SOLUTIONS
Question 1
A 1000-VA 230/115-V transformer has been tested to determine its equivalent circuit. The results of the
tests are shown below.
Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 230 V 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 19.1 V
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0.45 A 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 8.7 A
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 30 W 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 42.3 W
All data given were taken from the primary side of the transformer.
(a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side of the transformer.
(b) Find the transformer’s voltage regulation at rated conditions and (1) 0.8 PF lagging, (2) 1.0 PF, (3) 0.8
PF leading.
(c) Determine the transformer’s efficiency at rated conditions and 0.8 PF lagging.
Solution
a)
Open circuit test
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.45𝐴𝐴
│𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 │ = │ 𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐 − 𝑗𝑗𝐵𝐵𝑀𝑀 │ = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
=
230𝑉𝑉
= 0.001957
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝐸𝐸 = ∠ − cos−1 ( ) = 0.001957∠ −73.15°
𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= 0.000567- j0.001873
1 1 1
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = = = 1763 𝛺𝛺 and 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 = = 534 𝛺𝛺
𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐 0.000567 0.001873
Short circuit test
19.1𝑉𝑉
│ 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 │ = │ 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 │=
8.7𝐴𝐴
= 2.2 𝛺𝛺
ѳ = cos−1
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= cos −1
42.3
(19.1𝑉𝑉 )(8.7𝐴𝐴)
= 75.3°
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2.2∠75.3° = 0.558+j2.128
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.558 𝛺𝛺 𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 2.128 𝛺𝛺
1
To convert the equivalent circuit to the secondary side, divide each impedance by the square of
the turns ratio (a = 230/115 = 2). We get the following circuit
𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 0.140 𝛺𝛺 𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = j0.532𝛺𝛺
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐,𝑆𝑆 = 441 𝛺𝛺 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚,𝑆𝑆 = 134 𝛺𝛺
b) To find the required voltage regulation, we will use the equivalent circuit of the transformer
referred to the secondary side. The rated secondary current is
1000𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 = = 8.70 A
115𝑉𝑉
We now calculate the primary voltage referred to the secondary side and use the voltage
regulation equation for each power factor.
(1) 0.8 PF Lagging:
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃
= 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 + ( 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑠𝑠 * 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 )= 115∠0 V + ( 0.140+j0.532) ( 8.70∠-36 87° A)
𝑎𝑎
= 118.8∠1.4° V
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃
− 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 118.8−115
VR = 𝑎𝑎
x 100% = × 100%
𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 115
= 3.3 %
(2) 1.0 PF:
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃
= 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 + ( 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑠𝑠 * 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 ) = 115∠0 V + (0.140+j0.532) ( 8.70∠0° A)
𝑎𝑎
= 116.3∠2.28° V
116.3−115
VR = × 100%
115
= 1.1%
2
(3) 0.8 PF Leading:
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃
= 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 + ( 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑠𝑠 * 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 ) = 115∠0 V + (0.140+j0.532)( 8.70∠36.87° A) = 113.3∠2.24° V
𝑎𝑎
113.3−115
VR = × 100%
115
= - 1.5%
c) At rated conditions and 0.8 PF lagging, the output power of this transformer is
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 cos ѳ = 115x 8.70 x cos ѳ
= 800 W
The copper and core losses of this transformer are
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 )2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑠𝑠 = 10.6 W
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 2
( ) (118.8𝑉𝑉)2
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑎𝑎
= = 32.0 W
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐,𝑠𝑠 441 𝛺𝛺
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 800
ƞ= = 800+32.0+10.6 x 100 % = 94.9%
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 +𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Question 2
A 20-kVA 8000/480-V distribution transformer has the following resistances and reactances:
𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 32 𝛺𝛺 𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 = 0.05 𝛺𝛺
𝑋𝑋𝑝𝑝 = 45 𝛺𝛺 𝑋𝑋𝑠𝑠 = 0.06 𝛺𝛺
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = 250 k 𝛺𝛺 𝑋𝑋𝑚𝑚 = 30 k 𝛺𝛺
The excitation branch impedances are given referred to the high-voltage side of the
transformer.
(a) Find the equivalent circuit of this transformer referred to the high-voltage side.
(b) Assume that this transformer is supplying rated load at 480 V and 0.8 PF lagging. What is
this transformer’s input voltage? What is its voltage regulation?
(c) What is the transformer’s efficiency under the conditions of part (b)
Solution
a) The turns ratio of this transformer is a = 8000/480 = 16.67. Therefore, the secondary impedances
referred to the primary side are
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 ′ = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 = (16.67)2 (0.05 𝛺𝛺) = 13.9 𝛺𝛺
3
𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑆 ′ = 𝑎𝑎2 𝑋𝑋𝑆𝑆 =(16.67)2 (0.06 𝛺𝛺) = 16.7 𝛺𝛺
The resulting equivalent circuit is shown below
b) To simplify the calculations, we use the simplified equivalent circuit referred to the primary
side of the transformer and the excitation branch is moved to the left :
The secondary current in this transformer is given by :
20𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = ∠ −36 87° A = 41.67∠ −36.87 A
480𝑉𝑉
The secondary current referred to the primary side is
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆
𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 ′ = = 2.50∠ −36.87 A
𝑎𝑎
Therefore, the primary voltage on the transformer is
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ′ + (𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑝𝑝 + j 𝑋𝑋𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑝𝑝 ) 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 ′
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 = 8000∠0° V + (45.9+j61.7)( 2.50∠ −36 87° A)= 8185∠ 0.38 ° V
The voltage regulation of the transformer under these conditions is
8185−8000
VR = = 2.31%
8000
c) 𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = Scos ѳ = (20kVA)(0.8) = 16 kW
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = (𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 ′ )2 𝑅𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑝𝑝 = (2.5)2 x 45.9 =287W
(𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 )2 (8185𝑉𝑉)2
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = = 268 W
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 250000 𝛺𝛺
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 16000
ƞ= = 16000+287+268 x 100 %
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 +𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
= 96.6%
4
Question 3
A 10-kVA, single-phase transformer has its primary connected to a 2000-V supply. It
has 60 turns on the secondary winding and voltage across it is found to be 240 V. Assuming the
transformer to be ideal, calculate (a) the number of turns on its primary winding; (b) the full-
load primary and secondary currents.
Solution
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝
a) =
𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 2000
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝 = x 𝑁𝑁𝑠𝑠 = x 60
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 240
= 500 turns
𝑆𝑆 10000𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
b) 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = =
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝 2000𝑉𝑉
= 5A
𝑆𝑆 10000𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠 = =
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 240𝑉𝑉
= 41.67 A
