Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 1

Chapter-01
Numbers & functions
In the following, we recall some sets of numbers before giving the concept of real
numbers.
Natural or Counting Numbers:
The numbers 1, 2, 3,  , which are used for counting of certain objects, are called
natural numbers, counting numbers or positive integers. The set of natural numbers is
denoted by  , i.e.   1, 2, 3,
Whole Numbers:
If the number 0 (zero) is included in the set of natural numbers, the resulting set is
called the set of whole numbers and is denoted by W, i.e. W  0, 1, 2, 3,
Integers:
The set of integers consists of negative integers, zero and positive integers. It is
denoted by  ,
i.e.,    , 3, 2, 1  0  1, 2,3,
  , 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,
 0, 1, 2, 3,
The letter  has taken from the German word “Zahlen” which means “integers”.
Rational Numbers:
Those numbers which can be written in the form a b (where a , b are integers and
b  0 ) are called rational numbers. The set of rational numbers is denoted by  ,
a 
i.e.    a, b   b  0  .
b 
1 3 7
Some of the rational numbers are: , 0 , 5 , , , 8 etc.
2 4 9
Note:
 The letter  has taken the first letter of the word “quotient” which is commonly
used for fraction or ratio.
 There are infinite rational numbers between any two rational numbers.
Irrational Numbers:
Those numbers which cannot be expressed as quotient of integers, are called irrational
numbers. The set of irrational numbers is denoted by  or c ,
 a 
i.e.   c   x x  , a, b    b  0 
 b 
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1 5
Some of the irrational numbers are: 2, , ,  etc.
3 3
Note: There are infinite irrational numbers between any two irrational numbers.

Real Numbers:
The union of the sets of rational and irrational numbers is called the set of real
numbers and is denoted by  , i.e.      .
From the above discussions about sets of numbers, we conclude that ;
 1
All natural numbers are contained in the set of whole numbers i.e.   W 
All whole numbers are contained in the set of integers, i.e.   2
W   
All integers are contained in the set of rational numbers i.e.   3
   
All rational numbers are contained in the set of real numbers i.e.   4
   
  5
All irrational numbers are contained in the set of real numbers i.e.    
From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), we have,   W       and    .
A clear picture of these relations is shown in the Fig  1.1 given below.
Positive Integers
Zero OR
Natural Numbers

Negative Whole
Integers Numbers

Integers Fractions

Rational Irrational
Numbers Numbers

Fig-1.1 Real
Numbers
Decimal Representation of Rational and Irrational Numbers
Decimal Fractions: Decimal fractions or simply decimals consist of two parts.
The part to the left of the decimal point is called integral part and the part to the
right of the decimal point is called decimal part. For example, in the decimal
23.0125 , the integral part is 23 and the decimal part is 0125.
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 3
There are three types of decimals;
i) Terminating decimals
ii) Recurring decimals
iii) Non-recurring and non-terminating decimals
Terminating Decimals:
A decimal fraction is called terminating if there are finite number of digits in its
decimal part.
 1  9   289 
For example, 0.2    , 0.45    , 2.312    etc.
 5  20   125 
Recurring Decimals:
A decimal fraction is called recurring (repeating) if there repeat one digit or a group of
digits indefinitely in the same order in its decimal part.
We put a bar (a line-segment) above the digit or group of digits which repeats
indefinitely in the same order.
 1  4
For example, 0.3  0.3333    , 0.12  0.12121212    etc.
 3  33 
Non-terminating & Non-recurring Decimals:
A decimal fraction is called non terminating and non-recurring (non-repeating) if it is
neither terminating nor recurring.

 
For example, 1.414213562  2 , 3.141592654     , 1.154700538  
 2 
 3

etc.
Note: From the above definitions and examples, it is quite clear that;
 Terminating decimals are rational numbers.
 Recurring decimals are rational numbers.
 Non-terminating and non-recurring decimals are irrational numbers.
Decimal
Fractions

Terminating
(Rational) Non-terminating

Repeating Non-repeating
Fig-1.2 (Rational) (Irrational)
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS
Some useful properties of real numbers are listed below.
a). Addition Properties:
i. Closure Property w.r.t Addition:
The sum of two real numbers is again a real number, i.e.  a , b   , a  b  
For example, 2, 7   and 2  7  5  
ii. Commutative Property w.r.t Addition:
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The sum of two real numbers in any order is the same
i.e.  a , b   , a  b  b  a
For example, 3, 4   and 3  4  7  4  3
[Link] Property w.r.t Addition:  a , b , c   , a   b  c    a  b   c
For example, 2, 3, 4   and 2   3  4    2  3  4
 27  5 4
 99
[Link] Identity:
For every a   , there exists a unique real number ‘0’ called additive identity in
 such that a  0  a  0  a . For example, 2  0  2  0  2
v. Additive Inverse:
For every a   , the exists a unique real number "  a" (read as negative a ) called
the additive inverse of "a" such that, a    a   0   a  a .
For example; the additive inverse of 5 is 5 because 5   5   0  5  5
3 3 3 3 3  3
Similarly, the additive of  is because    0     
2 2 2 2 2  2
b). Multiplication Properties:
i. Closure Property w.r.t Multiplication:
The product of two real numbers is again a real number, i.e.  a , b   , ab   .
For example, 3, 5   and 3  5  15  
Note: The product of two real numbers ‘ a ’ and ‘ b ’ is written as,
a  b, a  b,  a  b  or more simply as ab , i.e. a  b  a  b   a  b   ab.
ii. Commutative Property w.r.t Multiplication:
The product of two real numbers in any order is the same, i.e.  a , b   ,
ab  ba
For example, 4, 5  and 4  5  20  5  4
iii. Associative Property w.r.t Multiplication:  a , b , c   , a  bc    ab  c
For example, 2, 3, 5   and 2  3  5    2  3 5
 2 15    6  5
 30  30
[Link] Identity: For every a   , there exists a unique real number 1
(called the multiplicative identity of  ) such that, a 1  a  1  a
v. Multiplication Inverse: For every 0  a   , there exists a unique real number
1
a 1  (called the multiplicative inverse of “ a ”) such that
a
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 5
1 1
a 1 a or a  a 1  1  a 1a
a a
3 2 3 2 2 3
For example, the multiplicative inverse of is because   1  
2 3 2 3 3 2
1
Similarly, the multiplicative inverse of  2 is .
 2
Note:
The multiplicative inverse of a 1 is a , i.e.,  a 1    a
1 1
1
a
c).Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition:
1) Left Distributive Property: a  b  c   ab  ac ,  a, b, c
2) Right Distributive Property:  a  b  c  ac  bc ,  a, b, c
For example, 2, 3, 4   and 2  3  4   2  3  2  4
 2 7  6  8
 14  14
d).Properties of Equality of Real Numbers:
i. Reflexive Property: a  a  a
For example, 2  2 , 3  3 , 5  5 , etc.
ii. Symmetric Property: If a  b , then b  a or a  b  b  a  a , b  
For example, 4  x  x  4
[Link] Property: If a  b & b  c , then a  c ,  a, b, c
Or a  b 
 a c  a, b, c
bc 
[Link] Property:
If a  b , then a  c  b  c  a, b, c
Or a  b  a  c  b  c ,  a, b, c
v. Multiplicative Property:
If a  b , then ac  bc ,  a, b, c
Or a  b  ac  bc ,  a, b, c
x x
e.g.  3  2   2  3  x  6
2 2
[Link] Property w.r.t Addition:
If a  c  b  c , then a  b  a, b, c
Or a  c  b  c  a  b  a, b, c
e.g. x  2  3  2  x  3
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vii. Cancellation Property w.r.t Multiplication:

If ac  bc (where c  0) , then a  b  a , b , c  
Or ac  bc  a  b, c  0  a, b, c
For example, 2 x  6  2  3  x  3
e). Properties of Inequality of Real Numbers:
i. Trichotomy Property:  a , b   , a  b or a  b or a  b .
ii. Transitive Property:  a, b, c  
1. a  b and b  c  a  c , e.g. 1  3 & 3  4 , so 1  4
2. a  b and b  c  a  c e.g. 5  4 & 4  2 , so 5  2
[Link] Property:  a, b, c  
1. a  b  a  c  b  c e.g. 2  4  2  1  4  1 i.e. 3  5
2. a  b  a  c  b  c e.g. 5  1  5   1  1   1 , i.e., 4  0
[Link] Property:  a, b, c  
1. a  b  ac  bc if c  0 e.g. 2  3  4  2  4  3 , i.e. 8  12
2. a  b  ac  bc if c  0 e.g. 2  3   4   2   4   3 , i.e. 8  12
v. Reciprocal Property:  a, b   and a  0, b  0
1 1
1. a  b   if a, b  0 or a, b  0
a b
1 1 1 1
e.g. 0  2  3   & 3   2  
2 3 3  2
1 1 1 1
2. a  b   if a  0, b  0 e.g. 2  3  
a b 2 3
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Unit:
While solving the equation x 2  1  0, we have x 2  1 or x   1 . The values
 1 are not real numbers.
A Swiss mathematician, Leonard Euler 1707  1783 , was the first mathematician
who called 1 as an imaginary unit and denoted it by a Greek letter  (read as
iota) with the property that, 2  1 . i.e.   1 and 2  1 .
Note: As   1 and 2  1 so the integral power of  may be expressed in the
form of 1 and  . For example;
3  2   1   , 4  2    1  1
2
0  1 , 1   , 2  1 ,
2

and so on.
1   1 1
Similarly, 1   2    , 2    1 ,
  1 2
1
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 7
1 1   1 1
3    2    , 4  4   1 and so on.
  
3
  1  1
Imaginary Number:
 
The product of the imaginary unit   1 and a real number ‘ b ’ is called an
imaginary number i.e. b or  
1 b is an imaginary number.
For example, 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 etc are all imaginary numbers.
Complex Number:
An expression of the form a  b (where a, b   and   1 ) is called a complex
number. It is usually denoted by z , i.e. z  a  b .
For example, 2  3, 3  5 ,  1  2  etc are all complex numbers.
In the complex number z  a  b , the real number “ a ” is called real part of z . It is
denoted as Re  z  , i.e. Re  z   a and the real number “ b ” is called imaginary part of
z . It is denoted as Im  z  , i.e., Im  z   b .
Set of Complex Numbers:
The set of all numbers of the form z  a  b , where a, b   and   1 , is called
the set of complex numbers and is denoted by  ,

i.e.   z | z  a  b, where a, b      1 
 as a Subset of  :
Let ‘ a ’ be an arbitrary real number, then we can write a  a  0 . This shows that
every real number can be written in the form of a complex number by taking the
imaginary part 0 . Hence a    a   , i.e.,    .
Note:
 In the complex number z  a  b, if we take a  0 , then z  0  b  b which is
pure imaginary number.
 b can also be written as b .
 In the complex number z  a  b, if we take a  b  0 , then z  0  0 , is the zero
complex number.
The following diagram shows the enlargement of the set of numbers, staring from the
set of natural numbers and ending at the set of complex numbers.
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Natural
Zero Numbers

Whole Negative
Numbers Integers

Integers

Irrational Rational
Numbers Numbers

Pure Real
Imaginary Numbers
Numbers

Complex
Fig-1.3 Numbers

Equality of Two Complex Numbers:

Two complex numbers z1  a  b and z2  c  d are said to be equal (written as
z1  z2 ) if, and only if, a  c & b  d .
i.e. a  b  c  d  a  c & b  d
Or z1  z 2  Re  z1   Re  z 2  & Im  z1   Im  z 2 
Conjugate of a Complex Number:
The conjugate of a complex number z  x  y , denoted as “ z ” is defined as,
z  x  y  x  y .
Thus, the conjugate of a complex number z is obtained by just changing the sign of
its imaginary part. Note that z and z are conjugate of each other as shown in
Fig  1.4
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 9
Imaginary axis

y z  x  y

 Real axis
O  x

-y
z  x  y

Fig-1.4
Geometrically, the conjugate of z is the reflection (or mirror image) of z about the
real axis ( x  axis ).
Examples: 2  3  2  3 , 2  3  2  3 , 2  3  2  3 , 2  3  2  3
Absolute Value or Modulus of a Complex Number:
The absolute value or modulus of a complex number z  x  y   x, y  denoted as z ,
is defined by
z  x  y  x 2  y 2
Imaginary axis
P x , y   P x  y
y
y
x+

x Real axis
O
Fig-1.5
Geometrically, the absolute value (or modulus) of a complex number is the distance
from the origin to the point representing the complex number. For example,
4  3  42  32  16  9  25  5 , 4  3  42   3  16  9  25  5
2

4  3   4   32  16  9  25  5 and
2

4  3   4     3   16  9  25  5
2 2

Operations on Complex Numbers

1) Addition of Complex Numbers:
The sum of two complex numbers z1  a  b and z2  c  d , denoted as z1  z2 , is
defined as: z1  z2   a  b   c  d   a  c    b  d  .
Q-Series : Mathematics For BS/MS.c QM Khan Wazir 10


a  b c  d  a  c   b  d 


Example-1: Add the numbers 5  2 , 3   .

Solution: Let z1  5  2 and z2  3   , then

z1  z2   5  2   3  
 5  2  3  
  5  3   2  1
 8  3
2) Subtraction of Complex Numbers:
The subtraction of two complex numbers z1  a  b and z2  c  d , denoted as
z1  z2 , is defined as: z1  z2   a  b   c  d   a  c    b  d  .

a  b  c  d  a  c  b  d 

Example-2: Subtract 7  3 from 5  8 .

Solution: Let z1  7  3 and z2  5  8 , then

z2  z1   5  8   7  3
 5  8  7  3
  5  7    8  3
 2  11
3) Multiplication of a Complex Number by a Scalar:
The product of a scalar (real number) k and a complex number, z  a  b , denoted
as kz , is defined as, k z  k  a  b  k a  k b .
For example, if z  2  3 , then 5 z  5  2  3  5  2  5  3  10  15
4) Multiplication of Complex Numbers:
The product/multiplication of two complex numbers z1  a  b and z2  c  d ,
denoted as z1.z2 , is defined as,
z1  z2   a  b   c  d
 a  c  d  b c  d
 ac  ad  bc  bd2
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 11

 ac   ad  bc   bd  1  2

 1
 ac   ad  bc   bd
  ac  bd    ad  bc   Re arranging 
Thus z1  z2   ac  bd    ad  bc 
Example-3: Let z1  2   and z 2  3   , then find z1 z 2 .

Solution: Let z1  2   and z2  3   , then

z1 z2   2   3  
 2  3     3  
 6  2  3  2
 6     1  
2
 1
 6    1
 7  
5. Division of Complex Numbers:
Let z1  a  b and z2  c  d are two complex numbers such that c and d are not
z
zero simultaneously, then the division of z1 by z2 , denoted as 1 , is given by,
z2
z1 a  b

z2 c  d
a  b c  d  ing &  ing by 
   
c  d c  d  c  d  c  d 


 a  b   c  d
 c  d   c  d
a  c  d  b c  d
   a  b  a  b   a 2
 b2 
 c    d
2 2

ac  ad  bc  bd2


c 2  d 22
ac   bc  ad   bd  1

c 2  d 2  1
 2
 1


 ac  bd    bc  ad 
c2  d 2
Q-Series : Mathematics For BS/MS.c QM Khan Wazir 12


 ac  bd    bc  ad 
c2  d 2 c2  d 2
z1  ac  bd   bc  ad 
Thus  2  2
z2 c  d2 c  d2
Example-4:
z1
If z1  3  4 and z 2  3  2 , then find the quotient .
z2
Solution:
z1
Given that z1  3  4 and z2  3  2 . We have to find .
z2
z1 3  4

z2 3  2
3  4 3  2
 
3  2 3  2
ing &  ing by 3  2  3  2

 3  4 3  2
 3  2 3  2
3  3  2  4 3  2
   a  b  a  b   a 2
 b2 
 3   2
2 2

9  6  12  82


9  42
9  18  8  1

9  4  1
2
 1

9  18  8

94
1  18

13
1 18
  
13 13
Chapter#01: Numbers & Functions Mathematics for Chemistry 13

Exercise 1 . 1
1) Simplify the following.
17
i) 9  19 ii)    1 2 iv) 25
21
iii)
2) Add the following complex numbers.
i) 8  9 , 5  2 ii) 6  3 , 3  5 iii) 2  3 , 8  5 1
3) In the following, subtract the first complex number from the
second complex number.
i) 2  3 , 6  3 ii) 9  4 , 9  8 iii) 1  3 , 8  
4) Multiply the following complex numbers.
i) 1  2 , 3  8 ii) 5  3 , 4  7 iii) 2   , 2  
5) In the following, divide the first complex number by the second
complex number.
i) 2   , 5   ii) 3  4 , 1   iii) 2  3 , 4  5
6) If z1  1  2 and z2  3  4 , then evaluate the following.
i) z1  z2 ii) z1.z2 iii) z1  z2