UNDERSTANDING SELF 

[Link]
 1. Goal Settings
o Dreams

Kecerdasan Aspirasi

Long-term goals keep behavior directed toward an

ultimate target, while short-term goals are the
steppingstones to the long-term goals (Alderman 1999).
Bandura and Schunk's research (Bandura & Schunk,
1981) on proximal motivation indicated that this sub-
dividing of accomplishable short-term goals would help
students to progress at a more rapid pace. They
concluded that self-motivation can best be created and
sustained by attainable sub-goals that lead to the larger
goals.

A goal is "something that the person wants to achieve"

(Locke & Latham, 1990, p.2).

A vision of a possible self is the first step in developing

self-regulation (Alderman, 1999). Possible selves are
how one "images" the self and the future. Possible
selves represent individuals' ideas of what they might
become, what they would like to become (positive
possible selves), and especially what they are afraid of
becoming (negative possible selves) (Markus & Ruvolo,
1989). Examples of positive possible selves might be
earning a master's degree, becoming a good baseball
player, or getting an "A" on a math exam. Negative
possible selves could include fear of becoming
homeless or failing a physics exam. Developing a
positive view of the future helps learners enhance their
 motivation and commitment to academically supportive
personal goals.

 2. Self
o Image
 Who Am I?
 "What do you believe people think about you?"
 Body Image
 The subjective concept of one's physical appearance based on self-
observation and the reactions of others.

The perception, both conscious and unconscious, of one's own

body and physical dimensions.

Body image is a person's perception of his or her physical

appearance. A person with a poor body image will perceive his or
her own body as being unattractive or even repulsive to others,
while a person with a good body image will see him or herself as
attractive to others, or will at least accept his or her body in its
current form. Perceived body image is not necessarily related to
any objective measure or the average opinion of other people; a
person who has a poor body image may be rated as beautiful by
others, and a person with a good body image may be rated as
unattractive by others. Body image is most strongly affected during
puberty.

 Citra diri yang

 buruk/negatif
 akibatnya:
 stress
 kegagalan beruntun
 pesimis; mudah putus asa
 contohnya:
 baik/positif
 manfaatnya:
 contohnya:
 cara merubah
 step by step
 latihan
 bimbingan
o Esteem
 Pride in oneself; self-respect.
Self-esteem is the way individuals think and feel about
themselves and how well they do things that are
important to them. In children, self-esteem is shaped by
what they think and feel about themselves. Their self-
esteem is highest when they see themselves as
approximating their "ideal" self, the person they would like
to be.

Self-esteem relates to a person’s sense of self-worth,

whereas self-efficacy relates to a person’s perception of
their ability to reach a goal.

Self-esteem: sejauh mana Anda punya perasaan positif

terhadap diri Anda, sejauhmana Anda punya sesuatu
yang Anda rasakan bernilai atau berharga dari diri Anda,
sejauh mana Anda meyakini adanya sesuatu yang
bernilai, bermartabat atau berharga di dalam diri Anda

Links

 ~ [Link] > Student > Cmhc > Booklets > Selfesteem > Selfest
 Excellent
 Print the page!
 ~ [Link] > Tests > Take test ? ...
 Self esteem test page
 ~ [Link] > Index
 [Link]
p=335&np=287&id=1588#

High

 What high self-esteem looks like

  being happy
 feeling that you're OK as a person
 believing in yourself
 looking forward to a good future
 enjoying the world around you
 feeling energetic and hopeful
 feeling confident that you have the power to change things
in your life
 joining in with others
 being happy with each success, no matter how small
 looking for ways to succeed
 encouraging others
  respecting others' differences and your own.
 How to get high self-esteem
 Believe that you are an OK person.

*         Like yourself and make the most of your good

points.

*         Join in with others.

*         Be willing to have a go at something new.

*         Set yourself short-term goals that you can reach and

be happy about on the way to reaching your main goal.

*         Say thank you when you get a compliment and feel

proud of your efforts.

*         Work at learning and practising new skills so that

you feel confident in your ability.

*         Learn to think for yourself.

*         Keep yourself clean and tidy.

*         Accept responsibility for yourself and your actions.

*         Accept that everyone makes mistakes and use them

so that you learn to do better next time.

*         Believe that you deserve to be happy and relaxed.

*         Be happy with who you are. Don't try to be all things
to all people.

*         Think about changes in your life as a chance to learn

something new, meet new people and learn new skills.

*         Be positive and notice positive things around you.

*         Be a happy and caring person and you will attract

people to you.

Low

 What low self-esteem looks like

 *         feeling unhappy
  *         feeling that you are not as good as others in some
way
 *         having no confidence in yourself
 *         feeling hopeless about the future
 *         seeing the bad things in the world around you
 *         feeling like a victim
 *         feeling miserable
 *         feeling tired most of the time
 *         lounging about and not doing anything active
 *         putting yourself down even when someone is giving
you a compliment
 *         looking on the worst side of everything
 *         having no respect for yourself.
 How you get low self-esteem
 *         telling yourself how bad, ugly, stupid, etc. you are
 *         disliking yourself
 *         hanging around by yourself or with people who
tease you
 *         not keeping yourself clean and tidy
 *         taking the blame for everything; not standing up for
yourself
 *         thinking of a mistake as something that only
happens to you
 *         believing that you can't change anything
 *         not trying to learn or practise new skills
 *         believing that life is always bad and the future will
be just as bad
 *         being negative and not thinking that you can change
anything
 *         thinking that no-one likes you
 *         brooding about all the bad things that have ever
happened in your life
 *         not doing anything that you might be good at or
enjoy
 *         listening to and believing people who tell you bad
things about yourself.
o Self-efficacy
 Self efficacy: sejauh mana Anda punya keyakinan atas
kapasitas yang Anda miliki untuk bisa menjalankan tugas
atau menangani persoalan dengan hasil yang bagus (to
succeed). Ini yang disebut dengan general self-efficacy.
Atau juga, sejauhmana Anda meyakini kapasitas anda di
bidang anda dalam menangani urusan tertentu. Ini yang
disebut dengan specific self-efficacy.
Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as
our belief in our ability to succeed in specific situations.
Your sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how
you approach goals, tasks, and challenges. The concept
of self-efficacy lies at the center Bandura’s social
cognitive theory, which emphasizes the role of
observational learning and social experience in the
development of personality. According to Bandura's
theory, people with high self-efficacy - that is, those who
believe they can perform well - are more likely to view
difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than
something to be avoided. Learn more about self-efficacy
and Bandura in the links below.

The Role of Self-Efficacy

 People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:

 * View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered.
 * Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they
participate.
 * Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests
and activities.
 * Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments.
 People with a weak sense of self-efficacy:
 * Avoid challenging tasks.
 * Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their
capabilities.
 * Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes.
 * Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities (Bandura,
1994).

Sources of Self-Efficacy

 1. Mastery Experiences
 “The most effective way of developing a strong sense of
efficacy is through mastery experiences,” Bandura
explained (1994). Performing a task successfully
strengthens our sense of self-efficacy. However, failing to
adequately deal with a task or challenge can undermine and
weaken self-efficacy.
 2. Social Modeling
 Witnessing other people successfully completing a task is
another important source of self-efficacy. According to
Bandura, “Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by
 sustained effort raises observers' beliefs that they too
possess the capabilities master comparable activities to
succeed” (1994).
 3. Social Persuasion
 Bandura also asserted that people could be persuaded to
belief that they have the skills and capabilities to succeed.
Consider a time when someone said something positive and
encouraging that helped you achieve a goal. Getting verbal
encouragement from others helps people overcome self-
doubt and instead focus on giving their best effort to the
task at hand.
 4. Psychological Responses
 Our own responses and emotional reactions to situations
also play an important role in self-efficacy. Moods,
emotional states, physical reactions, and stress levels can
all impact how a person feels about their personal abilities
in a particular situation. A person who becomes extremely
nervous before speaking in public may develop a weak
sense of self-efficacy in these situations. However, Bandura
also notes "it is not the sheer intensity of emotional and
physical reactions that is important but rather how they are
perceived and interpreted" (1994). By learning how to
minimize stress and elevate mood when facing difficult or
challenging tasks, people can improve their sense of self-
efficacy.

Scale

 ~ [Link] > Health > Selfscal

 ~ [Link] > Health > Indonese
 ~ [Link] > Research > Cprc > Measures > Exercise04
o Diri
 Harga Diri
 Self-esteem
 Hal-hal apa saja yang berharga/bernilai pada diri Anda
 Yakin/Percaya pada kemampuan/keterampilan diri
 Self-confidence
 Percaya pada
 Harga/nilai anda
 kemampuan untuk berhasil
 mencapai sesuatu
 menuntaskan tugas/pekerjaan
o Confidence
 Self-confidence: sejauhmana Anda punya keyakinan
terhadap penilaian Anda atas kemampuan Anda dan
 sejauh mana Anda bisa merasakan adanya “kepantasan”
untuk berhasil. Self confidence itu adalah kombinasi dari
self esteem dan  self-efficacy (James Neill, 2005)
o Potential
 What Can I do
 Mind/Brain
 Body
 Soul
 3. Motivation
o Imagination and Visualization
o Self Talk
 Talk to oneself every day
 What are you talking about?
 List...
 Positive
 Negative
 How to talk to yourself about you
 Positively
 Motivating
 Sentences that
 Positive
 Motivating
o Goals are motivating
 So, set them clearly and smartly

Developing a positive view of the future helps learners

enhance their motivation and commitment to
academically supportive personal goals.

 4. Time Management
 5. Problems
o Facing
o Solving