An American National Standard

Designation: D 97 – 08

Designation: 15/95

Standard Test Method for

Pour Point of Petroleum Products1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 97; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This test method covers and is intended for use on any 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
petroleum product.2 A procedure suitable for black specimens, D 117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifica-
cylinder stock, and nondistillate fuel oil is described in 8.8. A tions for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
procedure for testing the fluidity of a residual fuel oil at a D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
specified temperature is described in Appendix X1. The cloud D 1659 Test Method for Maximum Fluidity Temperature of
point procedure formerly part of this test method now appears Residual Fuel Oil4
as Test Method D 2500. D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
1.2 Currently there is no ASTM test method for automated D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel Oils
Test Method D 97 pour point measurements. D 5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
1.3 Several ASTM test methods offering alternative proce- D 6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
dures for determining pour points using automatic apparatus Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
are available. None of them share the same designation number Lubricants
as Test Method D 97. When an automatic instrument is used, E 1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
the ASTM test method designation number specific to the 2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
technique shall be reported with the results. A procedure for Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers 5
testing the pour point of crude oils is described in Test Method
D 5853. 3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.1.1 black oil, n—lubricant containing asphaltic materials.
standard. Black oils are used in heavy-duty equipment applications, such
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the as mining and quarrying, where extra adhesiveness is desired.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2 cylinder stock, n—lubricant for independently lubri-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- cated engine cylinders, such as those of steam engines and air
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- compressors. Cylinder stock are also used for lubrication of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. valves and other elements in the cylinder area.
3.1.3 pour point, n—in petroleum products, the lowest
temperature at which movement of the test specimen is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
observed under prescribed conditions of test.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, [Link], or
approved in 1927, replacing D 47. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as contact ASTM Customer Service at service@[Link]. For Annual Book of ASTM
D 97–07. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization the ASTM website.
4
Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP Standard in 1965. Withdrawn.
2 5
Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical Methods for Analysis and Testing, IP Standards for Petroleum and its Products,
insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D 117. Part I, Vol 2.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 D 97 – 08

NOTE—Dimensions are in millimetres (not to scale).

FIG. 1 Apparatus for Pour Point Test

3.1.4 residual fuel, n—a liquid fuel containing bottoms Temperature Thermometer
remaining from crude distillation or thermal cracking; some- Number
Thermometer Range ASTM IP
times referred to as heavy fuel oil. High cloud and pour −38 to +50°C 5C 1C
[Link] Discussion—Residual fuels comprise Grades 4, 5, Low cloud and pour −80 to +20°C 6C 2C
Melting point +32 to +127°C 61C 63C
and 6 fuel oils, as defined in Specification D 396.
6.2.1 Since separation of liquid column thermometers occa-
4. Summary of Test Method sionally occurs and may escape detection, thermometers
4.1 After preliminary heating, the sample is cooled at a should be checked immediately prior to the test and used only
specified rate and examined at intervals of 3°C for flow if they prove accurate within 61°C (for example ice point).
characteristics. The lowest temperature at which movement of 6.3 Cork, to fit the test jar, bored centrally for the test
the specimen is observed is recorded as the pour point. thermometer.
6.4 Jacket, watertight, cylindrical, metal, flat-bottomed, 115
5. Significance and Use 6 3-mm depth, with inside diameter of 44.2 to 45.8 mm. It
5.1 The pour point of a petroleum specimen is an index of shall be supported in a vertical position in the cooling bath (see
the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. 6.7) so that not more than 25 mm projects out of the cooling
medium, and shall be capable of being cleaned.
6. Apparatus 6.5 Disk, cork or felt, 6 mm thick to fit loosely inside the
6.1 Test Jar, cylindrical, of clear glass, flat bottom, 33.2 to jacket.
34.8-mm outside diameter, and 115 to 125 mm in height. The 6.6 Gasket, to fit snugly around the outside of the test jar
inside diameter of the jar can range from 30.0 to 32.4 mm, and loosely inside the jacket. The gasket may be made of
within the constraint that the wall thickness be no greater than rubber, leather, or other material that is elastic enough to cling
1.6 mm. The jar shall have a line to indicate a sample height 54 to the test jar and hard enough to hold its shape. Its purpose is
6 3 mm above the inside bottom. See Fig. 1. to prevent the test jar from touching the jacket.
6.2 Thermometers, having the following ranges and con-
forming to the requirements prescribed in Specification E 1 for
thermometers:

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 D 97 – 08
6.7 Bath or Baths, maintained at prescribed temperatures TABLE 1 Bath and Sample Temperature Ranges
with a firm support to hold the jacket vertical. The required Bath Bath Temperature Sample Temperature
bath temperatures may be obtained by refrigeration if avail- Setting, °C Range, °C

able, otherwise by suitable cooling mixtures. Cooling mixtures 1 0 6 1.5 Start to 9

2 -18 6 1.5 9 to -6
commonly used for bath temperatures down to those shown are 3 -33 6 1.5 -6 to -24
as follows: 4 -51 6 1.5 -24 to -42
Bath Tempera- 5 -69 6 1.5 -42 to -60
ture
Ice and water 0 6 1.5°C
Crushed ice and sodium chloride crystals, or acetone or –18 6 1.5°C
petroleum naphtha (see Section 7) with solid carbon dioxide 8.3 For the measurement of pour point, subject the speci-
added to give the desired temperature men in the test jar to the following preliminary treatment:
Acetone or petroleum naphtha (see Section 7) with solid –33 6 1.5°C 8.3.1 Specimens Having Pour Points Above −33°C—Heat
carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature
Acetone or petroleum naphtha (see Section 7) with solid –51 6 1.5°C the specimen without stirring to 9°C above the expected pour
carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature point, but to at least 45°C, in a bath maintained at 12°C above
Acetone or petroleum naphtha (see Section 7) with solid –69 6 1.5°C
carbon dioxide added to give the desired temperature
the expected pour point, but at least 48°C. Transfer the test jar
to a bath maintained at 24 6 1.5°C and commence observa-
7. Reagents and Materials tions for pour point. When using a liquid bath, ensure that the
liquid level is between the fill mark on the test jar and the top
7.1 The following solvents of technical grade are appropri-
of the test jar.
ate for low-temperature bath media.
8.3.2 Specimens Having Pour Points of −33°C and
7.1.1 Acetone, (Warning—Extremely flammable).
Below—Heat the specimen without stirring to at least 45°C in
7.1.2 Alcohol, Ethanol (Warning—Flammable).
a bath maintained at 48 6 1.5°C. Transfer the test jar to a bath
7.1.3 Alcohol, Methanol (Warning—Flammable. Vapor
maintained at 24 6 1.5°C. When using a liquid bath, ensure
harmful).
that the liquid level is between the fill mark on the test jar and
7.1.4 Petroleum Naphtha, (Warning—Combustible. Vapor
the top of the test jar. When the specimen temperature reaches
harmful).
27°C, remove the high cloud and pour thermometer, and place
7.1.5 Solid Carbon Dioxide, (Warning—Extremely cold
the low cloud and pour thermometer in position. Transfer the
−78.5°C).
test jar to the cooling bath (see 8.6.1).
8. Procedure 8.4 See that the disk, gasket, and the inside of the jacket are
clean and dry. Place the disk in the bottom of the jacket. Place
8.1 Pour the specimen into the test jar to the level mark. the gasket around the test jar, 25 mm from the bottom. Insert
When necessary, heat the specimen in a bath until it is just the test jar in the jacket. Never place a jar directly into the
sufficiently fluid to pour into the test jar. cooling medium.
NOTE 1—It is known that some materials, when heated to a temperature 8.5 After the specimen has cooled to allow the formation of
higher than 45°C during the preceding 24 h, do not yield the same pour paraffin wax crystals, take great care not to disturb the mass of
point results as when they are kept at room temperature for 24 h prior to specimen nor permit the thermometer to shift in the specimen;
testing. Examples of materials which are known to show sensitivity to any disturbance of the spongy network of wax crystals will
thermal history are residual fuels, black oils, and cylinder stocks.
lead to low and erroneous results.
8.1.1 Samples of residual fuels, black oils, and cylinder 8.6 Pour points are expressed in integers that are positive or
stocks which have been heated to a temperature higher than negative multiples of 3°C. Begin to examine the appearance of
45°C during the preceding 24 h, or when the thermal history of the specimen when the temperature of the specimen is 9°C
these sample types is not known, shall be kept at room above the expected pour point (estimated as a multiple of 3°C).
temperature for 24 h before testing. Samples which are known At each test thermometer reading that is a multiple of 3°C
by the operator not to be sensitive to thermal history need not below the starting temperature remove the test jar from the
be kept at room temperature for 24 h before testing. jacket. To remove condensed moisture that limits visibility
8.1.2 Experimental evidence supporting elimination of the wipe the surface with a clean cloth moistened in alcohol
24-h waiting period for some sample types is contained in a (ethanol or methanol). Tilt the jar just enough to ascertain
research report.6 whether there is a movement of the specimen in the test jar. If
8.2 Close the test jar with the cork carrying the high-pour movement of specimen in the test jar is noted, then replace the
thermometer (5.2). In the case of pour points above 36°C, use test jar immediately in the jacket and repeat a test for flow at
a higher range thermometer such as IP 63C or ASTM 61C. the next temperature, 3°C lower. Typically, the complete
Adjust the position of the cork and thermometer so the cork fits operation of removal, wiping, and replacement shall require
tightly, the thermometer and the jar are coaxial, and the not more than 3 s.
thermometer bulb is immersed so the beginning of the capillary 8.6.1 If the specimen has not ceased to flow when its
is 3 mm below the surface of the specimen. temperature has reached 27°C, transfer the test jar to a jacket in
a cooling bath maintained at 0 6 1.5°C. As the specimen
continues to get colder, transfer the test jar to a jacket in the
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may next lower temperature cooling bath in accordance with Table
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02–1377. 1.

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 D 97 – 08
8.6.2 If the specimen in the jar does not show movement [Link] Reproducibility—The difference between two
when tilted, hold the jar in a horizontal position for 5 s, as single and independent test results, obtained by different
noted by an accurate timing device, and observe the specimen operators working in different laboratories on identical test
carefully. If the specimen shows any signs of movement before material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
5 s has passed, replace the test jar immediately in the jacket and operation of this test method, exceed 9°C only in one case in
repeat a test for flow at the next temperature, 3°C lower. twenty. Differences greater than this should be considered
8.7 Continue in this manner until a point is reached at which suspect.
the specimen shows no movement when the test jar is held in [Link] The precision statements7 were derived from a
a horizontal position for 5 s. Record the observed reading of 1998 interlaboratory test program using Practice D 6300.
the test thermometer. Participants analyzed five sets of duplicate base oils, three sets
8.8 For black specimen, cylinder stock, and nondistillate of duplicate multigrade lubricating oils, and one set each of
fuel specimen, the result obtained by the procedure described duplicate hydraulic oils and automatic transmission fluid in the
in 8.1 through 8.7 is the upper (maximum) pour point. If temperature range of -51 to -11°C. Seven laboratories partici-
required, determine the lower (minimum) pour point by heat- pated with the manual Test Method D 97. Information on the
ing the sample while stirring, to 105°C, pouring it into the jar, type of samples and their average pour points are in Research
and determining the pour point as described in 8.4 through 8.7. Report RR:D02–1499.7
8.9 Some specifications allow for a pass/fail test or have
NOTE 2—The precision statements are the derived values rounded up to
pour point limits at temperatures not divisible by 3°C. In these the next testing interval value. The actual derived precision values appear
cases, it is acceptable practice to conduct the pour point in Table X2.1.
measurement according to the following schedule: Begin to
10.1.2 Middle Distillate and Residual Fuel8:
examine the appearance of the specimen when the temperature
[Link] Repeatability—The difference between successive
of the specimen is 9°C above the specification pour point.
test results obtained by the same operator using the same
Continue observations at 3°C intervals as described in 8.6 and
apparatus under constant operation conditions on identical test
8.7 until the specification temperature is reached. Report the
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
sample as passing or failing the specification limit.
operation of this test method, exceed 3°C only in one case in
9. Calculation and Report twenty. Differences greater than this should be considered
suspect.
9.1 Add 3°C to the temperature recorded in 8.7 and report
[Link] Reproducibility—The difference between two
the result as the Pour Point, ASTM D 97. For black oil, and so
single and independent test results, obtained by different
forth, add 3°C to the temperature recorded in 8.7 and report the
operators working in different laboratories on identical test
result as Upper Pour Point, ASTM D 97, or Lower Pour Point,
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
ASTM D 97, as required.
operation of this test method, exceed 9°C only in one case in
10. Precision and Bias twenty. Differences greater than this should be considered
suspect.
10.1 Precision—The precision of this test method as deter-
[Link] The precision statements8 were prepared with data
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test
on sixteen middle distillate and residual fuels tested by twelve
results is as follows:
cooperators. The fuels had pour points ranging from −33 to
10.1.1 Lubricating Oil7:
+51°C.
[Link] Repeatability—The difference between successive
test results, obtained by the same operator using the same NOTE 3—The precision statements are the derived values rounded up to
apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test the next testing interval value. The actual derived precision values can be
material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct seen in Table X2.1.
NOTE 4—The precisions in 10.1.2 are not known to have been derived
operation of this test method, exceed 6°C only in one case in
using Practice D 6300.
twenty. Differences greater than this should be considered
suspect. 10.2 Bias—There being no criteria for measuring bias in
these test-product combinations, no statement of bias can be
made.
7
Supporting data (the results of the 1998 interlaboratory cooperative test
program) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained
8
by requesting Research Report RR: D02–1499. Based on the results of the 1983 interlaboratory cooperative test program.

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 D 97 – 08
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. TEST FOR FLUIDITY OF A RESIDUAL FUEL OIL AT A SPECIFIED TEMPERATURE

X1.1 General as-received condition. The conditions of this method simulate

X1.1.1 The low-temperature flow properties of a waxy fuel those of a pumping situation where the oil is expected to flow
oil depend on handling and storage conditions. Thus, they may through a 12-mm pipe under slight pressure at a specified
not be truly indicated by pour point. The pour point test does temperature. Fluidity, like Test Method D 97, is used to define
not indicate what happens when an oil has a considerable head cold flow properties. It differs from D 97, however, in that (1)
of pressure behind it, such as when gravitating from a storage it is restricted to residual fuel oil and (2) a prescribed pressure
tank or being pumped along a pipeline. Failure to flow at the is applied to the sample. The latter represents an attempt to
pour point is normally attributed to the separation of wax from overcome the technical limitations of the Pour Point Method
the fuel; however, it can also be due to the effect of viscosity where gravity-induced flow is the criterion. Test Method
in the case of very viscous fuel oils. In addition pour points of D 3245, represents another method for predicting field perfor-
residual fuels are influenced by the previous thermal history of mance in cold flow conditions. Test Method D 3245, however,
the specimens. A loosely knit wax structure built up on cooling does have limitations and may not be suitable for use with very
of the oil can be normally broken by the application of waxy fuel oils which solidify so rapidly in the chilling bath that
relatively little pressure. a reading cannot be obtained under the conditions of the test. It
X1.1.2 The usefulness of the pour point test in relation to is also a time-consuming test and therefore not suitable for
residual fuel oils is open to question, and the tendency to routine control testing.
regard the pour point as the limiting temperature at which a
X1.6 Apparatus
fuel will flow can be misleading. The problem of accurately
specifying the handling behavior of fuel oil is important, and X1.6.1 Glass U-Tubes, 150 mm high, having a uniform
because of the technical limitations of the pour point test, internal diameter of 12.5 6 1 mm and a radius of curvature,
various pumpability tests have been devised to assess the measured to the outside curve of the tube of 35 mm (Fig.
low-temperature flow characteristics of heavy residual fuel X1.1).
oils. Test Method D 3245 is one such method. However, most X1.6.2 Thermometers—Thermometers having a range from
alternative methods tend to be time-consuming and as such do −38 to +50°C and conforming to the requirements of Ther-
not find ready acceptance as routine control tests for determin- mometer 5C as prescribed in Specification E 1, shall be used
ing low-temperature flow properties. One method which is for insertion in the glass U-tubes and for measuring the
relatively quick and easy to perform and has found limited temperatures of the baths.
acceptance as a “go-no-go” method is based on the appendix X1.6.3 Fluidity Temperature Test Bath,9
method to the former Test Method D 1659–65. The method is consists of a reservoir, a stirrer, and a motor and pump to
described as follows. circulate coolant through the coils of the tubing placed in the
bottom of the test bath and passing through the cold bath. The
X1.2 Scope flow of coolant through these coils can be controlled by a
X1.2.1 This method covers the determination of the fluidity thermostat and a solenoid valve. It is possible that, where
of a residual fuel oil at a specified temperature in an as- justified by the quantity of work, more than one such bath
received condition. could be utilized to permit concurrent testing at more than one
temperature (Fig. X1.2).
X1.3 Definition X1.6.4 Mercury Manometer calibrated in 10-mm divisions
X1.3.1 fluidity temperature—the sample when tested in an with a distinguishing mark at 152 mm (equivalent to 20.3 kPa).
as-received condition is considered “fluid at the temperature of X1.6.5 Automatic Vacuum Controller10 (as shown in Fig.
the test” if it will flow 2 mm in 1 min in a 12.5 mm U-tube X1.3 and Fig. X1.4)—A device that gradually increased the
under a maximum pressure of 152 mm of mercury. vacuum applied to one end of the U-tube at the specified rate
of 10 mm/4S.
X1.4 Summary of Test Method
X1.7 Preparation of Apparatus
X1.4.1 A sample of fuel in its as-received condition is
X1.7.1 Adjust the automatic vacuum controller as follows:
cooled at the specified temperature for 30 min in the standard
close the stopcock on the tube connecting the automatic
U-tube and is tested for movement under prescribed pressure
vacuum controller to the fluidity tester. A pinchcock on the
conditions.
rubber tube will serve as well as a stopcock. Wind the thread
X1.5 Significance and Use
X1.5.1 This method may be used as a “go-no-go” procedure 9
A kinematic viscosity bath is usually satisfactory.
for operational situations where it is necessary to ascertain the 10
This apparatus may be shop fabricated. Details of special parts are indicated in
fluidity of a residual oil under prescribed conditions in an Figs. X1.3 and X1.4. Alternatively, the apparatus can be purchased.

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 D 97 – 08

NOTE—All dimensions are in millimetres

FIG. X1.1 Disposition of U-tube in Fluidity Temperature Test Bath

attached to the steel rod around the pulley on the synchronous system will be reduced gradually at a rate governed by the
motor until the end of the rod is about 15 mm above the zero descent of the steel rod.
level of the mercury in the control manometer. Turn on the
power switch. The thread will begin to unwind, lowering the X1.8 Procedure
steel rod. When the rod contacts the mercury, the relay will
open the solenoid valve in the vacuum line and air will be X1.8.1 Pour the sample as received into a thoroughly
pumped from the system at a rate limited by the needle valve. cleaned and dry standard fluidity U-tube, without contacting
Adjust this needle valve until the descending mercury in the the upper walls of the tube, until the vertical height of the
control manometer just leads the rod, reducing the relay sample in the U-tube is 38 mm. Insert in one leg of each U-tube
operation to a minimum. When properly adjusted, the pulsa- an ASTM Thermometer 5C in a cork that has been grooved to
tions caused by the opening and closing of the solenoid valve permit the passage of air. The thermometer must be placed in
should not exceed 61 mm. In this manner the pressure in the

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 D 97 – 08

FIG. X1.2 Fluidity Temperature Apparatus

the center of the tube and its bulb immersed so that the vacuum controller, and the stopcock or pinch-clamp open.
beginning of the capillary is 3 mm below the surface of the Wind the thread on the pulley attached to the synchronous
specimen. motor. Turn the power switch to the ON position. Apply
X1.8.2 Fix the tube in the bath set at the specific tempera- suction automatically to the U-tube at the prescribed rate.
ture, immersed to a depth of approximately 75 mm. Control the Observe any movement of the specimen during a one-minute
bath and sample temperatures within 61°C and 60.5°C, interval which is the time required to apply 152-mm Hg
respectively, of the specified temperature of the test. vacuum to the specimen in the U-tube. Immediately disconnect
X1.8.3 Maintain the sample at the specified temperature for the U-tube from the automatic vacuum controller, turn off the
30 min 6 30 s, with the U-tube connected to the automatic power switch and rewind the thread. If the specimen has

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 D 97 – 08

1—26-mm diameter face pulley 11—Electric cord to outlet

2—Thread 12—Synchronous motor
3—Steel rod 13—Plywood of approximately 10-mm thickness
4—Switch-DPST 14—Millimetre scale
5—Tee, 90-mm long 15—4-L bottle
6—Needle valve 16—0.5-mm heat-resistant glass capillary
7—Rubber or plastic tubing 17—To vacuum line
8—6-mm heat-resistant glass tube 18—Rod holder
9—Solenoid valve
10—Electric relay
FIG. X1.3 Assembly Automatic Vacuum Controller Apparatus

moved 2 mm or more during the time (1 min) the suction was X1.9.1.2 If the sample does not fulfill the conditions of flow,
applied, the specimen is considered fluid at the temperature of as defined in X1.3.1, report fluidity: “Not fluid at (temperature
the test. of test)” or fluidity at (temperature of test): “Fail.”

X1.9 Report X1.10 Precision and Bias

X1.9.1 Report the fluidity of the sample at a specified X1.10.1 As in the case of pass-fail data, no statement is
temperature as follows: made about either the precision or the bias of this method for
X1.9.1.1 If the sample fulfills the conditions of flow, as measuring the fluidity of a residual fuel specimen since the
defined in X1.3.1, report fluidity: “Fluid at (temperature of result merely states whether there is conformance to the criteria
test)” or fluidity at (temperature of test): “Pass.” for success specified in the procedure.

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 D 97 – 08

FIG. X1.4 Detail of Automatic Vacuum Controller

X2. ACTUAL DERIVED PRECISION VALUES

X2.1 See Table X2.1.

TABLE X2.1 Actual Derived Precision Values

95 % Confidence 1998 Research Program 1983 Research Program
Lubricating Oil, °C Middle Distillate and
Residual Fuels, °C
Repeatability 5.3 2.5
Reproducibility 8.0 6.6

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 D 97 – 08
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Subcommittee D02.07.0D has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 97–07) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 1, 2008.)

(1) Revised 6.7.

Subcommittee D02.07.0D has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D 97–06) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2007.)

(1) Revised 6.7. (2) Revised 8.3.2.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

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