EMCH361
Professor Y.J. Chao
Lecture #4
Fall 2016
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CLASSROOM TOPICS
(attempts to coincide with and support Laboratory topics)
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 12: Report Writing
Chapter 11: Analysis of Experimental Data
Chapter 5: Displacement and Velocity Measurement
Chapter 2: Circuits
Chapter 6: Strain Measurements
Chapter 7: Force, Torque, and Pressure Measurements
Chapter 8: Temperature Measurements
Technical Presentation 2
Measurements and Instrumentation –length/dimension
Dial/ Vernier Caliper
3
Measure the outside diameter
4
Measure the inside diameter
Measure the depth
5
Error or uncertainty involved? 0.9
0.8
0
0 10
Ex. 17.8 mm
One-half of the smallest scale
Zero-order uncertainty of the instrument or interpolation error, uo
1
u0 resolution (P% = 95%)
2
Ex. Resolution: 0.1 mm
1
u0 resolution 0.05mm 6
2
Basic Concept
• Terminology in measurement
– Sensitivity – 25 cm scale for 1 mV. The sensitivity is therefore
25 cm/ 1 mV.
– Hysteresis – reading is approached from above or below (e.g.
friction, thermal effect)
– Accuracy : a percentage of full-scale reading, e.g. a 100 kPa
pressure gage has an accuracy of 1% (meaning +-1 kPa)
– Error : Precision (uncertainty) – random component of error.
Associated with probability.
– Error : Bias – difference between the measured and the true
value. Can be improved by calibration or adjustment of the
instrument.
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Uncertainty Analysis
Error: a difference between
the true value and the
measured one
(what if we do not know
the true value?)
Uncertainty: probable error that defines an interval about
the measured value within which we suspect
the true value must fall, e.g. X=X1X2 = (X1+ x2) (X1-x2)
Uncertainty analysis: the process of identifying and quantifying errors
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Two types of errors in measurement
mean
Uncertainty
x x u x (based on P%) 9
Uncertainty : by statistical analysis of series of observations
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Gaussian (normal) distribution
x xm z
standard deviation σ
- Confidence interval z
- zσ corresponds to a Confidence internal =1
particular confidence level 2σ
(area)
3.8σ
Confidence internal =1.9
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Chances for deviation from mean value of normal
distribution curve
z = confidence interval
(how many σ you desire?)
x xm z
Corresponding to ?%
confidence level z
For small data samples, use
z
x xm
n
From probability analysis
e.g. Probability =0.683 =
confidence level of 68.3% for one σ
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Gaussian (normal) distribution
Tabulated values in next page or p.391-393 in textbook
13
For example : one σ
0.34143 or 68.3% P
Z
Table 11.3
p.391
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Example :
Given: Assume that the population has a normal distribution with
mean xm = - 4 and standard deviation = 5.2.
Find the interval in which 90% of the population lies.
x xm z
+ -
Area 0.4500 0.4500 (each side)
z 1.645 -1.645 (from table- previous page)
x 4.554 -12.554 Min-max
x z
x 4 1.645 5.2 4 8.554
or, 12.554 x 4.554
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Odds or Chances
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Example 3.11 – determine the min # of measurement required to achieve
a particular confidence level
Standard deviation
95% confidence level or P
p.391, table 11.3
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p.75
Table 11.3
p.391
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Example 3.12
Standard deviation
9.9 V 10.0 V 10.1 V 10.2 V
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Example 3.12
The odds ? 20
Lab sessions for EMCH361 - Fall 2016
Labs: Room A018, 300 Main St.; Room A232 (the first lab)
Sec I (M 3:30PM- 5:30PM),
Sec II (M 5:30PM- 7:30PM),
Sec III (M 7:30P- 9:30PM),
Sec IV (T 2:50PM- 4:50PM),
Sec V (T 4:50PM- 6:50PM),
Sec VI (T 6:50PM- 8:50PM),
Sec VII (W 3:30PM- 5:30PM),
Sec VIII (W 5:30PM- 7:30PM),
Sec IX (Thur 2:50PM- 4:50PM),
Sec X (Thur 4:50PM-6:50PM)
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Spring 2016
Lab Assignments and Tentative Schedule ; Rm A018 (except Lab I)
Assignment (TA) Note Lab Dates Report Due Dates
Lab 1: Hardness test
(Graham Hurst) Sept 12-15
Technical Writing Sept 18
Rm A232
Chapter 12 (Monday)
Lab 2: Uncertainty and its Uncertainty and its Sept 26-29 Oct 3
propagation propagation; (Monday)
(Christopher Marsh) Chapter 11
Lab 3: Electrical
Measurement Basic electric Oct 3-6 Oct 10
(Sreehari Rajan) elements; Chapter 2 (Monday)
Lab 4: Strain
measurement: strain gage Oct 17-20 No report
installation (No report, Strain; Chapter 6
plate needed)
(Xiaoyi Sun)
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Lab Assignments and Tentative Schedule
Lab 5 Oct 24-27 Oct 31
Force, Regression
Strain measurement: (Monday)
Analysis;
(Xiaoyi Sun)
Chapter 6
Computer , Labview
Lab 6: Temperature Oct 31-Nov 3 Nov 7
Thermocouple;
measurement (Yueyang (Monday)
Chapter 8
Zhao)
Oral technical Oct 31-Nov 16
presentation (Four sessions)
3 days after
Due date for Memo of your
presentation presentation
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EMCH361
END of
Lecture #4
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