Technical Overview of Design & Construction of Proposed 40

Storied Building Located at 215, Bir Uttam Mir Shawkat Sarak,

Tejgaon I/A (STRUCTURAL DESIGN)

Prepared by:
1. Md. Habib Ul Alam
Manager
Structural Engineering, BOQ & QC

2. Saiful Islam Zaber

Senior Executive
Structural Engineering

3. Asif Mostafa Anik

Senior Executive
Structural Engineering

Date: August 10, 2020

1. Summary of the Project:

A landmark project of 40 storied is proposed to be constructed at the 215, Bir Uttam Mir
Shawkat Sarak, Tejgaon I/A. The project now is in it’s planning stage to conceptualize the
architectural design. In addition to that, other disciplines are also working on to develop their
preliminary design scheme, and as a part of this Structural team is tasked with developing the
technical overview of the project.

2. Technical Specification of Materials:

a) Concrete:
Specified compressive strength at 28 days should be as follows:

Concrete grade Area

f’c = 3500psi For Shore Pile
f’c = 5000psi For Foundation, Slab, Beam & other structural element.
f’c = 5000psi to 7000psi For Columns and Shear Walls.

b) Reinforcing bars
For reinforcement bars use fy = 60,000psi/72,500 psi/80,000 psi.

3. Technical Specification of Superimposed Load:

1. Design loads:
a) Superimposed load Gravity Load
Floor Use Load (psf)
Ceiling Partition Floor Soil/ Live
Finish Water Load
Ramp 0 0 25 0 100
Stair/Lobby 0 0 25 0 85
Basements
Generator Room 6 0 25 0 150
Electro Mechanical Room 6 0 25 0 150
Floor Use Load (psf)
Ceiling Partition Floor Soil/ Live
Finish Water Load
Ground Floor Office Space 6 25 20 0 60
 Stair/Lobby 0 0 25 0 80
Water Body 0 0 20 220 30
Toilet 6 25 20 0 40
Typical Floor Office Space 6 25 20 0 60
Stair/Lobby 0 0 25 0 80
Toilet 6 25 20 0 40
Close Roof 0 0 45 0 30

c) Lateral loads
i) Wind load:
Based on Bangladesh National Building Code – 2017 (BNBC-2017)

Basic Wind Speed = 62.5 m/s

Exposure A

Structure Importance Category = 1

Topographical Factor = 1

Directionality Factor = .85

ii) Seismic Load:

As per BNBC 2017

Assumed

Seismic zone coefficient, Z = 0.2

Structure Importance coefficient, I =1

Response modification coefficient, R =7
System Overstrength Factor, Ωo = 2.5
Deflection amplification Factor, Cd = 5.5

Total Seismic dead load, W = Total dead load including

Superimposed dead load,
 25% of floor live load
in storage and warehouse
Occupancies, total weight
of permanent equipment
Site coefficient, S = 1.5

4. Tentative Structural System:

For tall structure several structural systems are viable. But from the point of achieving the
optimum performance of the structure one of the following systems can be adopted.

4.1. FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURES:

Framed tube system is one of the most widely used tube systems. Compared to tube-in-tube
system, it featured a much stiffer exterior tube in this type of system. The stiff tube was
achieved through closely spaced columns connected by deep spandrel beams which are firmly
joined together to make the stiff exterior shell. Depending on the structure, the spacing of the
column is quite close, generally 1.5–4.5 m spacing. Spandrel beam depths can range from 0.5 to
1.2 m. The Twin Towers in New York were one of the first structures to use a framed tube
design. As shown in Fig. 01 numerous columns with tubular sections can be seen around the
exterior of this plan layout. It can also be seen that; the towers had a steel core at the center
which had 47 columns spaced relatively evenly. The disadvantage of this type of structure is the
huge cost. To be able to ensure the rigidity of the connection in the outer tube, high level
workmanship is needed for welding and high-strength bolt connections are required.
The erection and the fabrication are also more expensive in terms of the working hours.
Another drawback is the so-called shear lag.
 Figure 01: Typical framing of the Tube Frame System.
4.2. OUTRIGGER STRUCTURES:

The concept of outrigger dates back to 50 years, it originated in deep beams. It has been
derived from deep beam into concrete walls, and now in the form of one or several story
outriggers trusses. Outriggers are one of the most widely used systems for relative regular floor
plan. It is constructed using steel trusses, girders, concrete walls, or deep beams to connect the
core and the columns at the perimeter. The outrigger trusses are normally one-story high, some
even occupy several stories. The cores are normally located at the center of the building,
whereas the outriggers extend out to the outer columns (as it is shown in Fig. 2). Therefore, the
outriggers and the outer columns work together as a further restrain to the core wall. Under
lateral load, the belt trusses act as lever arms that directly transfer axial stresses to the
perimeter columns. The bending, axial tension, and compression of the outer columns
connected to the outriggers help resist the external moments of the structure. This resistance
enhances the overall stiffness of the core, helps in reducing the lateral deflections, and
overturning moments. The outrigger columns work together particularly helping to restrain the
rotation of the core. Overall, major advantage of using the outrigger is to resist the rotation of
the core and significantly reduce the lateral deflection and overturning moment.
 Figure 02: Typical framing of the Outrigger System.
One of the major drawbacks is that most outriggers occupy at least a full story height, they
constraint the use of the floors at which the outriggers are located. Though they are normally
placed in mechanical equipment floors, the presence of outrigger truss members can be a
major problem as they will also restrain the places to set equipment. In addition, due to the
constraints from the architect, there is possibly no place to set large outrigger columns and
diagonals.

4.3. BELT TRUSS AND RING TRUSS SYSTEM

Belts can improve lateral system efficiency. Different from outriggers, belt truss is located at the
perimeter of the floor; hence, if outriggers are not used, it will transfer forces and moment
through the floor diaphragm from outer columns to the core. Accordingly, when designing this
type of structure, the floor diaphragm needs to be stiff enough to enable the forces
transferring. As the floor slabs will be subjected to huge in-plane shear, so, they should be
reinforced appropriately. In many applications, thicker slabs are used. Belt trusses can avoid
most of the problems associated with conventional outriggers, such as
1. connection difficulty between outrigger and core is eliminated,
2. free interior space of the building, and
3. no need to consider differential shortening of core and outer column.
If the belt trusses work with outriggers, belt system can direct more gravity load to the columns
and to minimize net uplift, reinforcement or the column splices are required to resist tension
and stiffness reduction associated with concrete in net tension. In general belts can further
enhance overall stiffness.

Figure 03: Typical framing of the Outrigger System.

5. TENTATIVE FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM:

5.1. CONVENTIONAL REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB WITH OR WITHOUT

BEAM

This type of floor system is most common practice for designing the floor system. However, if
larger panel are used than the cost of the material increases substantially. On the contrary, it is
very efficient in controlling the human induced vibration.
 5.2. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SLAB WITH OR WITHOUT BEAM

This is another type of floor system that is also common practice for designing the floor system.
In case of the larger panel the thickness of the slab and other members are reduced, but
prestressing induces an additional cost. Also, it requires additional skilled labor hour to
construct the slab using this system.
5.3. COMPOSITE CONCRETE SLAB WITH STEEL BEAM

A popular choice for the tall structures. In some cases, joists are used instead of beam but the
performance of the systems are same. On of the major advantages of this system is that large
spans can be optimally designed and constructed. However, to keep the human induced
vibration within prescribed limit can pose certain challenges.

6. Possible Global Awards:

1. LEED Certificated Commercial Building.

2. Structural Awards: The Award for Tall or Slender Structures (Awarded by The Institute of
Structural Engineers)

7. International Standards:

1. ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for structural concrete

2. AISC Steel Construction Manual 14th Edition
3. ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
4. ASCE - SEI 41-13 - Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings
5. NEN 8100: Wind Comfort and Wind Danger in the Built Environment
6. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC-2017)

8. Unique Structural Aspect:

8.1. APPLY CFD SIMULATION TO ENSURE BETTER WIND RESPONSE:
CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulation will be used to evaluate the wind flow around
the building, and the design will be modified after studying the pattern to ensure better wind
response. Also, we can also utilize the CFD to ensure that the pedestrian and the surrounding
areas are not adversely affected by the wind flow around our proposed building.
 8.2. APPLY PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC DESIGN:
The basic concept of performance based seismic design is to provide engineers with the
capability to design buildings that have a predictable and reliable performance in earthquakes.
Thus, the Performance-based seismic design is a process that permits design of new buildings
or upgrade of existing buildings with a realistic understanding of the risk of life, occupancy and
economic loss that may occur as a result of future earthquakes.
It is a systematic methodology for assessing the performance capability of a building Design
individual buildings with a higher level of confidence Design individual buildings to achieve
higher performance and lower potential losses. One can also design individual buildings that fall
outside of code-prescribed limits with regard to configuration, materials, and systems to meet
the performance intended by present building codes Assess the potential seismic performance
of existing structures and estimate potential losses in the event of a seismic event. Moreover,
performance-based seismic design offers society the potential to be both more efficient and
effective in the investment of financial resources to avoid future earthquake losses.
Though it is now a world wide applicable concept, but we may become the pioneer to apply the
method in our country.
8.3. USE OF BASE ISOLATION OR MASS DAMPER:
Using base isolation or mass damper can sufficiently reduce the demand on the lateral load
resisting system. Using any one of the system in our project will add substantial value as we will
the first one to employ such technology to project of this stature.
8.4. WIND TUNNEL TESTING:
We will require to carry out wind tunnel testing to obtain various design parameters and
compare with the code prescribed value and CFD simulated value.