Prepared by:
M. Vijaya Kumari, Associate Professor, BMSSA
MODULE 5
PLANNING PROCESSES AND TOOLS: URBAN REDEVELOPMENT, RENEWAL, REHABILITATION,
CONSERVATION;
SCALES OF PLANNING: MASTERPLAN/COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN, AREA PLAN,
REGIONAL PLAN, PERSPECTIVE PLAN,
URDPFI GUIDELINES
STEPS OF URBAN PLANNING.
PLANNING PROCESSES AND TOOLS:
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT
RENEWAL
REHABILITATION
CONSERVATION
APPROACHES
SLUM CLEARANCE : Demolition of dilapidated dwellings located in a slum (an area of sub-standard,
overcrowded housing occupied by the poor immigrants)
REDEVELOPMENT : The demolition of an existing building and its replacement by a new building
REHABILITATION : The repair and improvement of existing structurally sound property
HOUSING IMPROVEMENT: Improvements of dwellings by provision of essential basic amenities
CONSERVATION : To retain intact or unchanged. Also meant as ‘Preservation’
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS : Main emphasis is to improve environmental conditions
ECONOMIC RENEWAL : Improvement of economic conditions of dwellers
What is an urban renewal & redevelopment plan?
An urban renewal & redevelopment plan describes –
The focus area, its needs, history, problems and their causes
The strategy for change
Goals and objectives
Planned uses and activities in the area by the public and private sectors
expected outcomes and
a financial and funding plan.
An urban renewal & redevelopment plan must have community support and be developed with community
consultation.
In short, the urban renewal & redevelopment plan states the vision for the area and the road map to implement the
vision.
Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in cities, often where there is urban decay.
Modern attempts at renewal began in the late 19th century in developed nations, and experienced
an intense phase in the late 1940s under the rubric of reconstruction.
The process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes, and has played an important role in
the history and demographics of cities around the world.
Melbourne Docklands urban renewal project, a transformation of a large disused docks area into a new
residential and commercial precinct for 25,000 people.
A continuous process of remodelling older parts of urban areas, including their central business areas by
means of rehabilitation and conservation as well as redevelopment.
The displacement of an existing low-income population, creating space for more profitable office,
commercial and luxury residential development or the provision of transport facilities.
Rehabilitation : the action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition
IMPORTANCE OF URBAN RENEWAL
Urban Renewal is of growing importance because of:
Urban areas are becoming larger and older, so more and more renewal of urban fabric has to take
place.
Constant expansion of urban areas into agricultural hinterland, while large quantities of urban land
and buildings are abandoned and left dilapidated.
ROOTS OF URBAN RENEWAL
Term ‘Urban Renewal’ is American in Origin
It emerged in the late 1940s (post-war) as an attempt to revitalize central cities.
Site clearance program remained in practice until 1960s.
Other emerging approaches came into practice afterwards.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Indicators for residential parts of inner cities are:
inadequate housing,
environmental degradation,
presence of non-conforming uses.
Indicators for central business district are:
traffic problems,
Congestion and dilapidated buildings.
URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS
Following Projects fall under Urban Renewal:
Redevelopment projects
Economic development strategies
Housing loans and other financial tools
Streetscape improvements
Transportation enhancement
Historic preservation projects
Parks and open spaces
INDIAN CONTEXT
Indian cities have a history that dates back to centuries
In the last century cities faced a major unprecedented force of
urbanization which ripped them
They have grown exponentially.
Their administration has not been able cope up with rapid
urbanization.
The age old infrastructure is weakened and decayed leading to
degeneration of the core areas in the city.
Cities which have survived centuries are now at critical stage.
Concept of Urban Renewal – To provide life to the dying city.
JNNURM
In India the need to infuse vibrancy and rejuvenate cites was
recognized in 2005 and the Central Government launched the
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
Launched to encourage cities to initiate steps for bringing phased
improvements in their civic service levels
Initiative to redevelop towns and cities by developing infrastructure,
carrying out municipal reforms and providing aid to the state
governments and the urban local bodies (ULBs)
EXISTING PROVISIONS AIMED AT URBAN RENEWAL
The Maharashtra Regional & Town Planning (M.R.&.T.P.) Act, 1966 has
provisions to take up urban renewal / redevelopment in an area of the city
under the
Comprehensive Area Development Scheme
Town Planning Schemes
Other area specific tools
Slum Redevelopment & Rehabilitation (SRA) Act,
Special provisions for cluster development.
CITY WITH WEALTH OF HERITAGE.
The city founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah in 1411 AD, lies on the banks of the Sabarmati river
The city is having a wealth of heritage resources like Jama Masjid, Bhadra Fort, Teen Darwaja, Rani and
Raza no Haziro (Tombs), Tomb of Sidi Sayed.
There are nearly 600 pols in the walled city
WHY INITIATIVE FOR URBAN CONSERVATION OF WALLED CITY???
The historic fortification was pulled down to facilitate access and people started migrating to newer areas of
the city seeking modern settings and facilities, resulting in neglect of the Pol houses.
Deterioration and degeneration of the heritage resources were further induced by changes in the land use
resulting in the breakdown of the traditional social fabric, pressure on infrastructure caused by subdivision of
houses, etc.
Concerned with the rapid decline of its heritage resources, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) with
the help of Ford Foundation took initiative.
New Delhi first undertook a study in 1984 to initiate policies for the conservation and preservation efforts in
the walled city
Ahmadabad was one among three cities (Jaipur and Hyderabad are other two cities) in the country at that
time to be chosen for such an exclusive study and grant from the Ford Foundation .
1996, AMC invited the Conservation and Research of Urban Traditional Architecture (CRUTA) Foundation.
AMC became the first local government body in India to devise the Heritage Programme and prepare a
comprehensive plan for the conservation and revitalization of the walled city.
WALLED CITY PLAN WHAT IS THE CONSERVATION PLAN?
Modification in the old heritage regulations.
To reduce the density allowed for new constructions
in old areas.
Make larger areas available for pedestrians.
Restoration of the Pol houses, chabutaras and the city
walls and gates.
Heritage Centre was planned for providing technical
assistance and guidance to heritage property owners.
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Generating awareness
Heritage walk
Freedom march
Celebration of Pol- day
Auto rickshaw guides
A freedom walk is held linking together eight houses which have association with eminent leaders of
Indian independence including Mahatma Gandhi.
The auto-rickshaw drivers were trained and supported with maps and photographs.
The Pol signage was one of the successful initiatives that were posted at every Pol gates.
Traditional street theatre (Bhavai) performed in the Pols were great attractions and effective in
awareness generations.
Training of administrators, City heritage award, revival of the traditional local governance 'Part& were
among the many initiatives.
RESULTS AND IMPACTS
Revitalization of the Walled city of Ahmedabad (an AMC-France Collaborative project)
Setting up of the City Museum
Repair and restoration of the Heritage houses
Restoration of Chabutaras (bird feeders)
Restoration of Dwarkadheesh temple and Hadkeshwar Temple
Revival of the 'tankas'
Design of a special fire fighter
Restoration and Development of the Manek Burj
Restoration and Development of the Dutch Tomb Complex at Kankaria
Repair and restoration of several earthquake damaged Municipal School Buildings
CONCLUSION:
Ahmedabad has demonstrated
how the local government can
successfully establish an
effective institutional
framework for addressing the
physical socio-economic,
cultural and environmental
problems of the inner city.
The Ahmedabad Initiative has
become a national model for
revival of the inner cities across
India.
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK ON THE BASIS OF
Hierarchy
Spatial extent
Scale of planning
Details
Details provided in the plan
Function and their specialty
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
CORE AREA PLANNING
1. PERSPECTIVE PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To develop vision and provide a policy framework for urban & regional
development and further detailing
Time Frame: 20-30 years
Various Plans: Long Term Perspective Vision document/Concept plan/ Mission statement
2. REGIONAL PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To identify the region and regional resources for development within
which settlement (urban and rural)
Time Frame: 20 years
Various Plans: Regional Plan/Sub-regional plan
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
CORE AREA PLANNING
3. DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To prepare a comprehensive Development Plan for urban areas, Peri-urban
areas under control of Development authority/ Metropolitan Planning Committee.
Time Frame: 20-30 years (Review every 5 years)
Various Plans: District Development Plan/ City/ Metropolitan Development Plan/ Master Plan City Utility (30
years)/ Revised Development Plan
4. LOCAL AREA PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To detail the sub-city landuse plan and integration with urban
infrastructure, mobility and services.
Time Frame: 5-20 year (Review every 5 yrs)
Various Plans: Town planning scheme/ zonal and sub-city plan/ ward committee plan/ coastal zone
management plan/ urban redevelopment plan
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
SPECIFIC AND INVESTMENT PLANNING
1. SPECIAL PURPOSE PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To identify the needs of the special areas which require special plan within
the framework of the development plan.
Time Frame: 5-20 year (within city utilities 30 year plan)
Various Plans: City Development Plan, Comprehensive Mobility Plan, City Sanitation Plan (as per JnNURM)/
Disaster Management Plan (as per NDMA)/ Slum Redevelopment Plan (as per RAY), Tourism Master Plan,
Environmental Conservation Plan/ Heritage Conservation Plan
2. ANNUAL PLAN
Scope and purpose of the plan: To translate Development Plan in the context of annual physical & fiscal
resource requirement. To monitor plan implementation with performance milestones.
Time Frame: 1 year
Various Plans: Investment plan/ Audit and monitoring plan
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
SPECIFIC AND INVESTMENT PLANNING
3. PROJECT/ RESEARCH
Scope and purpose of the plan: To focus on project related investments, costing and returns & for the
studies required prior to or post plan formulation. This should be a continuous process to support planning
and implementation at all stages and promotes innovation in practice.
Time Frame: 5-20 year
Various Plans: Pre-feasibility & feasibility study, Detailed Project Report, Schemes & Sub-projects/ Surveys
& Studies/ Project such as: Riverfront development projects
PERSPECTIVE PLAN
Developing a vision for region is essential for policy framework.
vision - growth and identification of resource potential and innovative developments.
It integrates broad level plan with the regional or development plan.
Focuses on the spatio-economic development policies, strategies and programmes towards the intended
development of the State.
Include - State Urbanisation Policy and State Land Utilisation Policy.
The plan is based on state resource mapping and analysis and assessment of potential resources.
It addresses the long term policies regarding development of infrastructure and resource mobilisation.
The scope of this plan covers the social, economic, environmental and spatial development goals, policies and
priorities relating to the activities that have spatial and financial implications.
provide an overall framework for preparation of detailed plans.
Therefore it serves as a guide for urban local authorities and regional development authorities in preparation of
the regional and development plans.
REGIONAL PLAN
The planning regions could be classified under three heads:
(A) ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS, which can be District Regions or Metropolitan Regions as per the
recommendations of the 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Act,
(B) INVESTMENT REGIONS, which can be new investment manufacturing zones, industrial and freight
corridors, special investment regions etc. They could be identified under National Acts/ policies,
(C) SPECIAL REGIONS, which are sensitive in terms of environment/ socio economic or political aspects.
States undertake Urban and Regional Planning
Town and Country Planning Act,
Municipal Laws,
Urban/Metropolitan Planning/Development Act,
Improvement Trust Act,
Industrial Development Act,
Cantonment Board Act,
Major Ports Act/ Railways
exclude the lands covered under these Acts
REGIONAL PLAN
A town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) should become the node for notification of a REGIONAL PLANNING
AUTHORITY (RPA), wherein the region would be defined to include the town, the nearby SEZ and the adjoining villages.
A Port Area and it adjoining city and villages should put together be notified as a Region, with a RPA duly notified to
prepare a regional plan and coordinate/ oversee the implementation of the regional plan.
Such RPA may be chaired by a senior officer, such as the District Collector or could even have a fulltime officer.
RPAs may be notified for tourist areas, religious places and the influence zones of the transit corridors such as national/
state highways, expressways, waterways and surrounding the airports.
Regional plan is to be a comprehensive plan at an appropriate scale (district/inter district, investment region or special
area) for the integration of urban nodes with the semi-urban and rural areas
Some states have comprehensive town and country planning legislation, which provides for urban planning and
development in a regional perspective beyond the city limits and coordinated with the overall framework of economic
development, priorities and resource availabilities.
REGIONAL PLAN
DETAILED PLANNING OF THE URBAN NODES WILL ADDRESS
Policies for development
Harmony between the different types of human settlements
Focuses on balanced development
Plan for hierarchy of settlements (urban/rural)
Hierarchy of connectivity network (road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs)
Focuses on land utilization
Resource mobilization
Environmental protection and
Disaster risk management.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Development plan is a statutory plan prepared within the framework of an approved perspective plan.
Objective:
To provide further necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for
various policies given in the perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the economic and social needs
and aspiration of the people, available resources and priorities.
Proposals of a development plan – supported by an implementation strategy and evaluation criteria. It makes
known publicly the intention of the local authority regarding physical, social and economic development, the
facilities and the services that are proposed to be provided in the near future.
The approved development plan allows the local authority to implement development of the land area specified
under the plan with the help of local area plans and projects.
The time frame - 20 years
For greenfield cities, a longer planning period can be considered, aligned with the infrastructure life of 30 years.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN – MATSER PLANs
The term “Development Plan” is used differently in States. Some States use it for an integrated multi-sector
plan, such as the District Development Plan.
In some other States, it is a statutory land use plan, approved and adopted by the local authority
The examples of the later type are the
Delhi Master Plan,
Chennai Master Plan,
Guwahati Master Plan,
Ahmedabad Development Plan,
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Plan and
Bhopal Development Plan.
Here, both the plans, Development plans and Master plans have the same functions and impose similar
controls, with variation in the use of nomenclatures by States.
Many states prefer and there is a growing consensus to replace the terminology of ‘Master Plan’ with
‘Development Plan’.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN – MATSER PLANs
In areas under the Schedule 6 of the Constitution, land is not directly State subject such as in the
North-Eastern (NE) States, where land title is based on community ownership.
The approach to land aspects of the Development Plan may be different in such cases. Therefore, a
Structure Plan approach to land management may be appropriate in order to allocate land for different
land uses in urban infrastructure etc.
In such cases or otherwise, Structure Plan is to serve as a planning tool which directs the growth and
zones of planning, but is not as precise as the development plan (such as the Structure Plan for Bangalore
Metropolitan Region).
Structure Plans may be considered as an overarching Development plan for Metropolitan Regions,
allowing broad framework and flexibility.
LOCAL AREA PLAN
Local Area Plan : micro-planning which could encourage decentralisation and improve implementation of DPs.
In view of the 73rd and 74th CAA, planning decision and implementation of plans should be disaggregated in
order to bring the process closer to the local people.
This would enhance the significance of Local Area Plans.
Local area plans are to be prepared to guide –
The development or re-development of land,
Conservation of buildings and physical features,
Providing improvements in the physical layout,
Making infrastructure and amenities available
Managing the area to enhance health and safety of the residents to support economic development as well as
to enhance the quality of living, environment, and for area specific regulatory parameters for the area
covered.
LOCAL AREA PLAN
Local area plans - specify the implementation details like –
The Government Policies, such as housing, hi-tech townships, rainwater harvesting, energy, disaster
management, industrial and service sector investment, barrier-free environment for the elderly and the
physically disabled, e-Governance, tourism and other policies and facilitate formulation of specific projects.
The plan should delineate reservation of land for roads and other public purposes, for construction,
reclamation etc.
The plan should provide a framework for recovery of the associated costs for public projects, by mechanisms
like levy of betterment charges, charges on additional development rights, and appropriate user charges.
SPECIAL PURPOSE PLAN
Special Purpose Plan can be prepared for specific development sectors depending on its economic and
environmental importance.
Depending on the urgency of the need and priority of the sector requiring special treatment and covering
special aerial extent, Special Purpose Plans for specific subjects can be prepared.
These plans are to be within the framework of the Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan in the
jurisdiction of the local authority.
These
These plans may also emerge to serve the purpose of urban planning needs under different Central and State
Government grants, funding schemes/ programmes with an aim to:
Encourage reforms and fast track planned development of cities, peri-urban areas, out-growths, urban
corridors, and others, Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on
universal access to the urban poor,
Special focus on urban renewal programme,
Supplement to budget documents on ULBs,
Sustainability, Environmental and heritage protection,
Theme based development such as tourism, IT etc.
ANNUAL PLAN
An Annual Plan would contain the details of the new and ongoing projects that the local authority intends
to implement during each financial year for necessary financial resource mobilisation and monitoring its
performance.
Taking into account the physical and fiscal performance of the preceding year, the priorities, the policies
and proposals contained in the approved Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan.
Provide the resource requirement during the year and sources of funds including those mobilised by the
local authority, grants, aids and project/scheme funds by the State and Central Governments.
Important document for the resource mobilisation as on the basis of this, the plan funds are to be allocated
by the funding body
Serves as an important link with the budgetary process
Provide a mechanism to monitor progress of development plan and various projects.
PROJECT / RESEARCH
Projects focus on items of
Execution,
Investments,
Costing And
Returns.
Conceived within the framework of the Perspective plan, Development plan or any of the plans in the
planning system, projects are the working layouts with all supporting infrastructure and documents
including cost, source of fund and recovery providing all necessary details for execution including finance,
development, administrative and management.
Included land use like residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health related, or
infrastructure development, for Research and development in the field of planning,
PROJECT / RESEARCH
key surveys to determine statistics, by any agency such as government, semi-government, private or even
individual; or any agency prepared by town planners, architects, engineers as the case may be, enjoying
maximum freedom of expression in their design within the stipulations of development promotion rules
and other regulations as applicable.
Research, specifically for background studies preceding Perspective Plan, Regional Plan, Development Plan
or even Local Area Plan formulation may be undertaken as required by the State Government and local
authorities.
Specifically, traffic surveys & related studies to collect current statistics are crucial for making decisions in
plan formulation.
INTER-RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIOUS PLANS
URDPFI GUIDELINES
URDPFI GUIDELINES
PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
PLANNING PROCESS
PLANNING PROCESS
PLAN FORMULATION PROCESS
PLAN FORMULATION PROCESS
Thank you