Memory
Information Processing Model
Memory
A framework used by cognitive
psychologists to explain and describe
mental processes. The model likens the
thinking process to how a computer works
Memory
Sensory Memory
Memory
The shortest-term element of memory. It is
the ability to retain impressions of sensory
information after the original stimuli have
ended. Lasts 3-4 seconds
Memory
Iconic Memory
Memory
Visual aspect of sensory memory
Memory
Echoic Memory
Memory
Auditory aspect of sensory memory
Memory
Working Memory
Memory
Short term memory that is stored while it is
held in attention
Memory
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
Memory
A component of working memory
responsible for handling visual and spatial
information
Memory
Phonological Loop
Memory
A component of working memory that is
responsible for handling auditory and verbal
information, including language and music
Memory
Central Executive
Memory
Functions as a supervisory system that
controls information flow from and to its
hypothesized subordinate or "slave"
systems that are known as the phonological
loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the
episodic buffer
Memory
Episodic Buffer
Memory
Acts as a 'backup' store which
communicates with both long term memory
and the components of working memory
Memory
Dual Coding Hypothesis
Memory
States that it is easier to remember words
associated with images rather than either
alone
Memory
Operation Span
Memory
The maximum number of words than can be
recalled following a simple mathematical
verification and the reading of word
Memory
Explicit Memory
Memory
Consists of memories that require conscious
recall
Memory
Semantic Memory
Memory
General world knowledge that we have
accumulated throughout our lives
Memory
Episodic Memory
Memory
Memory of autobiographical events
Memory
Implicit Memory
Memory
Memory that does not require conscious
recall
Memory
Procedural Memory
Memory
Aids the performance of particular types of
tasks without conscious awareness of these
previous experiences
Memory
Priming
Memory
The implicit memory effect in which
exposure to a stimulus influences response
to a later stimulus
Memory
Negative Priming
Memory
Prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably
influences the response to the same
stimulus
Memory
Positive Priming
Memory
Prior exposure to a stimulus favorably
influences the response to the same
stimulus
Memory
Autobiographical Memory
Memory
A memory system consisting of episodes
recollected from an individual's life, based
on a combination of episodic and semantic
memory
Memory
Encoding
Memory
The process of receiving information and
preparing it for storage
Memory
Effortful Encoding
Memory
Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort
Memory
Automatic Encoding
Memory
Encoding that does not require attention and
conscious effort
Memory
Rote Rehearsal
Memory
Saying something to oneself over and over
again
Memory
Chunking
Memory
A process by which individual pieces of
information are bound together into a
meaningful whole
Memory
Mnemonic Devices
Memory
A technique that aids in memory recall
Memory
Pegword System
Memory
Associates numbers with items that rhyme
with or resemble the number
Memory
Method of loci
Memory
Associates each item in a list with a location
along a route through a building that has
already been memorized
Memory
Self-Reference Effect
Memory
The tendency for individuals to best recall
information that they can relate to their own
experiences
Memory
Spacing Eeffect
Memory
The phenomenon of retaining larger
amounts of information when the amount of
time between sessions of relearning is
increases
Memory
Retrieval
Memory
The process of demonstrating that
information has been retained in memory;
includes recall, recognition, and relearning
Memory
Context Effect
Memory
A retrieval cue by which memory is aided
when a person is in the location where
encoding took place
Memory
State-Dependent Mmemory
Memory
A retrieval cue by which memory is aided
when a person is in the same state of
emotion or intoxication as when the
encoding took place
Memory
Free Recall
Memory
The retrieval of memory without the help of
cues
Memory
Cued Recall
Memory
The retrieval of memory with the help of
cues
Memory
Serial-Position Effect
Memory
The tendency to better remember items
presented at the beginning or end of a list
Memory
Primacy Effect
Memory
Results in a subject recalling primary
information presented better than
information presented later on
Memory
Recency Effect
Memory
Results in a subject recalling information
presented later on better than primary
information
Memory
Source Monitoring Error
Memory
A memory error by which a person
remembers the details of an event but
confuses the context by which the details
were gained
Memory
Source Amnesia
Memory
The inability to remember where, when or
how previously learned information has
been acquired, while retaining the factual
knowledge
Memory
Flashbulb Memories
Memory
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid
'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances
in which a piece of surprising and
consequential (or emotionally arousing)
news was heard
Memory
Long-Term Potentiation
Memory
The strengthening of neural connections due
to rehearsal or relearning
Memory
Decay
Memory
The fading of memory due to the passing of
time
Memory
Retroactive Interference
Memory
Difficulty recalling old information because of
newly learned information
Memory
Proactive Interference
Memory
Difficulty recalling new information because
of already existing information
Memory
Retrograde Amnesia
Memory
The loss of previously formed memories
Memory
Anterograde Amnesia
Memory
The inability to form new memories
Memory
Semantic Networks
Memory
Organization of information in the brain by
linking concepts with similar characteristics
and meaning
Memory
Spreading Activation
Memory
The unconscious activation of closely linked
nodes of a semantic network