Problem 13.
208 [Difficulty: 4]
Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry
1 FU
RU
Find: Lift and Drag coefficients
FL
RL
Solution:
The given or available data is: R = 286.9 J/kg.K
k = 1.4
p1 = 95 kPa
M1 = 2
= 12 o
= 10 o
Equations and Computations:
Following the analysis of Example 13.14
the force component perpendicular to the major axis, per area, is
F V/sc = 1/2{(p FL + p RL) - (p FU + p RU)} (1)
and the force component parallel to the major axis, per area, is
F H/sc = 1/2tan(/2){(p FU + p FL) - (p RU + p RL)} (2)
using the notation of the figure above.
(s and c are the span and chord)
The lift force per area is
F L/sc = (F Vcos() - F Hsin())/sc (3)
The drag force per area is
F D/sc = (F Vsin() + F Hcos())/sc (4)
The lift coefficient is C L = F L/(1/2V 2A ) (5)
But it can be shown that
V 2 = pkM 2 (6)
Hence, combining Eqs. 3, 4, 5 and 6
C L = (F V/sc cos() - F H/sc sin())/(1/2pkM 2) (7)
Similarly, for the drag coefficient
C D = (F V/sc sin() + F H/sc cos())/(1/2pkM 2) (8)
For surface FL (oblique shock):
We need to find M 1n
The deflection angle is = + /2
= 17 o
From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49
(using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))
(13.49)
For = 17.0 o
= 48.2 o
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that = 17o)
From M 1 and M 1n = 1.49
From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d
(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))
(13.48d)
p2 = 230.6 kPa
p FL = p2
p FL = 230.6 kPa
To find M 2 we need M 2n. From M 1n, and Eq. 13.48a
(using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n = 0.704
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from
from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b
M 2n = M 2sin( - ) (13.47b)
Hence M2 = 1.36
For p 02 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
(13.7a)
p 02 = 693 kPa
For surface RL (isentropic expansion wave):
Treating as a new problem
Here: M 1 is the Mach number after the shock
and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave
p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock
and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave
M 1 = M 2 (shock)
M1 = 1.36
p 01 = p 02 (shock)
p 01 = 693 kPa
For isentropic flow p 0 = constant
p 02 = p 01
p 02 = 693 kPa
For the deflection =
= 10.0 o
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
1 = 7.8 o
Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 +
2 = 17.8 o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
For 2 = 17.8 o
M2 = 1.70
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 17.8o)
Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 = 141 kPa
p RL = p2
p RL = 141 kPa
For surface FU (isentropic expansion wave):
M1 = 2.0
For isentropic flow p 0 = constant
p 02 = p 01
For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
p 01 = 743
p 02 = 743 kPa
For the deflection = - /2
= 7.0 o
We use Eq. 13.55
and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
1 = 26.4 o
Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 +
2 = 33.4 o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))
For 2 = 33.4 o
M2 = 2.27
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 33.4o)
Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 = 62.8 kPa
p FU = p2
p FU = 62.8 kPa
For surface RU (isentropic expansion wave):
Treat as a new problem.
Flow is isentropic so we could analyse from region FU to RU
but instead analyse from region 1 to region RU.
M1 = 2.0
For isentropic flow p 0 = constant
p 02 = p 01
p 01 = 743 kPa
p 02 = 743 kPa
TOTAL deflection = + /2
= 17.0 o
We use Eq. 13.55
and
Deflection = 2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1) (3)
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
1 = 26.4 o
Applying Eq. 3 2 = 1 +
2 = 43.4 o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))
For 2 = 43.4 o
M2 = 2.69
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 43.4o)
Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 = 32.4 kPa
p RU = p2
p RU = 32.4 kPa
The four pressures are:
p FL = 230.6 kPa
p RL = 140.5 kPa
p FU = 62.8 kPa
p RU = 32.4 kPa
From Eq 1 F V/sc = 138 kPa
From Eq 2 F H/sc = 5.3 kPa
From Eq 7 CL = 0.503
From Eq 8 CD = 0.127