch (stays with
dominate male). Females: Weigh 81 ½ lbs
 Community: solitary adults
 Locomotion: Quadrumanous (moving slowing through trees using feet like hands!)
 Additional information: Disappearing rapidly, may be extinct in 10 years.

Chapter 7 GLOSSARY pg. 5

SUBFAMILY – GORILLINAE
22) Popular name: Gorillas
 Type: Western Lowland, Cross River, Mountain/Congo (Dian Fossey), Eastern lowland)
 Live: Africa (Uganda, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo)
 Disposition: Quiet and Gentle.
 Appearance: Big and muscular, hair is mostly black
 Diet: Vegetarian (strictly)
 Sexual dimorphism: Males: Weigh 374 lbs, Females: Weigh 158 lbs
 Community: Live in troops (3-21 animals) with one adult silverback and multiple females
(harem) and their offspring.
Main Locomotion: Knucklewalking, can stand bipedally for short periods of time. Can climb
trees but spend a lot of time on the ground.
 Life expectancy: 50 years
 Additional information:
Endangered because they are eaten by humans as bushmeat. Ecotourism is used to attempt to
save them. Dian Fossey worked to save them and was murdered.
Can climb trees but spend a lot of time on the ground.

SUBFAMILY – HOMININAE
Includes chimpanzees, bonobos and humans.

TRIBE: PANINI (1)

(includes chimpanzees and bonobos, both in the same genus (Pan).

23) Pan troglodytes/Popular name: Chimpanzees

 Type: Best known apes and are closely related to, and in the same genus as bonobos.
 Live: West/Central Africa in a wide variety of habitats (rainforest, woodlands and savannah
grasslands)
 Disposition: Aggressive (Known to kill humans and animals much larger than they are)
 Appearance: Smaller than gorillas, black hair.
 Diet: Omnivores (hunt and eat meat)
 Sexual dimorphism: Males: Weigh 88-132 lbs, Females: Weigh 70 to 103 lbs
 Community: Flexible Social Groups called “Fission-Fusion Communities” where they form large
groups, break up into smaller groups and then form larger groups again – like humans)
Main Locomotion: Knucklewalking (when on the ground). Can walk bipedally for short periods
of time.
 Life expectancy: 53 years
 Additional information:
Jane Goodall discovered that they had frequent use of tools in obtaining and processing food.
Behavior can be passed on through learning/proto-culture (as opposed to just instinct).

Chapter 7 GLOSSARY pg. 6

TRIBE: PANINI (2)

 (includes chimpanzees and bonobos)

24) Pan paniscus/Popular name: Bonobos

 Type: Also called pygmy chimpanzees because they are slender and have long arms.
 Live: Africa tropical rain forest (Democratic Republic of Congo)
 Disposition: Very sexual (not aggressive, more easy going)
 Appearance: Smaller appearing than chimpanzees, black hair, distinctive hair style)
 Diet: Omnivores (hunt and eat meat)
 Sexual dimorphism:
Males: Weigh 86 lbs, Females: Weigh 68 lbs
 Community: Fission-fusion communities where they form large groups, break up into smaller
groups and form larger groups again – like humans) 20 to 100 can be in one group.
Main Locomotion: Knucklewalking (when on the ground). Can walk bipedally for short periods
of time.
 Life expectancy: 40 years
 Additional information: Known for engaging in frequent non-reproductive sexual behavior.
Mates can be both Consanguineous (con-san-gui-neous) and/or same sex.
Also can use tools

TRIBE: HOMININI
(Includes early and modern humans)
Popular Name: Humans

25) The scientific name for MODERN humans is Homo sapiens.

 Type: Little genetic diversity between us. We are socially separated into different races, yet
there is only ONE RACE.
 Live: GREATIST variety of habitats
 Disposition: Variety
 Appearance: Larger than chimpanzees, a variety of sizes.
 Diet: Omnivores (hunt and eat meat which plays a large role in their lives)
 Sexual dimorphism: Mild (Some women are bigger than men).
 Lifespan: 80-90 years
 Lifecycle: Have the longest gestation period of any primate, also have a long period of infant
dependency.
 Community: The band (35-50 people)
 Main Locomotion: HABITUAL ERECT POSTURE AND BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION
(Habitual Bipedal Walking). This habit separates us from the other apes.
Humans have lost much of their locomotor flexibility.
 Additional information: “Masters of tool use”.

RECENT GENETIC INFORMATION

26) Among the primates the chimpanzee/bonobo is most closely related to the Humans.