Pali Verbs
Companion to Introduction to Pali, by A.K. Warder (2010 edition)
PRESENT
(i.e. “he goes”) PAST/AORIST
(i.e. “he went”)
1st Conjugation (I) most common type; the majority of verbs 1st Form
bhū = "to be"; p. 10 p. 24
Singular Plural kam + upa + sam → upasaṃkami = "to approach"
3rd Person bhavati bhavanti (they are) Singular Plural
2nd Person bhavasi bhavatha 3rd Person upasaṃkami
upasaṃkamiṃsu (they approached)
1st Person bhavāmi bhavāma 2nd Person upasaṃkami upasaṃkamittha
1st Person upasaṃkamiṃ upasaṃkamimhā, or ‘imha’
3rd Conjugation (III)
See p. 62 2nd Form
Form with verb + 'ya’ p. 25
man = "to think" dis = "to teach"
‘man + ya > ‘maññ’, then conjugate the same as 1st Conjugation. Singular Plural
3rd Person desesi desesuṃ (they taught)
5th Conjugation (V) 2nd Person desesi desittha
jānāti = “to know”; p. 104 1st Person desesiṃ desimha
Singular Plural
3rd Person jānāti jānanti (they know) 3rd Form: verbs ending in ā
2nd Person jānāsi jānātha kar = "to do/make"; p. 25
1st Person jānāmi jānāma Add ‘a’ as a prefix, then inflect as below:
Singular Plural
6th Conjugation (VI) 3rd Person akāsi akaṃsu (they did/made)
kar = "to do, make, work”; p. 36 2nd Person akāsi akattha
Singular Plural 1st Person akāsiṃ akamha/akamhā
3rd Person karoti karonti (they do, make, work)
2nd Person karosi karotha Other (irregular) Past/Aorist
1st Person karomi karoma hū = "to be"; p. 26
Singular Plural
7th Conjugation (VII) 2nd most common verb type 3rd Person ahosi ahesuṃ (they were/there was)
dis = "to teach"; p. 21 2nd Person ahosi ahuvattha
Singular Plural 1st Person ahosiṃ ahumha
3rd Person deseti desenti (they teach)
2nd Person desesi desetha vac = "to say"; p. 32
1st Person desemi desema Singular Plural
3rd Person avoca avocuṃ (they said)
Irregular Present 2nd Person avoca/avaca avocuttha/avacuttha
as = "to be"; p. 31. Often at beginning of sentence; assertion. 1st Person avocaṃ avocumha/avocumhā
Singular Plural
3rd Person atthi santi (there are) gam = "to go"; p. 64
2nd Person asi attha Singular Plural
1st Person asmi/amhi amha/amhā 3rd Person agamāsi agamaṃsu (they went)
2nd Person agamā agamittha
hū = “to be” 1st Person agamāsiṃ agamamhā
Singular Plural
3rd Person hoti
honti (d)dis = "to see"; p. 64
2nd Person hosi hotha Singular Plural
1st Person homi homa 3rd Person addasā addasaṃsu (they saw)
2nd Person addasā addasatha
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
(i.e. “going”) 1st Person addasaṃ addasāma
pp. 4647
Used like adjectives or qualifying nouns, with which they agree in (s)su = "to hear"; p. 70
gender, case and number. Add ‘nt’ or ‘māna’ to end of stem to form. Singular Plural
gam = "to go" 3rd Person assosi assosuṃ (they heard)
Singular Plural 2nd Person assosi assuttha
3rd Person gacchaṃ/gacchanto gacchantā (going) 1st Person assosiṃ assumha
2nd Person gacchantaṃ gacchante
1st Person gacchatā gacchantehi
PAST PARTICIPLE
(i.e. “gone”) GERUND
(i.e. “having gone”)
pp. 3941 pp. 4849
Usually formed from the root, with the suffix ‘
ta
’ or
‘ita
’. Expresses an action preceding the action of the main verb of a sentence.
Some past participles are used as nouns, and agree with nouns in Usually formed from the same stem as the past participle by adding
gender, case and number. '
tva
',
'itva
' or '
ya
'
Normally passive (except in the case of intransitive verbs), usually
indicates the present perfect. Example: we have approached mayaṃ Examples:
upasaṃkantā upasaṃkam → upasaṃkamitvā
Examples: kar → kata; gam → gata; (ṭ)ṭhā → ṭhita; dis → desita; ādā → ādāya
bhās → bhāsita; pucch → puṭṭha; vac → vutta; su → suta (s)su → sutvā
p. 64 FUTURE
(i.e. “he will go”)
Some verbs form past participles with the suffix ‘na’
pp. 5455
Examples: dā → dinna, nisīd → nisinna Expresses the probable, hypothetical future, certainty/determination
Add ' iss ' to the stem. For the 7th conjugation, add ' ess' to the stem.
IMPERATIVE
(i.e. “go!”) Then, conjugate (inflect) the same as present tense.
pp. 3435 gam = “to go”
A command, prohibition, invitation or wish, often found at the beginning Singular Plural
of a sentence. 3rd Person gamissati gamissanti
bhū = "to be” 2nd Person gamissasi gamissatha
Singular Plural 1st Person gamissāmi gamissāma
3rd Person bhavatu bhavantu
2nd Person bhava/bhavāhi bhavatha CAUSATIVE
(i.e. “causes to go”)
1st Person bhavāmi bhavāma pp. 7882
"causes to be", "develops"
Verbs of the 7th conjugation use the ‘hi’ inflection. bhū = "to be"
Examples: Singular Plural
jīv → jīvāhi
(”live!”, “make your living!”) 3rd Person bhāveti bhāventi
i → ehi (“go!”, “you must go!”) 2nd Person bhāvesi bhāvetha
vad → vadehi (“say!”, “speak!”) 1st Person bhāvemi bhāvema
hū → 2nd person sing.: hohi (“be!”); 3rd person sing.: hotu
as → 3rd person sing.: atthu (be!) In some cases, add ‘(ā)p’ after root, then conjugate as above.
Example: kar → kārāp → kārāpeti (“it/he/she causes to do/make”)
PASSIVE
(i.e. “he is gone”) OPTATIVE
(i.e. “he should, would, or may go”)
pp. 5152 pp. 8688
Present Indicative Passive is most common type. Add ' ya' or '
iya
' to Expresses “potential”, used for any hypothetical action.
end of word. Inflections are the same as present tense. The stem shows Formed from the present stem of all conjugations, as below, with stem
if a verb is present or passive. Example: present stem of verb (p)pahā is ending in ‘
e’
:
‘paha’, whereas passive stem is ‘pahiya’. bhaveyya = "should, would, could be"; p. 86
paha = "it is given up”; Singular Plural
Singular Plural 3rd Person bhaveyya bhaveyyuṃ (they should be)
3rd Person pahīyati pahīyanti (they are given up) 2nd Person bhaveyyāsi bhaveyyātha
2nd Person pahīyasi pahīyatha 1st Person bhaveyyaṃ bhaveyyāma
1st Person pahīyāmi pahīyāma
The following are irregular:
Other Passive Forms as
(1st, more common, form) = "to be"; p. 86
Aorist Passive : add aorist inflections to passive stem. Example: han → Singular Plural
haññati → haññimsu (“they were killed”). p. 52. 3rd Person assa assu (they should be)
2nd Person assa assatha
Present Participle Passive : add māna to passive stem. Example: kar → 1st Person assaṃ assāma
kariyati → kariyamāna (“being done”). p. 52.
as
(2nd, “poetic”, form) = "to be"; p. 87
Future passive : add ‘iss’ or ‘ess’ to passive stem, and inflect like the Singular Plural
future tense. Example: (p)pahā → pahīya → pahīyissati (=it will be 3rd Person siyā siyaṃsu (they should be)
given up). pp. 5455. 2nd Person siyā
1st Person siyaṃ