Entropy Balance

Prof. Dr. Uğur Atikol

Entropy Balance

 The property entropy is a measure of

molecular disorder or randomness of a
system.
 Enropy can be created but it cannot be
destroyed
 Total   Total   Total   Change in the 
       
 entropy    entropy    entropy    total entropy 
 entering   leaving   generated   of the system 
       
or
S in  S out  S gen   S system
Entropy Change of a System Ssys

Entropy change of a system  Entropy at final state  Entropy at initial state

 S sys  S final  S initial
Note : S sys  0 during steady state operation.

When the properties of the system are not uniform, the entropy
of the system can be determined by :
S sys   s  m   s dV

volume

density
Mechanisms of entropy transfer, Sin and Sout
 Entropy can be transferred by the following two
mechanisms:
Heat is a chaotic form of
 Heat transfer energy and some chaos
(entropy) flows with heat

Mass contains entropy and

 Mass flow entropy is carried with it.
Entropy increases with mass

 No entropy is transferred by work

Entropy transfer by heat transfer

When temperature is
not constant or
different throughout
the boundary

Entropy transfer by work:

Heat transfer is always accompanied by

entropy transfer in the amount of Q/T,
where T is the boundary temperature.

No entropy accompanies work as it crosses the

system boundary. But entropy may be generated
within the system as work is dissipated into a
less useful form of energy.
Entropy transfer by mass flow

Entropy transfer by mass:

When the properties of the mass

change during the process Mass contains entropy as well as
energy, and thus mass flow into or
out of system is always accompanied
by energy and entropy transfer.
Entropy generation, Sgen

Sin with mass Sout with mass

System
Ssys
Sgen≥0
Sin with heat Sout with heat
Entropy generation, Sgen

 The term Sgen represents the entropy within the system

boundary only
 External irreversibilities are not accounted for in the
term Sgen.
Entropy generation
outside system
boundaries can be
accounted for by
writing an entropy
balance on an
extended system that
includes the system
and its immediate
surroundings.
Entropy balance of control masses (closed
systems)

T0

Qk Q 0
 S sys
 
 T  S gen

(kJ/K)
k System
W
Entropy change Entropy
of a closed system generated
Q1 Q 3
Sum of net entropy
transfer through the Q 2
system boundary by
heat transfer

T1 T2 T3
Example:
Entropy generation in a wall
Determine the rate of entropy generation in a wall of 5-m x 7-m and thickness 30 cm. The
rate of heat transfer through the wall is 1035 W.
0 (steady heat flow)
d S sys
Sin  Sout  S gen 
    dt
Rate of net entropy Rate of entropy 
transfer by heat generation Rate of
and mass change in
entropy

 Q   Q 
      S gen  0
 T in  T out

1035 W 1035 W 
  S gen  0  therefore S gen , wall  0.191 W/K
293 K 278 K

The total rate of entropy generation (including the indoors and outdoors)
can be found by taking into account the indoors and outdoors temperatures
(extended system):
1035 W 1035 W 
  S gen  0  therefore S gen, total  0.341 W/K
300 K 273 K
 Entropy balance of control volumes (open
systems)

T0

The entropy of a control

volume changes as a result of Q 0
mass flow as well as heat
transfer. System
m in m out
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
W
Qk
 T   mi si   me se  S gen  (S
2  S1 ) CV

(kJ/K)
T1 T2 T3
k  S CV

or in the rate form :

Q k dS CV
T  m i si  m e se  S gen 
  dt
(kW/K)
 k
Net entropy flow rate Entropy 
Entropy transfer out of the control volume generation Rate of entropy
rate by heat via mass flow rate accumulation in
transfer the control volume
Entropy balance of control volumes (open
systems)
Q k dS
 T   m i si   m e se  S gen  dtCV
k

The entropy of a
substance always
increases (or remains
constant in the case of a
reversible process) as it
flows through a single- The entropy of a control
stream, adiabatic, steady- volume changes as a result of
flow device. mass flow as well as heat
transfer.
 Example: Entropy generation during a
throttling process
Determine the rate of entropy generation in a steady-state throttling process of steam shown
in the diagram.

Use the tables to determine the entropy at the inlet and the exit states:
P1  7 MPa 
State 1 :  h1  3288.3 kJ/kg, s1  6.6353 kJ/kg.K
T1  450C 

P2  3 MPa 
State 2 :  s2  7.0046 kJ/kg.K
h2  h1 
0 (negligible heat transfer) 0 (steady flow process)
Q k dS
 T   m i si   m e se  Sgen  dtCV
k

d S sys m s1  m s2  S gen  0
Sin  Sout  S gen 
   
Rate of entropy Rate of entropy
dt
 S gen  m ( s2  s1 )
transfer by mass generation Rate of change
in entropy in the
flow
control volume Dividing by mass flow rate :
s gen  s2  s1  7.0046  6.6353  0.3693 kJ/kg.K
 Example: Entropy generation in a
compressor
𝑃1 = 1 MPa
d S sys 0 (steady flow process) 𝑇1 = 327℃
Sin  Sout  S gen  s2o  2.40902 kJ/kg.K
    dt
Rate of net entropy Rate of entropy 
transfer by heat generation Rate of
and mass change in
entropy

Q out
m s1  m s2   S gen  0 300 kW
Tb , surr
 Q out
S gen  m ( s2  s1 ) 
Tb , surr
P2 25 kW
For ideal gases : s2  s1  s20  s10  R ln
P1
kJ 1000 kPa Air
m ( s 2  s1 ) air  0.853 kg/s (2.40902  1.66802)  0.287 ln 𝑚1 = 0.853 kg/s
kg.K 100 kPa 𝑃1 = 100 kPa
 0.0684 kW/K 𝑇1 = 𝑇𝑎𝑚𝑏 = 17℃
25 kW s1o  1.66802 kJ/kg.K
S gen  0.0684 kW/K   0.155 kW/K
290 K