QUESTION ONE:ANSWERE.

Conflict in the water resources:

The water resource sector faces a lot of differences about the water use and this leads to a breakdown
of water many projects depending on the water. The most common conflict in Kenya which hinders
development are conflict between communities facing the water crisis. Since water is much important in
human life, communities tend to struggle for the scarce commodity leading to deaths hence
undevelopment. Conflict may arise also between countries over the shared water resource hence
leading to misunderstanding between them.

Confusion in the ownership of permits:

There is diference in terms and conditions about the water resources in the older water act and the
new water act, but those who have older permit still have several years for it to expire hence they still
have the authority not to acquire the new permit which has new and better rules and regulations
governing the water resources. This actually has greatly hindered the progress of fully implementing the
new 2002 water act into action hence slowing down the water dependant projects.

Poor waste water and pollution control:

In this case the NEMA established that waste and effluents were being discharged into the river bodies
of unrequired standards as per the requirements of the WRMA. In addition, there is non-point source
pollution from poor land-husdanry ,sanitation liquids and solids waste-disposal practices. Example is
river Sosiani in Eldoret town which was found to be containing sewage, nutrients, toxic metals, human
waste, solid waste dumps, industrial and agricultural chemicals as the main pollutants hence this make
s it not to support the aquatic life. This to affects the water usage by human being leading to low
development within the region.

Poor oversight of water rights:

In the past each water rights was considered individually rather than based on an overral allocation plan.
This has created a situation where there is very little information on abstraction on a catchment basis.
Currently three types of illegal abstraction behavior are observed;

i. Those that are authorized but have no permit and abstract in accordance with the quantities
specified in the authorization
ii. Those that have authorization or a permit but abstract without regard to the limits allowed
iii. Those with no application, authorization or permit

Limited Catchment Areas Advisory Committees (CAACs):

Whereas the Water Act, 2002 establishes a very elaborate and clear management structures involving
numerous institutions for water supply , the oversight ov water catchment areas is left to the catchment
areas advisory committees (CAACs) which has no direct authority over the WRMA regional managers
who oversee the allocation and the use of water. This actually leads to miscorditions between the
management teams since the regional WRMA are not allowed to take advice and views of the CAACs
to help in management.

A slower rate of communities integration in service provision:

The problem of uneducated communities about water is mostly common in rural areas where people
have big problem towards the water use and [Link] integration of this people actualy needs a
lot becose the are slower towards the same hence bringing lots of difficulties in the water sector.

QUESTION THREE:ANSWERE.

Water supply conflicts

i. People (usually women) with similar interests fighting over access to wells, jumping the queue
to
ii. spend less time sometimes making use of their ‘social position’ this can be reduced by dinging
many water supply or to provide the storage tanks.
iii. People leaving their tap in the house open (when supply is irregular) leaving people living at
higher elevations without water supply usually in urban centers . This leads to conflict between
the houses in that particular residence. solution many be to have indirect water supply to
make sure every one has his/her own water control taps.
iv. Community members not paying their water fees to the water management sector which leads
to conflict between them leading poor water supply.
v. Community members not able to afford connection fees to the water supply system that is
usually constructed with considerable government and donor subsidies. This leads great conflict
because the community feels that the water has passed over their lands hence they need a
pay back this actually can be avoided by making sure that the cost is subsidized for the benefit
of the community.
vi. Water sellers establishing monopolies to keep the price high to the consumers leading to
conflict between them especially to the poor people who can not afford the expensive
charges hence bringing difficulties in developments.
vii. Different user groups competing for (scarce) resources. This may be a conflict over access to
wells between communities and cattle owners, between different tribal groups or between
urban and rural areas. It may be visible but also remain ‘hidden’, for example when water tables
are drawn down for irrigation, leaving community wells dry.
viii. Water supply interests competing with other interests including water for food, water for
industry and water for nature. This may also include complex transboundary conflicts between
nations which may lead to war within the border.
ix. Short term interests (political or financial gains, meeting coverage targets etc.) conflicting with
long term interest of sustainability.
 x. Conflict between management sectors who actual have a problem in duties to handle between
themselves. This is brought about by some management misunderstanding where by no sector
is aware of its actual responsibilities within water management. This can be solved by having
clear laws and regulations about water resources management and clearly state who
should do water and how.

Sanitation and solid waste conflicts

 People practicing open field defecation or unsafe disposal of faeces maintaining the risk of

disease transmission for community members with a sanitation facility

 Unhygienic disposal of drainage and garbage causing problems for others and particularly for

down stream water users

 Informal waste collectors fighting over garbage, as waste is too valuable to waste

 Location of waste water treatment plants, sanitary landfills or facilities

QUESTION TWO:ANSWERE

Upgrading infrastructure in terms of data collections:

The responsibilities of WRMA is to conserve and apportion water resources

hence for accurate and updated data for use in issuance of abstractions permits
and for purpose of development planning, the dilapidated gauging stations ,
weirs, storage dams are needed to be rehabilitated and new once be properly
constructed.

Establishment of water users Associations:

By coming up with association it will help to reduce conflict in the water

resources and use hence giving more powers to WRMA to act on the water use
management to ensure that there is equitable allocation of water resources
and reduce conflict over the same and upgrading developments.

Control of deforestation for water resources:

Forests are important in protecting water catchment [Link] large areas of

forest are logged, ecosystem services such as water supply may be negatively
affected. Kenya has one of the most diverse forests in East Africa but these forests
are threatened because they are heavily used as a source of fuel or converted to
agricultural land. Logging for fuel is one of the main reasons forests are
threatened. In this case laws should be properly innacted to control the
catchment areas to ensure constant supply of water to avoid drought within the
country .
 The national water resources management strategy shall prescribe the principles,
objectives, use, development, control of water resources usage in appropriate
manner.

Water resources should be managed at the lowest appropriate level. Participation

by all stakeholders leads to better water management. Because of women’s
traditional roles in water resources management, they have knowledge which
should be included in planning and practice. The lowest level is most important to
ensure that decisions are supported by those who implement water projects on the
ground. These are often women. Female-headed households tend to have less
bargaining power in communities than male-headed households. A specific effort to
include them is needed.

Better water rights management:

This can be done by enacting and implementing the River Basin Authorities to
manage Kenya’s water resources. These authorities can then provide much support
to the WRMA towards water use management. Updating abstraction data to indentify
who is abstracting and the amount abstracted as well as enforcing conditions of permits
including borehole master meters, storage, conservation measures in the catchment and
riparian environment and functionality the off-take structures will also assist right
management ,by the of providing information to the resources management team hence
minimizing the abuse and over-abstractions.

Funding under developed parts of country interms of water resources:

The Water Services Trust Fund (WSTF) is mandated to help finance the provision
of water in areas without a dequate water [Link] WSTF is supposed to
mobilize funds from the government, Exchaquer or donors. The fund helps
collected is used for the provision of water resources like boreholes in the
marginalized and poor areas which has water problem hence increasing the
water access to all.

Develop a financing system that supports WRM activities that are multi-sectoral by
nature. Multi-sectoral activities include hydro electric dams for electricity, irrigation and
conservation in catchment area. This should include licensing for raw water use and
charging appropriate levies at the economic values of water,conservation measures and
reduction of pollution levels. New rules, regulations and fees developed by WRMA need
to be gazette and operational zed.

Enforce pollution control: The implementation of Environmental Management and

Coordination Act needs to be harmonized with Water Act 2002 in areas of conflict. Actually,
 appointment of a manager to oversee a water pollution control mechanism is critical, and
pollution control measures should include culture change.

QUESTION 4 :ANSWERE
i. To adjust the water tariffs:
The tariffs is about the sustainability of the systems and performance of the providers
of the services to the consumers .The WRSB should be responsible by ensuring that
consumers are cushioned from inefficiencies by service providers. The guideline should
be complete with service standards and tariff setting g uidelines.
ii. Usage of the natural water pumping techniques like gvavity:
The applications of this pumping by gravity will reduce the operational costs
since no use of the costy machines for the same hence the water use becomes
cheaper for the the consumers.
iii. Update the National Water Master Plans:
The current sector information providers which was developed during the
implementation of the policy and water act [Link] new implementation
shpuld take into account the review of the 1998JICA after care study and the
sector trends changing in demands ,water use and availability hence more need
for the immediate update of the water master plan.
iv. Expansion and rationalization of the existing system:
This can be appropriately be done through merging together the small
uneconomical systems with others to enhance the economies of scale in
operations .this can be followed by installation of the appropriate technology
options for efficient service delivery.
v. To make the recommendation on strengthening of the legislation, organization
and institution of the project implementation and improvement of the
management ,operation and maintainace of the projects.
vi. To review developments plans of the water supply and sewerage proposed in
the National Water Master Plan according to the water act 2002 and establish a
new implementation program.