Jannie Anne S.
Rojas
MAED-SCIENCE
Types of Chemical Reaction
THE EXPERIMENTAL BASIS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
The chemical equation must represent a chemical change: One or more substance are changed into a new
substances, with different physical and chemical properties.
Release of carbon dioxide gas when acid is added in a carbonate
Formation of a solid (precipitate) when solution of iron ions and hydroxide ions are mixed
Production of heat and light.
Change in color of a solution upon addition of a second substance.
For reactions that are not obvious, cchemist use instruments used to measure:
1. Heat or light absorbed or emitted as the result of a reaction.
2. Changes in the way the sample behaves in an electric or magnetic field before and after a
reaction,
3. Changes in electrical properties before and after a reaction.
Diseases can be described as chemical system (actually a biological system), underlying changes may not
be obvious.
COMBINATION REACTIONS
• Combination reactions involve the joining of two or more elements or compounds, producing a
product of different composition. The general form of a combination reaction is:
A+B AB
In which A and B represent reactant elements or compounds and AB is the product.
Examples include
1. Combination of a metal and a nonmetal to form a salt.
Ca(s) + Cl2 CaCl2
2. Combination of hydrogen and chlorine molecules to produce hydrogen chloride
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl
3. Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen molecules.
2H2(g) + 02(g) 2H20(g)
4. Reaction of magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide to produce magnesium carbonate.
MgO(s) + C02(g) MgC03(g)
DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
Decomposition reactions produce two or more products from a single reactant. The general form of these
reactions is the reverse of a combination reaction:
AB A+B
Some examples are:
1. The heating of calcium carbonate to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g
2. The removal of water from a hydrated material (a hydrate is a substance that has water molecules
incorporated in its structure),
CuSO4(s) . 5H20 CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)
REPLACEMENT REACTIONS
Replacement reactions include both single-replacement and double-replacement.
In a single-replacement reaction, one atom replaces another in the compound, producing a new
compound:
A + BC AC + B
Some examples are:
1. The replacement of copper by zinc in copper sulfate,
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
1. The replacement of aluminum by sodium in aluminum nitrate,
3Na(s) + Al(NO3)4(aq) 3NaNO3(aq) + Al(s)
A double replacement reaction, involves two compounds undergoing a “change of partners.” Two
compounds react by exchanging atoms to produce two new compounds:
AB + CD AD + CB
Some examples are:
1. The reaction of an acid (hydrochloric acid) and a base (sodium hydroxide) to produce water and salt,
sodium chloride,
HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O (l) + NaCl(aq)
2. The formation of solid barium sulfate from barium chloride and potassium sulfate,
BaCl2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2KCl(aq)
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Precipitation reactions include any chemical change in solution that results in one or more insoluble
products. For aqueous solution reactions the product is insoluble in water.
Solubilities of some Common Ionic Compounds
Will a precipitate form if two solutions of the soluble salts NaCl and AgNO 3 are mixed?
Solution:
Step 1: Two soluble salts, if they react to form a precipitate, will probably “exchange partners”:
NaCl (aq) + AgNO3 (aq) AgCl (?) + NaNO3 (?)
Reactions with Oxygen
Many substances react with oxygen. These reactions generally release energy. When organic (carbon-
containing) compounds react with the oxygen in air (burning), carbon dioxide is usually produced. If the
compound contains hydrogen, water is the product.
The reaction between oxygen and methane, CH4, the major component of natural gas, is
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Acid-base reactions
Another approach to the classification of chemical reactions is based on the gain or loss of hydrogen ions.
Acids-base reactions involve the transfer of a hydrogen ion, H+ from one reactant (the acid) to another
(the base).
A hydrogen ion is transferred from the acid to the base, producing water and a salt in solution. Acid and
base properties and reactions are important in virtually all aspects of chemistry and biochemistry.
Oxidation – Reduction Reactions
Another important reaction type, oxidation-reduction, takes place because of the transfer of negative
charge (one or more electrons) from one reactant to another.
The reaction of zinc metal with copper (II) ions is one example of oxidation-reduction:
Step 1: Assign oxidation numbers and determine what element is oxidized and reduced.
Step 2. Break the reaction into two half-reactions (one involving oxidation and the other reduction).
• Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, loss of hydrogen atoms, or gain of oxygen atoms.
• Example:
Magnesium metal, oxidized to a magnesium ion, losing two electrons when it reacts with a nonmetal such
as chlorine:
Mg Mg2+ + 2e
Reduction is defined as a gain of electrons, gain of hydrogen ions, or loss of oxygen atoms.
Example:
Diatomic chlorine is reduced to chloride ions by gaining electrons when it reacts with a metal such as
magnesium:
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl-
Step 3: For each half-reaction, balance the number of atoms that are oxidized or reduced.
Oxidation and reduction are complementary processes. The oxidation half-reaction produces electrons
that are the reactants for the reduction half-reaction. The combination of two half-reactions, one oxidation
and one reduction, produces the complete reaction:
Magnesium is the metal: reducing agent (it releases electrons for the reduction of chlorine)
Chlorine : oxidizing agent (it accepts electrons from the magnesium, which is oxidized)