ES200 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:
Science & Engineering
Module-A
Water Quality Management
Lecture-3 Amritanshu Shriwastav
ESED, IIT Bombay
amritan@[Link]
2 Recap
3 Recap
4 Learning Objectives
Parameters for Water Quality Characteristics,
and Water Quality Standards
Key parameters for water quality characteristics
Physical/Chemical/Biological
Concepts of BOD, COD, DO sag curve, pathogens,
MPN etc.
Standards for water quality by different agencies
5 Water Quality Parameters
There are too many things in the water.
Quantifying each and every one of them is not
practical or economical.
Many of these are clubbed together and
determined based on their common properties or
effects.
Some critical parameters are still determined
individually.
6 Water Quality Parameters
Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters
Color pH
Odor Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Turbidity Hardness
Conductivity Alkalinity
Taste Acidity
Temperature Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen Demand (COD)
Biological Parameters Biodegradability
Most Probable Number Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Plate Counts Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Toxicity Specific Cations and Anions
(Ammonia, sulfide, heavy metals)
POPs
Recalcitrant Organic Compounds
Emerging Contaminants
7 Water Quality Parameters
pH
Measure of the H+ ions concentration
pH = -log10[H+]
[Link]
8 Water Quality Parameters
Turbidity
Scattering of light by particulate or colloidal matter in water,
gives water a turbid appearance
Unit of measurement: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)
Visible turbidity > 5 NTU
[Link]
[Link]/watershedss/inf
o/images/TurbidityJars
.jpg
[Link]
environmental-
measurements/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/t
urbidity_nephelometer.jpg
9 Water Quality Parameters
Solids
Metcalf & Eddy (2003)
10 Water Quality Parameters
Solids
Metcalf & Eddy (2003)
11 Water Quality Parameters
Determining Particle Size Distribution of Solids
Metcalf & Eddy (2003)
12 Water Quality Parameters
Conductivity
µmhos (microsiemens) Conductivity
Conductivity of a water sample
is a measure of the electricity
carrying capacity of the
sample.
In a water sample, it is the
inorganic ions, e.g., chloride,
nitrates, sulfates, sodium,
potassium, calcium, etc., that
carry electricity.
Conductivity of a water sample
gives us a measure of the
concentration of these
dissolved ions in that samples.
Water with high conductivity
[Link]
generally has high dissolved
solids concentrations.
13 Water Quality Parameters
Alkalinity
Measure of the acid neutralizing capacity of water
Natural waters have alkalinity primarily due to the salts of
weak acids and strong bases.
Hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate result in the alkalinity
of the most waters.
Typically expressed as “mg/L as CaCO3”
Example
Calculate the alkalinity of a water sample (in mg/L as
CaCO3) having 0.35 g/L of HCO3- and 0.12 g/L of CO32- ions.
14 Water Quality Parameters
Example
Calculate the alkalinity of a water sample (in mg/L as
CaCO3) having 0.35 g/L of HCO3- and 0.12 g/L of CO32- ions.
Step-1: Calculate molar mass of the species.
Molar mass of HCO3- = (1)+(12)+(3*16) = 61 g/mole
Molar mass of CO32- = (12)+(3*16) = 60 g/mole
Molar mass of CaCO3 = (40)+(12)+(3*16) = 100 g/mole
Step-2: Calculate equivalent wt. of the species.
Eq. wt. of HCO3- = 61/1 = 61g/eq.
Eq. wt. of CO32- = 60/2 = 30 g/eq.
Eq. wt. of CaCO3 = 100/2 = 50 g/eq.
15 Water Quality Parameters
Example
Calculate the alkalinity of a water sample (in mg/L as
CaCO3) having 0.35 g/L of HCO3- and 0.12 g/L of CO32- ions.
Step-3: Calculate number of equivalents of the species in the
sample.
Eq. of HCO3- = 0.35/61 = 0.0057 eq./L
Eq. of CO32- = 0.12/30 = 0.004 eq./L
Total eq. of species in sample = 0.0057+0.004 = 0.0097 eq./L
These are to be same as eq./L of CaCO3.
Step-4: Express alkalinity as mg/L of CaCO3.
Equivalents of CaCO3 = 0.0097 eq./L
in mg/L of CaCO3 = 0.0097*50*1000 = 485 mg/L
16 Water Quality Parameters
Hardness
Defined as the sum of the normalities of all multivalent cations
(Ca2+, Mg2+ etc.)
Hardness results in the scale formation as a result of solid
precipitates (when will it happen?)
Typically expressed as “mg/L as CaCO3”
17 Water Quality Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
One of the most important parameter
A minimum DO level is critical to be maintained in water
bodies to sustain the aquatic life
Units: mg/L O2
[Link]
oductpages/[Link]
18 Water Quality Parameters
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
A proxy of the biodegradable organic compounds in water
Expressed in terms of the oxygen required by the
microorganisms to biochemically degrade the organic
matter present
C-BOD, N-BOD
Fast BOD, Slow BOD
BOD5, BODu
Units: mg/L O2
[Link]
talom/tamop425/0032_vizkeszletg
azdalkodas_es_vizminoseg/image
s/[Link]
19 Water Quality Parameters
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Biodegradable
Seed acclimatized
Non Biodegradable
Eckenfelder, Jr. (2000)
20 Water Quality Parameters
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
A proxy of the organic compounds in water that are
chemically degradable
Units: mg/L O2
Biodegradability of WW
Ratio of BOD : COD indicates the biodegradable nature of
WW.
Higher the ratio, higher is the biodegradability
21 Water Quality Parameters
DO Sag Curve
[Link]
22 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Targeted towards some indicator organisms, since
determination of all pathogens is very complex and time
consuming
These coliforms are non pathogenic surrogates that indicate
fecal contamination of water
Its absence indicates absence of enteric pathogens and its
concentration is related to probability of the presence of
pathogens
These coliforms survive longer in the environment compared
to pathogens
Total coliforms and Fecal coliforms (e.g. Escherichia coli,
Enterobacter aerogenes)
23 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Total coliform: All aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram
negative, non spore forming, rod shaped bacteria that ferment
lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35 °C.
Fecal coliform: Coliforms that originate in the feces of warm
blooded animals, and are able to grow at 45 °C.
Presumptive Test
Confirmatory Test
24 Water Quality Parameters
Multiple Tube Fermentation Test for coliforms
Most Probable Number (MPN): Presumptive test
Read the MPN
value (MPN/100 mL)
from tables based
on dilutions used
and no. of positive
tubes
Lactose Broth
[Link]
wp-
content/uploads/2017/06/
MPN-5-Test-Tube-
[Link]
25 Water Quality Standards
International Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO)
US- Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
National Organizations
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
Standards for Drinking Water
Standards for Discharge of Municipal Sewage
Standards for Discharge of Industrial Wastewater
26 Water Quality Standards
CPCB Classification of Inland Surface Water
Class of Water Designated Best-Use Criteria
A Best quality, Drinking Water Source
without conventional treatment but
with disinfection
B Outdoor bathing
C Drinking Water Source with
Conventional Treatment and
disinfection
D Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries
E Irrigation, Industrial Cooling,
Controlled Waste disposal
27 Water Quality Standards
Drinking Water Standards: IS 10500 (2012)
Discharge Standards
28 Next Lecture:
Conventional Surface Water
Treatment System