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Measurement Concepts and Uncertainty Analysis

This lecture covered key concepts in measurement and uncertainty analysis including: 1. Definitions of measurement terminology like sensitivity, hysteresis, accuracy, and types of errors. 2. Gaussian distribution and how to determine uncertainty bounds using standard deviation and confidence levels. 3. Student's t-distribution and how it is used to calculate uncertainty when sample sizes are small. 4. Methods for propagating uncertainty in measurements through calculations using the Kline-McClintock method.

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7 views23 pages

Measurement Concepts and Uncertainty Analysis

This lecture covered key concepts in measurement and uncertainty analysis including: 1. Definitions of measurement terminology like sensitivity, hysteresis, accuracy, and types of errors. 2. Gaussian distribution and how to determine uncertainty bounds using standard deviation and confidence levels. 3. Student's t-distribution and how it is used to calculate uncertainty when sample sizes are small. 4. Methods for propagating uncertainty in measurements through calculations using the Kline-McClintock method.

Uploaded by

Icy45
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

EMCH361

Professor Y.J. Chao

Lecture #7
Fall 2016

1
CLASSROOM TOPICS

(attempts to coincide with and support Laboratory topics)

Chapter 1: Basic Concepts


Chapter 12: Report Writing
Chapter 11: Analysis of Experimental Data
Chapter 5: Displacement and Velocity Measurement
Chapter 2: Circuits
Chapter 6: Strain Measurements
Chapter 7: Force, Torque, and Pressure Measurements
Chapter 8: Temperature Measurements

Technical Presentation 2
Chapter 2 – Basic Concept
• Terminology in measurement
– Sensitivity – 25 cm scale for 1 mV. The sensitivity is therefore
25 cm/ 1 mV.
– Hysteresis – reading is approached from above or below (e.g.
friction, thermal effect)
– Accuracy : a percentage of full-scale reading, e.g. a 100 kPa
pressure gage has an accuracy of 1% (meaning +-1 kPa)

– Error : Precision (uncertainty) – random component of error.


Associated with probability.
– Error : Bias – difference between the measured and the true
value. Can be improved by calibration or adjustment of the
instrument.

3
Two types of errors in measurement

mean

Uncertainty
x  x  u x (based on P%) 4
Gaussian (normal) distribution
x m  z
or
the standard deviation σ
xm  

- Confidence interval z 2σ
- zσ corresponds to a
particular confidence level
(area)
3.8σ

5
Chances for deviation from mean value of normal
distribution curve
z = confidence interval
(how many σ you desire?)
Use the standard deviation σ
x  xm  z
Corresponding to ?%
confidence level z

For small data samples, use

z
x  xm 
n
From probability analysis
e.g. Probability =0.683 =
confidence level of 68.3% for one σ
6
Gaussian (normal) distribution

Tabulated values in next page or p.75, Table 3.2 in textbook


7
For example : one σ
0.34143 or 68.3% P

8
Uncertainty at a given confidence level
Student’s t-distribution
• Student (pen name of William S. Gosset (1876-1937), an Irish
chemist)

x  xm  
(3.48)

(sample) standard deviation

Arithmetic mean

n = number of measurement
t from Table
9
t-value

Continues to v=∞
Degrees of freedom = (# of measurement – variable)
(3.48)
Example 3.25 (Conversely)

10
Estimation of uncertainty from
measurements x  xm  

• Probability (Gaussian –Normal distribution)


z
x  xm 
x  xm    xm  z   n

• Student’s t-test
x  xm  

Q: Difference between the two ?

13
Propagation of uncertainty
• Example : y = ab
• a = 120 ± 1.101
• b = 53 ± 0.053
• Then y = 120x53 ± ?? =6360 ± ??
The Kline-McClintock Method for propagation of uncertainty

15
Propagation of uncertainty

16
Propagation of uncertainty

17
What about the uncertainty ?

18
19
R=6.24 ±0.0305 (or 0.49%)
Example 3.2

20
Example 3.2

21
Do you know what is
• Confidence interval ?
• Confidence level ?
• Level of significance ? (see p.77)
• Student-t test ?
• Propagation of uncertainties
EMCH361

END of
Lecture #7

23

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