Pengantar Manajemen Rekayasa
Literasi Sains dan Rekayasa
Rizal Sinaga (RZS)
08 Oktober 2020
01 Literasi Baca Tulis
02 Literasi Numerasi
Keterampilan literasi menurut
Panduan Gerakan Literasi Nasional 03 Literasi Sains
Kementerian Pendidikan dan
Kebudayaan RI 04 Literasi Digital
05 Literasi Finansial
06 Literasi Budaya dan Kewargaan
.
Definisi
Mengidentifikasi pertanyaan
Memahami karakteristik sains
Literasi sains dapat diartikan sebagai
pengetahuan dan kecakapan ilmiah Memperoleh pengetahuan baru
untuk mampu :
Menjelaskan fenomena ilmiah
Mengambil simpulan berdasar fakta
Kesadaran bagaimana sains dan teknologi
membentuk lingkungan, alam, intelektual, dan
budaya
Background
55.13% [1]
60.02% [1]
[2]
Solar energy : 342 W/m2 885106 TWh/year
Mismatch between supply and demand
[3]
Industrial heat waste (IHW) : 304.13 TWh/year in EU
1 Total Final Consumption and CO2 Emission by Source. IEA World Energy Balances [Link] emissions&indicator=Total CO2 emissions (2018)
2 InternationalEnergy Agency, Solar energy perspectives, vol. 1. Luxembourg, 2011
3 Papapetrou, M., Kosmadakis, G., Cipollina, A., La Commare, U. & Micale, G. Industrial waste heat: Estimation of the technically available resource in the EU per industrial sector, temperature level and country. Appl. Therm. Eng. 138, 207–216 (2018)
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
STORING
Thermal
Energy Storage
(TES)
CHARGING DISCHARGING
Sensible heat Thermochemical
storage Latent energy storage
(SHS) heat (TCS)
storage
(LHS)
Temperature gradient and Phase transition followed by the enthalpy Chemical reaction as a
specific heat difference of phases. reversible endothermic and
exothermic process.
Phase change material (PCM)
• High thermal storage density
• Small volume change during phase change
• Thermal management application 5
Phase Change Material (PCM) (1 of 2)
Phase Change Material (PCM) (2 of 2)
How PCM works in Textiles?
Principle of PCM (1 of 2)
Principle of PCM (2 of 2)
Type of PCM
Phase change
material
Organic Inorganic Eutectics
Paraffin Non-paraffin Salt hydrate Inorganic Metallics Organic- Organic- Inorganic-
compounds organic inorganic inorganic
Alcohol Glycol Fatty acid
Solar Water Heater - Energy Storage (PCM)
PCM Application (Water heating system)
Al-Kayiem and Lin[4] showed the use of hot water at 40.1 °C and 40.7 °C in the morning after the utilization of the
discharged thermal energy from pure paraffin wax and Cu-PCM nanocomposite, respectively, overnight.
Case 1 (Without PCM
Case 2 (With parafin wax, Tm=60.5 C)
Case 3 (With Cu-PCM nanocomposite, Tm=59.6 C)
4Al-Kayiem, H. H. & Lin, S. C. Performance evaluation of a solar water heater integrated with a PCM nanocomposite TES at various inclinations. Sol. Energy 109, 82–92 (2014)
PCM Application (Solar cooker) (1 of 2)
Chaudary et al.[5] useed acetanilide as PCM and analyzed three cases: ordinary solar cooker, solar cooker with outer
surface painted black, and solar cooker with outer surface painted black along with glazing
5Chaudhary, A., Kumar, A. & Yadav, A. Experimental investigation of a solar cooker based on parabolic dish collector with phase change thermal
storage unit in Indian climatic conditions. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 5, (2013)
PCM Application (Solar cooker) (2 of 2)
Chaudary et al.[5] useed acetanilide as PCM and analyzed
three cases: ordinary solar cooker, solar cooker with outer
surface painted black, and solar cooker with outer surface
painted black along with glazing
5Chaudhary, A., Kumar, A. & Yadav, A. Experimental investigation of a solar cooker based on parabolic dish collector with phase change thermal
storage unit in Indian climatic conditions. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 5, (2013)
PCM Application (Direct steam generation)
PCM Application (Industrial heat waste)
Nomura et al.[6] proposed the use of NaOH as PCM to recover and transport high-temperature waste heat from
steelworks to a chemical plant, and resulted in the reduction of 17.5% CO 2 emissions than using fossil fuel on site
6Nomura, T., Okinaka, N. & Akiyama, T. Waste heat transportation system, using phase change material (PCM) from steelworks to chemical plant. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54, 1000–1006 (2010).
Issues of PCM application
Low thermal conductivity
01 Royo et al.[7] reported that the low PCM thermal conductivity significantly influenced the period
difference between the melting and solidification processes
Supercooling
02 Inorganic PCMs tend to exhibit supercooling which make them difficult to solidify the melted
PCM for the next thermal cycle [8]
Phase-separation
03 During melting of salt hydrates some anhydrous salt and water formation takes place and due to
difference in densities the anhydrous salt settles at the bottom of the container, as phase-
separation, reducing the active volume of heat storage[9]
7Royo P, Acevedo L, Ferreira VJ, García-Armingol T, López-Sabirón AM, Ferreira G. High-temperature PCM-based thermal energy storage for industrial furnaces installed in energy-intensive industries. Energy 2019;173:1030–40. [Link]
8Fleischer,
A. S. Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Materials Fundamentals and Applications. (Springer, 2015). doi:10.1007/97-3-319-20922-7.
9Khan Z, Khan Z, Ghafoor A. A review of performance enhancement of PCM based latent heat storage system within the context of materials, thermal stabi lity and compatibility. Energy Convers Manag 2016;115:132–58. [Link]
The enhancement of PCM thermal performance
Nano composite phase change material
(NCPCM) was prepared by Nourani et al.[10]
through the dispersion of the Al2O3 nano-
particles in paraffin, and the thermal
conductivity was enhanced by 31% and 13%
in the solid and liquid states, respectively, than
those of pure paraffin
Thermal conductivity enhancement ratios of PCMs as a function of Al2O3 mass fraction
Yu et al.[11] fabricated encapsulated n-octadecane using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as shell material, and achieved 8-
10 times thermal conductivity enhancement, but the latent heat capacity was reduced by 77%.
10 Nourani, M., Hamdami, N., Keramat, J., Moheb, A. & Shahedi, M. Thermal behavior of paraffin-nano-Al2O3 stabilized by sodium stearoyl lactylate as a stable phase change material with high thermal conductivity. Renew. Energy 88, 474–482 (2016).
11Yu, S., Wang, X. & Wu, D. Microencapsulation of n-octadecane phase change material with calcium carbonate shell for enhancement of thermal conductivity and serving durability: Synthesis, microstructure, and performance evaluation. Appl. Energy 114, 632–643 (2014).
Theoretical simulation of PCM
MD facilitates
Molecular
investigation and
It is not practical dynamics (MD)
prediction of
to understand simulations can be
thermo-physical
microstructure used to
properties through
experimentally, understand
particles
especially in high macromolecular
movement, change
temperature structure-to-
in energies, and
condition[12] function
radial distribution
relationships[13] function[14]
12Yu, Y., Tao, Y. & He, Y. L. Molecular dynamics simulation of thermophysical properties of NaCl-SiO2 based molten salt composite phase change materials. Appl. Therm. Eng. 166, 114628 (2020).
13Gelpi, J., Hospital, A., Goñi, R. & Orozco, M. Molecular dynamics simulations: advances and applications. Adv. Appl. Bioinforma. Chem. 8, 37 (2015).
14Rastogi, M. & Vaish, R. Molecular dynamics insight to phase transition in n-alkanes with carbon nanofillers. AIP Adv. 5, (2015).
Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation
MD is the solution of Applied to many- Classical Maxwell-
the classical particle systems - a mechanics only- Boltzmann
equations of motion general analytical fully fledged averaging
for atoms and solution not possible. many-particle process for
molecules to obtain the Must resort to time-dependent thermodynamic
time evolution of the numerical methods quantum method properties (time
system. and computers not yet available averaging).
Length and Time Scales
Classical MD Simulation
Structure of MD program
Forces: Newton’s Equation
Force Fields used in MD Simulations
System Properties
MD Simulation - PCM
Rao et al.[16] conducted MD simulation to study the melting behaviour of alkane based PCM slurry of n-
nonadecane and water in varying compositions. The maximum relative deviation of simulated density of
water system was 3.5% as compared with experiment result, while melting temperatures of 30 wt% n-
nonadecane was below 6%. MD simulations also showed the weakened mobility and the increased energy
storage capacity of composite systems.
(a) (b)
(a) Simulated density and (b) Self diffusion coefficient (D) of all H atoms of (1) water, (2) water/10% n-nonadecane, (3) water/20% n-nonadecane, (4) water/30% n- nonadecane
16Rao, Z., Wang, S., Wu, M., Zhang, Y. & Li, F. Molecular dynamics simulations of melting behavior of alkane as phase change materials slurry. Energy Convers. Manag. 64, 152–156 (2012)
MD Simulation - PCM
Zhang et al.[17] investigated the effect of
graphene added on paraffin with ethylene-vinyl
acetate (EVA) composites using MD
simulation. Results revealed that the
introduction of graphene to paraffin/EVA
firstly increased the thermal conductivity, but
finally restricted the heat transfer process when
graphene contents achieved 7wt% due to the
disordered PCM crystal structures.
Thermal conductivity under different temperatures with the variation of graphene content
17Zhang, M., Wang, C., Luo, A., Liu, Z. & Zhang, X. Molecular dynamics simulation on thermophysics of paraffin/EVA/graphene nanocomposites as phase change materials. Appl. Therm. Eng. 166, 114639 (2020).
MD Visualization – Melting of ice to liquid water
MD Visualization – Water solidification into ice
Susan Hockfield is President Emerita, Professor of Neuroscience, and a member of the Koch Institute for Integrative
Cancer Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology