Cognition
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Cognition
Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage,
Concrete operational, Formal operational
Cognition
Sensorimotor Stage Development
Cognition
Object permanence, Primary circular reactions,
and Secondary circular reactions
Cognition
Sensorimotor Stage Age
Cognition
Ages 0 to 2
Cognition
Object Permanence
Cognition
The understanding that objects continue to exist
even when out of view
Cognition
Primary Circular Reactions
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Repeated movements where the child interacts
with themselves
Cognition
Secondary Circular Reactions
Cognition
Repeated movements where the child interacts
with their environment
Cognition
Preoperational Stage Development
Cognition
Pretend Play, Egocentrism, Centration, Concrete
Operational Development
Cognition
Preoperational Stage Age
Cognition
Ages 2 to 7
Cognition
Pretend Play
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The ability to pretend, play make-believe, and have
an imagination
Cognition
Egocentrism
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The inability to imagine what another person may
think or feel
Cognition
Centration
Cognition
The tendency to focus on only one aspect of
phenomenon, or inability to understand the
concept of conservation
Cognition
Concrete Operational Development
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Conservation
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Concrete Operational Stage Age
Cognition
Ages 7 to 11
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Conservation
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The ability to tell that changing the form of a
substance or object does not change its amount,
overall volume, or mass
Cognition
Formal Operational Stage Age
Cognition
Ages 11+
Cognition
Schema
Cognition
Includes concepts, behaviors, or sequences of
events
Cognition
Adaptation
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The processing of information according to Piaget
Cognition
Assimilation
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The process of classifying new information into
existing schemata
Cognition
Accommodation
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The process by which existing schemata are
modified to encompass newinformation
Cognition
Trial and Error
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Various solutions are tried until one is found that
seems to work
Cognition
Algorithm
Cognition
A formula or procedure for solving a certain type of
problem
Cognition
Heuristics
Cognition
Simplified principles used to make decisions
Cognition
Means-End Analysis
Cognition
The problem solver begins by envisioning the end,
or ultimate goal, and then determines the best
strategy for attaining the goal in his current
situation
Cognition
Working Backwards
Cognition
A method of problem solving in which an individual
imagines they have already solved the problem
they are trying to solve. By imagining the problem
is solved they can then work backwards in their
mind and eventually visualize a solution to the
problem
Cognition
Availability Heuristic
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Decisions are based on how easily similar
instances can be imagined
Cognition
Representativeness Heuristic
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Categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit
the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative
image of the category
Cognition
Base Rate Fallacy
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Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while
ignoring actual numerical information
Cognition
Conjunction Fallacy
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Occurs when it is assumed that specific conditions
are more probable than a single general one
Cognition
Intuition
Cognition
The ability to acquire knowledge without proof,
evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without
understanding how the knowledge was acquired
Cognition
Inductive Reasoning
Cognition
Seeks to create a theory via generalization
Cognition
Overconfidence Bias
Cognition
The tendency to erroneously interpret one’s
decisions, knowledge, and beliefs as infallible
Cognition
Belief Perseverance
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The inability to reject a particular belief despite
clear evidence to the contrary
Cognition
Confirmation Bias
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The tendency to focus on information that fits an
individual’s beliefs, while rejecting information that
goes against them
Cognition
Functional Fixedness
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Limits a person to using an object only in the way it
is traditionally used
Cognition
Type I Error
Cognition
The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (a
"false positive")
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Type II Error
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Incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis (a
"false negative")
Cognition
Framing Effects
Cognition
People react to a particular choice in different ways
depending on how it is presented
Cognition
Fluid Intelligence
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In novel situations, the ability to recognize and
reason relationships between objects or ideas
independent of previous experience; Helps one
see patterns, organize and identify feature and
spatial relationships to solve complex problems
Cognition
Crystallized Intelligence
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The ability to retrieve and acquire knowledge;
Based on fact, experience, prior learning and
accumulates as one ages
Cognition
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Cognition
Differentiates intelligence into specific 'modalities',
rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a
single general ability. Gardner proposed eight
abilities that he held to meet these criteria,
musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic,
logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic,
interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
Cognition
Spearman’s Theory of General Intelligence
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Refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity
that influences performance on cognitive ability
measures; Also known as “G factor”
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Galton’s Theory of Hereditary Genius
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The belief that intelligence is genetic
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Binet’s Theory of Mental Age
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Refers to the child’s current ability compared to
other children of different ages
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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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A conflict in which one has to choose between two
equally unattractive options
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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A conflict in which one must choose between two
equally attractive options
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Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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A conflict in which there are both appealing and
negative aspects to the decision to be made