Concept of Random Experiment, Sample Space, and Events

These outcomes, measurements or observations can be obtained by performing a random

experiment. A random experiment is any process of making an observation, repeatable under basically
the same conditions that lead to a well-defined outcomes. Random “because we cannot tell in advance
which of the possible outcomes would the actual results. A sample space is the set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment is represented by symbol S. In any given experiment we may be interested
in the occurrence of certain event rather than in the outcome of a specific element on the sample space.
An event is a subset of a sample space and is denoted by a capital letter (say event A). The
complement of an event A with respect to sample space S is the subset of all elements of S that are not
in A. We denote the complement of A by the symbol A’.

Random Experiment – Counting Sample Points

(Multiplication Rule)

Theorem 1 If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, and if for each of these a second operation can
be performed in n2 ways, the two operations can be performed together in (n1)(n2)
1. There are three gates in a school, in how many ways can a student enter and leave the school?

Solution: 3 gates to enter in the school (n1) =3 , and using the same for leaving (n2) =3.
Number of ways, N = (3)(3) = 9

Illustration: Enter & Leave G1&G1 G2&G1 G3&G1

G1&G2 G2&G2 G3&G2
G1&G3 G2&G3 G3&G3

2. If an experiment consists of throwing a die and then drawing a letter at random from
the English alphabet, how many points are in the sample space?
Solution : 6 possible numbers in a throw of a die (n1), then 26 choices of a letter in the
English alphabet (n2). Number of points, N = (6) (26) = 156

3. Registrants at a large convention are offered 6 sightseeing tours on each of 3 days. In

how many ways can a person arrange to go on one of these tours?

Solution: 6 choices (n1) each day for 3 days (n2) . Number of ways, N = (6) (3) = 18

(Generalized Multiplication Rule)

Theorem 2 If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, and if each of these a second operation can be
performed in n2 ways, and for each of the first two of a third operation can be performed in n3 ways,
and so forth, then the sequence of k operations can be performed in (n1)(n2)… (nk) ways.

1. A developer of a new subdivision offers a prospective home buyer a choice of 3 models,

three different heating systems, a garage or carport, and a patio or screened porch.
How many different plans are available to this buyer?

Solution: No. of plans. N= (3) (3) (2) (2) = 36

Illustration: Model = X,Y,Z Heating System = 1,2,3 garage = G or carport = C

patio = P or screened porch = S
Model X= 12 ways
X1GP X1GS X1CP X1CS
X2GP X2GS X2CP X2CS
X3GP X3GS X3CP X3CS
 Model Y = 12 ways
Y1GP Y1GS Y1CP Y1CS
Y2GP Y2GS Y2CP Y2CS
Y3GP Y3GS Y3CP Y3CS

Model C = 12 ways
Z1GP Z1GS Z1CP Z1CS
Z2GP Z2GS Z2CP Z2CS
Z3GP Z3GS Z3CP Z3CS

2. How many lunches are possible consisting of soup, a sandwich, dessert, and a drink; if
one can select from among the following: 4 kinds of soups, 3 kinds of sandwiches, 5
kinds of desserts, and 4 kinds of drinks?
Solution: The total no. of lunches. N = (4) (3) (5) (4) = 240
3. How many different 4-digit can be formed from the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 if:
a. If repetition of digits is allowed Solution: N = (5) (5) (5) (5) = 625

b. If repetition of digits is not allowed: Solution: N = (5) (4) (3) (2) = 120
c. If repetition of digits is not allowed, how many of these ends with even number?
the even numbers are (2,4) : Solution: N = (4) (3) (2) (2) = 48
c. If repetition of digits is not allowed, how many of these ends with odd number?
the odd numbers are (1,3,5) : Solution: N = (4) (3) (2) (3) = 72
4. A license plate is to consist of three letters (English Alphabet) followed by three digits.
Determine how many different license plates are possible if
a. Repetition of letters and digits is permitted, and digit can begin with zero (0).
Solution: There are 26 letters and 10 digits we have six positions to fill as indicated below:
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
1etter letter letter digit digit digit
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
(26) (26) (26) (10) (10) (10) = 17,576,000 different possible license
plates
Since repetition is permitted there are 26 possible choices for both the first, second and third
positions for letters, and there are 10 possible choices for e each of the first, second and third
positions for digits which also allow zero (0) to be at the first position for digit.
b. Repetition of letters and digits is not permitted but zero digit can begin at the first position.

Solution: There are 26 possible choices for the first letter. When one has been chosen, there
are 25 possible choices for the second letter and 24 possible choices for the third letter. There
are 10 choices for the first digit, nine for the second and 8 for the third. Thus,

(26) (25) (24) (10) (9) (8) = 11,232,000 possible different license plates

c. The first letter must be a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) and the first digit can not be a zero (0) and
repetition of digits and letters are not permitted.

Solution: There are 5 choices (vowels) for the first letter and 25 choices for the second and 24
choices for the third, 9 choices for the first digit (not allowing zero) , 9 choices for the second
digits (zero is allowed) and 8 choices for the third digit. Thus,

(5) (25) (24) (9) (9) (8) = 1,944,000 possible different license plates

Permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects with reference to order. Given a set
with n objects, then we can take r objects from the set. The total number of permutations of n distinct
objects taken r at a time is represented by the notation nPr .

Theorem 3 (Permutation – distinct objects taken n at all time) - N = n!

1. How many distinct permutations can be made from the letters of the word “love”?

Solution: N = 4! = 4x3x2x1 = 24

Illustration: love ovel velo evol

loev ovle veol evlo
leov olev vloe elvo
levo olve vleo elov
lvoe oelv voel eolv
lveo oevl vole eovl

2. How many ways can 6 people be lined up to get on a bus?

Solution: N = 6! = 720
n!
Theorem 4 ( Permutation – distinct objects taken r at a time) N = nPr =
(n−r)!

1. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 if each
digit can be used only once?
6! 6!
Solution: N= 6P3 = (6−3)! = (3)! = 120 or 6x5x4 = 120

2. Find the number of ways in which 7 teachers can be assigned to 4 sections if no

teacher is assigned to more than one section.
7! 7!
Solution: N = 7P4 = = (7−4 )! = 840 (3)!
3. In how many ways can 5 starting positions on a basketball team be filled with 8 men
who can play any of the positions?

8! 8!
Solution: N = 8P5 = =(8−5 )! = 6,720 (3)!
Theorem 5 (Permutation – arranged in a circle) - N = (n – 1)!

1. In how many ways can 7 different plates be placed in a round table?

Solution : Total no. of ways. N = (7 – 1)! = 6! = 720

2. In how many ways can a caravan of 8 covered wagons be arranged in a circle?

Solution : Total no. of ways. N = (8 – 1)! = 7! = 5,040

Theorem 6 (Permutation which n1 are of one kind, n2 of a second kind,…,nk of a kth kind ) –
n!

N= n ! n !.. . n !
1 2 k =
nP n1 n2... nk
1. How many distinct arrangements can be made from the letters of the word “infinity”?
8! 8! 40,320
Solution: Total no. of arrangements. N = 3!2!1!!1!1! = (6)(2)(1)(1)(1) = 12 = 3,360

2. How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow, and 2 blue bulbs be arranged in a stringed of
Christmas three lights with 9 sockets?
9!
Solution: Total no. of ways. N = 3! 4!2! = 1,260
Combination is the number of selections of r objects from n objects without regard to order. A
combination is actually a partition with two cells, the one cell containing the r objects selected and the
order cell containing the (n –r) objects that are left (Tattao).

Theorem 7 The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at time is

n!
n Cr = (n−r)!r!

[Link] how many ways can 4 candidates be selected from 9 equally qualified recent graduates for
9! 9! 362 ,880
opening in Jollibee? Solution: Total no. of ways. 9C4 = (9−4 )! 4! = 5! 4! = (24 )(120) =
126
9 x 8 x7 x 6 3 , 024
or 4! = 24 = 126

2. A student must select and answer four of five questions on a test. In how many ways can this be
done?
5! 5! 120 5 x 4 x 3x 2
Solution: Total no. of ways. 5C4 = (5−4 )! 4 = 1!4 ! = (24 )(1) = 5 or 4! =
120
24 =5

3. An ice cream parlor has 15 different flavors. Jimmy orders a banana split and has to select 3
different flavors. How many different selections are possible?
15! 15! 15 x 14 x 13
Solution: Total no. of ways. 15C3 = (15−3)!3! = 12!3! = 455 or 3! =
2 , 730
6 = 455
Differentiation between Permutations and Combinations:
Given the letters W, X, Y, and Z, list the permutations and combinations for selecting two letters

Using Permutation formula nPr = 4P2 = 12 different ways

Using Combination formula nCr = 4C2 = 6 different ways

Illustration:

Permutations Combinations
WX XW YW ZW WX XY
WY XY YX ZX WY XZ
WZ XZ YZ ZY WZ YZ

Venn Diagram - In mathematics a diagram representing a diagram representing a set or sets and the
logical relationships between them. The sets are drawn as circles. An area of overlap between two
circles (sets) contain elements that are common to both sets, and thus represents a third set. Circles
that do not overlap represent sets with no elements in common (disjoint sets). The method is named
for British logician John Venn.
 A

D E

B
C F

Where:
S – set of all possible outcome = A + B + C + D + E + G + H
A – Number of elements of pure set A
B - Number of elements of pure set B
C - Number of elements of pure set C
Number of elements consisting 2 subsets = D + E + F
Number of elements consisting 3 subsets = G
Total number of elements = A + B + C + D + E + G + H

1. In a survey of 100 investors, it was found that they owned the following: 5 preferred stock only; 15
mutual funds only; 70 bonds; 13 preferred stocks and mutual funds; 23 mutual fund and bonds; 10
preferred stocks and bonds; 3 all three kinds.
a) How many investors owned bonds only? B) How many are investors of preferred stocks?
c) How many investors of mutual funds?
Preferred Stocks

D E
G Mutual funds
Bonds

C F
B
Given:
G = 3 investors owned 3 kinds of investment items
A = 5 investors owned preferred stock only
B = 15 investors owned mutual stock only
C = ___ investors owned bonds only
E __ + __ = 13 investors owned both preferred stocks and mutual funds
D __ + __ = 10 investors owned both preferred stocks and bonds
F __ + __ = 23 investors owned both mutual funds and bonds
__+ __ + __ + __ = 70 investors of bonds
__ + __ + __ + __ = __ investors of preferred stock
__ + __ + __ + __ = __ investors of mutual funds

“For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, who gave
himself as ransom for all men – the testimony given in its proper time.” - I Timothy 2:5-6
 HOMEWORK - Acctg 1307
Name: __________________________Class Schedule__________ Date of Submission:_________

1. In how many ways can 8 books be arranged in a shelf if they can be selected from ten books?

2. In how many distinct permutations can be made from the letters of the word “Iloilo”

3. How many different ways can a visiting nurse see seven patients if she sees them all in one day?

4. In how many ways can 12 different cars be displayed along the circumference of a parking area?

5. How many different 5-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2,3,4,5,6,7,and 8 if:
a)Repetition of digits is allowed? B) Repetition of digits is not allowed?

c)Repetition of digits is not allowed, how many of them are odd numbers?

d)Repetition of digits is not allowed, how many of them are even numbers?

6. Determine the number of possible combination when a pizza restaurant offers a combination pizza
consisting of any three of the four ingredients: pepperoni, mushrooms, sausage, and anchovies?

7. A girl has 7 coins of different denominations. How many different sums of money can she form
using 2 coins at a time?

8. Currently the members of the Teachers’ Association of the Global High School was composed of the
following: 80 are teaching English, 60 are teaching Mathematics, 50 are teaching Science, 100 are not
teaching English, Mathematics and Science but they are teaching other subjects, 17 are teaching the 3 subjects
English, Science and Mathematics, 40 are teaching both English and Math, 28 are teaching both English and
Science, and 30 are teaching Science and Math.

Required: Draw a Venn diagram and compute the following:

a) Total number of members who are teaching English only _____________________
b) Total number of members who are teaching Mathematics only__________________
c) Total number of members who are teaching Science only______________________
d) Total number of all members in the club ___________________________________

English

E
Math D G
B Science
C
F
F
 Probability
A gambler’s dispute in 1654 led to the creation of a mathematical theory of probability by two famous French
mathematician, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Antonine Gombaud, Chevalier de Mere, a French
nobleman with an interest in gaming and gambling questions, called Pascal’s attention to an apparent
contradiction concerning a popular dice game. The game consisted in throwing a pair of dice 24 times; the
problem was to decide whether or not to bet even money on the occurrence of at least one “double six” during
the 24 throws. A seemingly well-established gambling rule led de Mere to believe that betting on double six
in 24 throws would be profitable, but his own calculations indicated just opposite.

This problem and others posed by de Mere an exchange of letters between Pascal and Fermat in which the
fundamental principles of probability theory were formulated for the first time. Although a few special
problems on game of chance had been solved by some Italian mathematicians in the 15 th and 16th centuries, no
general theory was developed before this famous correspondence.

The Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, the teacher of Leibnitz, learned of his correspondence and shortly
thereafter (in 1657) published the first book on probability entitled De Ratiociniees in Ludo Aleae, it was a
treatise on problems associated with gambling. Because of the inherent appeal of games of chance,
probability theory soon became popular, and the subject developed rapidly during the 18 th century.

Games of chance, in the early 16th century, gave rise to the development of the principles of probability.
Problems on how to increase their chances of winning were posed by gamblers who called upon
mathematicians like Blaise Pascal, Pierre de Fermat, Leibnitz, Girotamo Cardano, Jacob Bernoulli, Chevalier
de Mere, and others to provide optimum strategies for an education, statistical tools are used to get
information on enrolment, finance, physical facilities and so on for intelligent administration and
management.

Cardano is an Italian mathematician, physician and gambler wrote “Liber de Ludo Aleae” in which appeared
in the first known a study of the principle of probability. He was known as the Father of Classical Probability.
He is a gambler who suspected that a game of chance such as rolled dice, playing cards, and tossed coins
followed certain laws. Cardano squandered the small bequest from his father and turned to gambling to boost
his finances. Card games, dice and chess were the methods he used to make a living. Cardano’s
understanding of probability meant he had advantage over his opponents and in general, he won more than he
lost. He had keep dubious company for his gambling. Once, when he thought he was being cheated at cards,
Cardano, who always carried a knife, slashed the face of his opponent. Gambling became an addiction that
was to last many years and robbed Cardano, of valuable time, money and reputation.

Chevalier de Mere made a proposal to Blaise Pascal in the famous “Problem of Points”, a work which mark
the beginning of mathematics of probability. Prier de Laplace’s “Theories Analitique des Probabilities” of
1812 further supported and stabilized the said theory. Before Laplace, probability theory was solely concerned
with developing a mathematical analysis of games of chance. Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to may
scientific and practical problems. The theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and statistical mechanics are
examples of some important applications of probability theory developed in 19 th century. De Mere together
with Bernoulli developed the equation of the normal curve.

Like many other branches of mathematics, the development of probability theory has been stimulated by the
variety of its applications. Conversely, each advance in the theory has enlarged the scope of its influence.
Mathematical statistics is one important branch of applied probability; other applications occur in such widely
different fields as genetics, psychology, economics and engineering. (Courtesy – Luis Tattao , Basic Concepts
in Statistics)

Sample Problems

1. Two candidates, A and B are running for public office. If the probability that A will win the
election is .35, what is the probability that B will win?

Solution: The probability that B will win is equal to the probability that A will lose, so
P(B) = P(A’) = 1 – P(A) = 1 - .35 = .65 or 65%
2. Find the probability of getting an even number from a single toss of a die.
Solution: Sample Space = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), N = 6
Event = (2, 4, 6) , n(E) = 3
P(Even no.) = 3/6 or .50 or 50%
3. If a pair of dice is tossed, find the probability of obtaining a sum of 7.
Solution: By the fundamental principle of counting, we know that a pair of dice can result in (the
total number of sample points in S) = N = (6) (6) = 36. The event corresponds to six sample points E,
namely: (1,6), (6,1), (2,5), (5,2), (3,4), (4,3) = NE. Hence
P(sum of 7) = P(E) = NE/S = 6/36 or 1/6 = 16.66%
4. If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck, find the probability of drawing a) an ace b) clover
c) a face card

Solution: An ordinary deck consists of 52 cards (N = 52), of which 4 are aces, 13 are clovers,
and 12 are face cards. a) P(ace) = 4/52 or 1/13 or 7.69% b) P(clover) = 13/52 or ¼ or 25%
c) P(face card) = 12/52 or 3/13 or 23.08%
4a. In continuation of no. 4, find the probability of each of the following:
a. spade and face card b. face card or red card

Solution: a) P(S or F) = P(S) + P(F) – P(S and F)

= 13 + 12 - 3 = 22 or .4231 or 42.31%
52 52 52 52

a) P(F or R) = P(F) + P(R) – P(F and R)

= 12 + 26 - 6 = 32 or .6154 or 61.54%
52 52 52 52

5. A box contains 5 red, 4 blue, and 3 white balls. If a ball is chosen at random, what is the
probability that a) it is not red? b) it is not white?

Solution : The box has twelve balls (N = 12). a) P (not red) = 1 - P(red) = 1 – 5/12 = 7/12 or
58.33%. b) P (not white) = 1 – P (not white) = 1 – 3/12 = 9/12 or 75%

6. Using the same data in no. 5, assuming three balls are drawn at a random. What is the
probability that a) they are of different colors? b) they are all red? C) two are blue and
one is white? d) exactly two are blue? e) none is blue?
Solution : The total number of way in which 3 balls can be drawn from the box is
N = 12C3 = 220 or (12) (11) (10) = 1320/6 = 220
3!

a) P (different colors) NE = 5C1 . 4C1 . 3C1 = ( 5) (4) (3) = 60

P(E) = NE/S = 60/220 = 27.27%
b) P (all 3 are red) 5 C3 = (5)(4)(3) = 60 = 10 P(E) = NE/S = 10/220 = .0455 or 4.55%
3! 6

c) P (2 blue, 1 white) ( 4C2) (3C1 ) = (4)(3) (3) = 12 . 3 = (6) (3) = 18

2! 1! 2 1

P(E) = NE/S = 18/220 = .0818 or 8.18%

d) P (exactly 2 are blue) (4C2) (8C1 ) = (4)(3) (8) = 12 . 8 = (6) (8) = 48

2! 1! 2 1
 P(E) = NE/S = 48/220 = .2182 or 21.82%

e) P (none blue) 8C3 = (8)(7)(6) = 336 = 56 P(E) = NE/S = 56/220 = .2545 or 25.45%
3! 6
7. An BSMA freshman student estimates the probability that he will pass Acctg 11 is .62; the
probability that he will pass Management 11 is .50; and the probability that he will pass both
subjects is .40. What is the probability that he will pass at least one of these two subjects?

Solution: P (at least one) = P (A or M) = P(A) + P(M) - P (A and M)

= .62 + .50 - .40 = .72 or 72%

8. A retailer estimates that the probability that the price of a basic commodity will increase, decrease,
or remain unchanged during a given month is .35, .10, and .55, respectively. What is the
probability that the price of the commodity will change during the month?

Solution: P (change) = P (increase or decrease) = P (increase) + P(decrease)

= .35 + .10 = .45 or 45%

or P (change) = 1- P (unchanged) = 1 - .55 = .45 or 45%

9. The organizers of a seminar-workshop on business education observe that of the 50 participants, 32
are educators (faculty members and school administrators) and 26 are business executives of various
companies. Moreover, 12 of the business executives are part-time professors. The rest are
government officials. If one of the participants is chosen at random to head a committee, what is the
probability that the one chosen is a) an educator or business executive? b) strictly educator?, c)
government officials?

Solution: Let E = event that the person chosen is an educator

B = event that the person chosen is a business executive
PT = event that the person chosen is a business executive who is a part-time professor
G = event that the person chosen is a government official
a) P (E or B) = P(E) + P(B) - P(E and B)

= 32 + 26 - 12 Educators
50 50 50 Business 12 32
Executive
= 46 = .92 or 92% 26
50 Government
Officials __ ?
b) P(E) = P(E) – (PT) = 32 - 12 = 20 = 40%
50 50 50

c) G = N - (E+ B- PT) = 50 – (32+26-12) = 4

P(G) = 4/50 = .08 or 8%

“For it is by grace that you have been saved, through faith – and this not from yourselves, it is a gift
of God – not by works, so that no one can boast.” – Ephesian 2:8-9
 HOMEWORK - Acctg 1307
Name:______________________Class Schedule______________ Date of Submission ____________

1. What is the probability that Grace will win the final race against Marie? If only the two of them
left the race and Marie has .47 probability to win.

2. In a single toss of a die , find the probability of getting a) number 4 b) odd number.

3. If a pair of dice is tossed, find the probability of obtaining a sum of 9.

4. If a card is drawn from an ordinary deck, find the probability of drawing a) a jack diamond ,
b) a king c) black card and king.

5. A box contains 4 yellow, 3 green, and 4 violet easter eggs. If an easter egg is chosen at random,
what is the probability that a) it is yellow? b) it is not yellow?

6. Using the same data in no. 5, what if two balls are drawn at a random. What is the probability that
a) They are all yellow b.) they are all violet c). one is yellow and the other one is green?
7. Using the same data in no. 5, assuming three balls are drawn at a random. What is the
probability that a) they are of different colors? b) they are all green? c) two are yellow
and one is violet? d) none is violet?

8. In a college graduating class of 100 students, 54 studied mathematics, 69 studied history, and 35
studied both mathematics and history. The rest studied subject other than mathematics and history.
If one of these students is selected at random to speak for graduation, find the probability that
a. the student takes mathematics or history, b) the student takes history but not mathematics; and
c) the student does not take either of these subjects.

History ______

Math_____
Other subject_______?
F

9. The probability that a doctor correctly diagnoses a particular illness is 0.7. Given that the doctor
makes an incorrect diagnosis, the probability that the patient enters a law suit is 0.9. What is the
probability that the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis and the patient sues?
Children just naturally do silly, careless things, but a good spanking will teach them how to behave.
- Proverbs 22:15
HOMEWORK -Acctg 1307
NAME:______________________ CLASS SCHEDULE______________Date of Submission__________

1. How many distinct arrangements can be made from the letters of the word “membership”?

2. Mr. Giovanni Remetio if he has 6 coats, 10 polo shirts, 7 ties, and 10 pairs of slacks .
a. How many different outfits of a coat, a polo shirt, a tie, and a pair of slacks are possible for
him?.

b. If 2 coats, 5 polo shirts, 3 ties, and 3 pairs of slacks are orange, what is the probability that a
random selection will not result in all orange outfit?

3. 7 friends went out to see a movie “Tanging Inahing Manok”. How many ways can they lined
up to pay a movie ticket?

3. How many four-digit numbers can be formed from the digits: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

a) if each digit can be used only once? b) if each digit can be used without restriction?

6. During the Christmas party 8 officemates sit in a round table to eat their dinner. In how many
different ways can they sit in a round table?

7. An applicant for a job opening must choose to answer five of the 7 problems on an exam how
many ways can this be done?

8. A box contains 4 yellow, 3 green, and 5 violet easter eggs. If an easter egg is chosen at
random, what is the probability that a) it is yellow? b) it is not yellow?

9. Using the same data in no. 8 what if two eggs are drawn at a random. What is the
probability that a) They are all yellow b.) they are all violet c). one is yellow and the
other one is green?

10. What is the probability that Grace will win the final race against Marie? If only the two of
them left the race and Marie has .47 probability to win.

11. Currently the members of the Teachers’ Association of the Global High School was composed of the
following: 80 are teaching English, 60 are teaching Mathematics, 50 are teaching Science, 100 are not
teaching English, Mathematics and Science but they are teaching other subjects, 17 are teaching the 3 subjects
English, Science and Mathematics, 40 are teaching both English and Math, 28 are teaching both English and
Science, and 30 are teaching Science and Math.
Required: Draw a Venn diagram and compute the following:
a) Total number of members who are teaching English only _____________________
b) Total number of members who are teaching Mathematics only__________________
c) Total number of members who are teaching Science only______________________
d) Total number of all members in the club ___________________________________
e) If they elect a president what is the probability that the President is a Math Teacher?
_______________________________
f) If the Secretary should be an English Teacher what is the probability that the Secretary elected is
strictly teaching English only? _________________________________________