DESIGN DEVELOPMENT :

[Link] of spatial concept & heirarchy :

SPIRTUAL
SPACE

HIG
MIG
HOUSING
HOUSING

SOCIAL SPACE

SERVICE COMMERCIAL
SPACE

LIG HOUSING

FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP CONCEPT

B, ZONING OF SITE & CONCEPT SKETCH

Zoning of the site was done in concept sketch as per the spatial bubble diagram along with
design consideration
RESIDENTIAL BLOCK STRUCTURES in our design

Residential block structures result from the way designers compose the buildings and urban
spaces to create urban form. By creating residential blocks the designers are defining the location
of, and relationships between, the types of urban space and the pattern of access that will be
allowed in general through the area; whilst they are also starting to consider the character of the
layout and whether a sense of place will be achieved.

Some of the common residential block structures are

Periphery blocks

The periphery blocks are made with the

basic principle that the fronts of buildings
should face the public realm and the private
backs of buildings should face each other. The blocks are thus arranged in a deformed grid of
streets. Where housing is proposed the periphery block allows privacy and security for gardens,
and allows the public street environment to become the focus for access, public life and social
activity.

Courtyards

In courtyard type, the housing is grouped around a shared space which might be used for
parking, otherwise it will probably be landscaped for collective use by residents.

Linear block arrangements

In this type of configuration the orientation of living space to the sun is given a high priority. In
these, the backs of houses can face the fronts of others, or the houses can face each other across a
traditional street or pedestrian route.
 Linear Blocks

Super blocks

Super blocks encircle or ‘protect’ other types of housing or open spaces and provide quieter and
safer domestic environment within the scheme. The apartments in the protecting block
sometimes face and animate the street. Alternatively, such a form might be considered where the
site is bounded by a great view, in which case the larger apartment block allows more people
access to that view.
.

FACILITIES WITHIN A HOUSING SCHEME

COMMUNITY CENTRES
Community centres or community centers are public locations where members of a
community may gather for group activities, social support, public information, and other
purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole community or for a specialised group
within the greater community.

Design Issues
For community centres to be viable, they must be seen to provide for and be welcoming to the
community; they are often a key factor in an area regeneration strategy. Key design issues areas
follows.

Image
The centre must be welcoming to all ages, and have a positive impact in the community.
Although security is a major consideration, it must not be at the expense of making the building
unwelcoming, and well-lit entrance areas can provide an appropriate atmosphere.

Site and location

Ideally, the centre should be as close to the heart of the community as possible and accessible by
public transport. A flat site is preferable because the construction costs are lower than with
sloping plots and it allows for easier access. It should have adequate space for parking cars and
bicycles, and may need additional external space for facilities such as play areas, gardens, and
sports provision.

Organisation
The building must be easy for the staff to manage. Layout and circulation routes should be clear,
and ample storage space is needed. Consider noise, type of activity, likely timing of activities
and age groups when locating facilities. A reception area or office at or near the entrance will
assist. in the monitoring of visitors and provide a focal point for information and organization.

Circulation
Economical planning is necessary to keep costs down, so all opportunities should be taken to
minimise corridors, and make spaces useable for more than one function. Central circulation
space doubling up as a café/informal meeting area is a typical solution.

AccessibiIity
The building will need to cater for all age ranges, from children in prams and push chairs to
ambulant disabled adults and wheelchair users. Location of bus stops, walking distances from
residential areas, provision of disabled parking all need to be considered, as should colour and
contrast in the interior design scheme.

Flexibility
The building design must allow for maximum flexibility of use, which will need to be considered
both in the short term to cater for current requirements, and in the longer term, as needs will
change with time. For short-term change, moveable walls or partitions to divide spaces may have
some applications. Design solutions that give flexibility through planning and space organisation
as well as the provision of a range of different sized spaces are to be preferred.

Maintenance
There should be careful consideration of maintenance implications of all specifications to help to
minimise running costs and ensure long-term
viability of the centre. Specify robust high-quality materials and products wherever possible and
avoid unusual fixtures and fittings (such as taps, toilets, boilers and shutters) that may cause
maintenance difficulties for the management group through cost.
Security
Consider physical measures to protect the building but, to preserve a welcoming image, ensure
they are discreet and not overly visible when the building is open.

Environment and services

The building should be designed for low energy and water use. Consideration should be given to
alternative Sources of energy such as solar water heating. Heating, lighting and security systems
should be zoned with simple, robust, tamper-proof controls to be used where elderly people and
children are the main users of the space and all supply pipework should be covered or concealed.
Avoid inaccessible light fittings and unusual bulbs that would be difficult to replace.

TYPICAL ELEMENTS
Elements of the community centres are:

Halls Often the main space, the size and shape will be determined by identified activities and
uses. Typically the main issue in the design of a hall is whether or not a permanent stage is
needed and also the associated changing rooms and storage for chairs and equipment.

Meeting rooms If more than one is provided, sizes should accommodate a variety of functions,
and if they are used for young people’s activities, consider location to minimize noise disruption
to other areas. There are also privacy issues if these rooms are to be used for counselling.

Computer room
Frequently in demand, these provide a good base for college outreach education. Consider the
location to minimise heat gain and ensure security. A security mesh may be necessary in wall
cavities and roof spaces to provide additional physical security.

Offices The management office needs to be near the main entrance for security reasons.

Fitness room: fitness centres are becoming increasingly popular. Consider the space
requirements and cost of equipment as well as the insurance implications of specialist equipment,
and the relationship to showers/changing areas.
Sports halls: these large-volume spaces have a major impact on both construction and running
costs. Consider requirements of associated storage and changing/ showering facilities.

Provision for doctors, nurses, community advisors: space may need to be provided for
external users. Consider space provision, planning, security, and privacy.

Cafe/bar
Creating an attractive and welcoming social meeting area is often the key to the popularity of a
centre. It should be sized and located for maximum flexibility, and to be useable for as much of
the. day/evening as possible.
Kitchen Usually a small servery/preparation area is all that is required. The implications of
health regulations and costs of storage and space provision must be fully considered when
deciding the viability of a catering kitchen.

Storage
It is vital to have sufficient storage space in appropriate locations, as chairs, tables, and
equipment will need to be moved and stored if maximum flexibility is to be achieved.

Circulation Cost restrictions will mean minimum circulation space to minimise construction
area, but there will need to be enough provision in the entrance area for accommodating different
groups of users arriving at the same time.

External facilities
These will vary from all weather sports facilities to external play space for toddler’s groups.
Relation to internal spaces and changing facilities is important.

Densities
(Note: hr/ha = habitable rooms per hectare.)
 125 hr/ha: low-density layout (e.g. four-bed detached houses with front and rear gardens)
 200 hr/ha: highest density possible utilising twostorey housing with a traditional street
pattern
 250 hr/ha: three-storey flats required; street pattern still possible
 above 250hr/ha: blocks of flats required; street pattern no longer possible.

Car parking provision

Guidelines vary - the local authority average appears to be about 1.2 spaces per unit; government
proposals suggest that provision ‘should not exceed an average of 1.5-2 spaces per dwelling’.
Some planning guides ask for a second garage or car space for larger houses (e.g. above l10m2),
as well as a car space for visitors. Parking spaces should be within 20m of the dwelling.

OUTCOME OF CASE STUDIES

1) Contextual Design:
Understanding of context rests on various levels of city and community formation.
a) Urban context or context of city and its development:
 Its influence on a specific site.
  The statement a project should make to the city for attending strategies and
encouraging new forms.
b) Context of site:
 With all its external linkages
 Neighborhood relationships
 Physical conditions and climate factors
c) Context of community that would form the neighborhood
 Social economic and cultural grouping
 Prescriptive than proscriptive designing
 Services and facilities to support the community
d) Sub- Committee:
 Disaggregation into smaller scale grouping
 With corresponding level of services
 Equal and easy access to all facilities and comparable linkages of parts with whole
irrespective of social groups
e) Context of Designing: Flexible, adaptable and incremental if necessary

2) Hierarchies, Network and linkages:

 ordering of spaces establishes necessary hierarchies in space organization
 One could find multiple choices built into the system for circulation and contact
characterized by network
 Hierarchy- required order and clarity for all
 Network-offer choices on personal performances, forming an autonomous system

3) Social organization of spaces and built form:

 It is a unifying element
 Personalization (not privatization) of public spaces, elements and even facilities become
important aspect of design
 Involvement of a person in shaping and maintenance of his surrounding
 Care and solicitude create a situation as a person is needed by his surrounding and vice-versa
 While respect for personal initiative is important, it should occur within social frame with
establishment ground rules

4) Coherence: - movement towards certain unity and completeness with certain logic
 Layering of functions and meaning is a matter of design from land use and zoning decision

SUSTAINABILITY MODEL FOR HOUSING

Economical Sustainability

• Ensure cost effectiveness and efficiency

 • Enforce tenancy controls

• Maintain and upgrade existing housing stocks

Environmental Sustainability

• Improve quality of life

• Reduce environmental impact

• Preserve resources

• Reduce pollution and waste

Social Sustainability

• A safe and healthy, comfortable and convenient living environment for tenants

• A model working environment for everybody

• Enhance social cohesion and well-being of the community

1. DESIGN CONCEPT

 a communal feeling should be created within the diverse groups of people living out there.
 Thus any housing project requires communal and recreational spaces and linkages for the
purpose of better interaction besides the buildings, roads, plots etc.
 to segregate the commercial zone and the residential zone completely which is facilitated by
the main access. As our intention was to invite the outsiders as well in the Commercial zone
and the flow of other people can interrupt the residential area. And to use the land as much
as possible for the residential purpose.

 The roads are the spinal cord of the planning.

 The road governs all the other functions in the project.
 The water supply, electricity, sewerage, all the infrastructures are guided by the layout of the
roads. So taking account of this factor the design has been initiated with the design of the
road and its axis. In the design prominent axes has been developed of which the other
secondary roads are branched out to serve the plots in the site.
  And all the branches are terminated to the plots itself so there are no dead ends. The
northern part of the site is mainly used for recreational activity and open area.
 The community area has been developed with the commercial building, children play area,
sports area and the other as green spaces.
 The residential area has been developed in one geometric pattern more or less giving the
linear form with the good service of roads and the community area.
 The sanitary and water supply line is planned according to the street pattern and the slope of
the site.

2. SITE PLANNING
It covers the design of infrastructures i.e. the design of road, sewer, water supply and the
orientation of building and the whole construction process.
Here the master plan mainly features the road networks, residential and recreational areas,
greeneries and the other landscaping fabrics as well.
The basic philosophy of this housing project is
to achieve a greater sense of neighborhood community and yet maintain the
equilibrium between functional and amenities by creating an appropriate environment suited
to the life style of different socio-environment and cultural groups.
It promises to bring resident’s essential pleasure of sun in the each house, a view of sky
through large opening and also greenery/trees can be seen from each individual houses.
As per the design concept to give the planning its integrity, the master plan encompasses
within itself the wide streets, which provides the major vehicular access to each and every plot
which are intercepted by the pedestrian linkages.
The wide streets are made so as to provide a smooth flow of vehicles to every plot on the
site without any obstructions and dead ends. This is what a proper planning should possess first and
foremost.
There is one main entry road provided to the site in the western side which is 8m wide with
1m wide pedestrians on both sides.
This main access is branched out to other artery roads to serve the plots. Also we have a
variety of artery roads, one which serves the individual plots and the other which links them. The
road which access the main plot is 6m wider for the provision of one side parking on the road and
the main roads are 8m wide ( 6m wide road with 1m pedestrian on both sides).
The overall housing unit formed along the street allows alternate relief of built mass and
projection of green areas. All the varieties of housing units, targeted to different levels of population
are designed to fulfill the physical, psychological, functional, technical and legal needs of its
occupants. This project comprises of three different varieties of housing units i.e. Row housing,
Independent housing & Apartment housing. Considering the zoning there are three different zones
consisting of row houses, independent houses and apartment houses as one comes from south to
north simultaneously which are separated by the 8m wide roads. Also talking about the zoning
there is row housing, individual housing and apartments along the south-north axis.
 The northern part of the site is used for recreational activity totally. This consists of park,
open plaza sports area and the other green spaces. The layout of the sewers, water pipe lines,
electrical conduits, surface drain all are guided by the street patterns and their flow by the site itself.
Whereas the position of the tanks guided by the site, as the result the overhead water tank is
positioned at the southern part.

The different components of the master plan and their percentage coverage are given as follows

S.N Component Area (sq.m.) Percentage

1. Road
2. Built up area
3. Open area Total
site
4. Surface parking area:
5. Conservation area
Total

125760.4 sq. m / 12.6 ha (247-3-0-0)

The total number of plots: 228

Total no. of Apartments: 8 (Type I) – consisting of 4 apartments per flat

6 (Type II) – consisting of 2 apartments per flat
Therefore total no of families = 228+ (8*4*10 + 6*2*10) for 10 stories
= 228 + 320+120
= 668 families
Now taking 5.25 persons per family we have total no of persons = 5.25*668 = 3507 persons
The density of population: 3507/12.6 persons per hectare
278.3 i.e. 280 persons per hectare

3. COMPONENTS OF THE SITE

The component of the site has been categorized as the following:

 The road network

 The built mass

 The landscaping

 The services

3.1 The road network:

Only the availability of the land and the location cannot make the project feasible. To make
any project successful, proper road network is necessary. The road network is the guide to the
entire site. It gives quick and easy access to each and every plot and services within the site. The
road network will be black topped. The road has been perceived to be of various widths as per the
possible vehicular flowing on it. The main entry roads are 8m in width whereas the inner roads are
6m and 4m in width. The pedestrian linkages are 1m wide.
The road gradient has been maintained according to the slope of the site. Required cuts and
fills are needed in various locations so that they facilitate drainage and sewerage systems.

3.2 The Built Mass:

In this project, the built form is the combination of houses and community buildings. These
have been provided as per the requirement of the community and can be briefed as per the following
sub headings:
 Housing units

 Health club & commercial building

Housing units:
Every unit has been designed in such a way that one can have the feeling of comfort as soon
as he enters the plot. Everything like the functional and space requirements, interaction between the
outside and inside world all are incorporated in the design so that one can fully enjoy each and
every space. And every house is provided with its own private garden as well. We’ve tried to
incorporate all types of the housing units which include Row housing, Duplex & Individual units.
The different units can be described as follows:
COVERAGE AREA (%)
PLINTH AREA

TOTAL BUILT UP
(SQ. M.)

BUILT UP FACILITIES
TYPE

NOS.
( SQ.M.)

5.5 AANA ( Row housing, Single unit) 75 207.8 67 41.6

A-1
GF :- Living room, Dining, Kitchen, Toilet &
 Guest room
FF :- Master bed room, Grandparents bed
room, Children bedroom, Toilet, & Family
room

SF :- Study room, Puja room, Pantry &

Terrace

5.5 AANA ( Duplex, Single unit)

GF :- Living room, Dining, Kitchen, Toilet &

DA- Guest room
1 FF :- Master bed room, Grandparents bed
75 207.8 7 41.6
room, Children bedroom, Toilet, & Family
room

SF :- Study room, Puja room, Pantry &

Terrace

5.5 AANA ( Row housing, Single unit)

GF :- Living room, Dining, Kitchen, Toilet &

Guest room
B-1 FF :- Master bed room, Grandparents bed
74.8 209.5 36 41.4
room, Children bedroom, Toilet, & Family
room

SF :- Study room, Puja room, Pantry &

Terrace

5.5 AANA ( Duplex, Single unit)

GF :- Living room, Dining, Kitchen, Toilet &

DB- Guest room
1 FF :- Master bed room, Grandparents bed
74.8 209.5 9 41.4
room, Children bedroom, Toilet, & Family
room

SF :- Study room, Puja room, Pantry &

Terrace

BUILT UP FACILITIES TOTAL BUILT

TYPE

UP Nos
AREA

(SQ. M.)
 Four stories:

GF :- Shops

FF :- Shops, Departmental Store, Cyber

COMMERCIAL BUILDING Café, Restaurent 7332.5 1

SS :- Departmental Store, Multipurpose

Hall, Game Parlour

TF :- Office Spaces

HEALTH CLUB GF :- Male and Female changing room, 333.5 1

Health Club, Toilets, Store

.3 The Landscaping:

Landscape is the laying out of grounds and gardens in the imitation of the natural scenery.
So we can say that the landscaping is an integral part of any design. In any design, landscaping
needed to be looked into properly because of the following reasons:
 To preserve or create the naturalistic outdoor spaces for the enjoyment and health of the people.
 The vast concrete edifices needed to be soften up to provide a visual pleasantness
 The community has to be brought together to a certain environment so as to encourage their
interaction
 To ensure a healthy atmosphere.
 To enhance the exquisiteness of the site.

Landscaping fabric has been introduced in the design in different forms. However they all
are interlinked to provide a coherent whole. Basically landscaping can be divided as follows:
 The private gardens in the units
 Provision of the parks and the open spaces bring the naturalistic or rural scenery to the
densely populated area and often dirty and polluted cities, which is recognized as therapeutic
escape (mental and physical breathing room) from the congested city.
 The large chunk of land in the northern side serving as a community playground and
recreational area.
 Spill out areas have been provided as well to the community spaces.
 The steps incorporated at various levels not only aided in easy linkages but also helped to
enhance the landscaping of the site.

3.4 The Services:

It is the provision of better services that make a housing scheme successful. Glamorous
houses and glittering landscapes look pathetic if the site is not equipped with the proper
infrastructures. In this design we have taken care to provide necessary services so that everyday
activity is facilitated and the people can live in a healthy environment.

The basic services include:

 Sanitation system
 Electrical system
 Water supply system

Sanitation system
Proper sanitation is the prerequisite of any housing scheme. If proper sanitation system is
not maintained, unhealthy situations may prevail hence leading to the failure of the entire scheme.
In our design sanitation system has been looked into properly. Here the combined sewerage system
has been applied. We have planned the sewer pipes along the site in the most convenient manner
that suites the pipe layout and flow of wastes. The layout of the sewers mainly followed the street
patterns and the gradient of the site itself. The sewer pipes have been arranged so that the flow in
them occurs according to the contour of the site. Manholes have been provided at an approximate
distance of 30m or wherever necessary.
For proper drainage, inlets have been provided at several places so that the rainwater can
directly be collected in it. And these inlets are connected with sewers which collect the rain water
and disposed it in the reservoir. Here also manholes have been provided.
All the collected wastes will be disposed to the sanitary treatment plant, which have been
provided in the north-eastern gorge. This system will have the reed bed technique of waste
treatment so as to reduce the foul smell and chances of unhealthy environment. The treated waste
then will be disposed to the water body nearby the site.

Electrical system
 For proper lighting the electrical system has been managed. The electricity can be obtained
from the nearest Nepal Electricity Authority. For the electricity distribution a transformer has been
provided at the two entry points of the site from which the direct lines will be provided to each
households. The electric supply lines will be underground system to avoid the visual disturbance.
For community space lighting, streetlights have been provided on both sides of the roads in
a zigzag pattern at an average distance of 30m. For the landscaped areas and the parks, low intensity
lamps of low height are provided at a distance of 5m. even the street lamps are designed specifically
so that the diffused light is distributed evenly on the road.

Water Supply system

Water is essential for the sustenance of life. So provision of clean and healthy water should
come in the priority list of all the housing schemes. Here the source of the water is city supply and
the boring water.
In this design too, water supply has been given importance and for the storage and
distribution, overhead tank has been provided.
The water supply system will basically work on the gravity flow system. So the overhead
water tank is placed in the south east corner of the site for the supply of water.

The capacity of the overhead water and the storm water tanks have been calculated as per the
following:

Water demand per household: 135 lpcd

Total people: 668 X 5.2 = 3473.6
Total water demand: 3473.6*135 = 468936 liters
Water demand for auxiliary and emergency purposes:
@5 liters per capita per day= 5*3473.6 = 17368 liters

Total water demand: 468936 + 17368 = 486304 liters

Capacity of tank: 500000 cu.m
Size of overhead tank: 12m ø & 5m high
 The water will be collected in the tank in two ways, from the boring underground and from
the water supplied from the main city line. For the distribution, closed system has been applied in
the main line, which forms a loop in the site. From the main line, distribution lines have been taken
for particular areas and in each area individual supply lines provide water to the households from
the distribution line.

4. COST ESTIMATE
In a housing scheme, basically the cost of a house comprises not only the cost of the
structure and of the plot but also involves the shared cost for the development of infrastructures,
landscaping and the road. Hence in calculating the cost of the units we have kept those things in
mind:

SITE AREA (T) = 125760.4 m sq.

247-3-0-0

12.6 HECTORS

DENSITY = 278 PERSONS / HECTOR

NET PLOT AREA OF HOUSING TO BE DEVELOPED

(NA)= 94 % OF T

= 0.94 * 125760.4 m sq.

= 118215 m sq. (3454 ANNA )

COST OF LAND (CL) = 3.5 LAKHS / ANNA

TOTAL COST OF LAND (TL) = CL * NA

= 3.5 * 3454

= RS. 1,20,89,18,919/-

RATE OF CONSTRUCTION (R) = NRS 12,000 / SQ. M.

UNIT PLOT AREA OF ROW HOUSE (P)= 5.5 ANNA

COST OF UNIT PLOT (CP) = CL * P = 3.5 * 5.5

RS. 19.25/-

TOTAL FLOOR AREA OF UNIT HOUSE (TF) = 208 SQ. M.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION (CC) = TF * R

= 208 * 12000

= RS. 24,96,000/-

TOTAL NO. OF HOUSES (N) = 129

TOTAL COST OF ROW HOUSING (T1) = N * CC

= 129 * 24,96,000

= RS. 32,19,84,000/-

UNIT PLOT AREA OF INDEPENDENT HOUSE (P)= 6.5 ANNA

COST OF UNIT PLOT (CP) = CL * P = 3.5 * 6.5

RS. 22.75/-

TOTAL FLOOR AREA OF UNIT HOUSE (TF) = 190.56 SQ. M.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION (CC) = TF * R

= 190.56 * 12000

= RS. 2286,720/-

TOTAL NO. OF HOUSES (N) = 97

TOTAL COST OF INDEPENDENT HOUSING (T2) = N * CC

= 97 * 22,86,720/-

= RS. 22,18,11,840/-

TYPICAL FLOOR AREA OF APARTMENT OF TYPE A (TF) = 797.5 SQ. M.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION (CC) = TF * R

= 797.5 * 12000

= RS. 95,70,000/-

TOTAL NO. FLOOR (N) = 10

TOTAL COST OF APARTMENT (T3) = N * CC

= 10 * 95,70,000/-

= RS. 9,57,00,000/-

TYPICAL FLOOR AREA OF APARTMENT OF TYPE B (TF) = 797.5 SQ. M.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION (CC) = TF * R

= 248.4 * 12000

= RS. 29,80,800/-

TOTAL NO. FLOOR (N) = 10

TOTAL COST OF APARTMENT (T4) = N * CC

= 10 * 29,80,800/-

= RS. 2,98,08,000/-

TOTAL FLOOR AREA OF MULTIPLEX =7666

COST OF CONSTRUCTION (T5) = 7666 X RS 12000

= RS. 9,19,92,000/-
5. CONCLUSION

Shelter is the one of the basic need for human survival. A simple and functional house is the
need of the general people. It is becoming more and more difficult to fulfill this need. Over
crowding population in Kathmandu valley is causing huge demand of housing and creating extreme
pressure on the existing housing. Rapid urban growth is usually associated with the periods of
intense socio-economic or political change. With the change of time and demand, housing
development has been considered productive area from the private sector too. In the past three
years, various private companies are launching organized housing projects and many more to come
in the near future. And these types of housing projects should be encouraged for the social welfare
and the economic development.
This housing project has approached more or less all the aspects which are required in a
good design. Good design is essential for the satisfaction of the people living out there. And our
main intention was to create a welcoming environment and a great sense of neighborhood
community and yet maintain the equilibrium between functional and amenities by creating an
appropriate environment suited to the life style of different socio-environment and cultural groups.