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Marx For Beginners - Rius

Comic book going over Marx's biography and the economics of Capital

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100% found this document useful (5 votes)

1K views163 pages

Marx For Beginners - Rius

Comic book going over Marx's biography and the economics of Capital

Uploaded by

Joe

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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MARX FOR BEGINNERS

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•

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RI US
P H I L 0 S 0 P H Y

ECONOMIC DOCTRINE

HISTORICAL MATERIALISM

P A N T H E 0 N B 0 0 K S NEW Y 0 R K

•
•

English translation copyright © 1976 by Richard Appignanesi.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American

Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Pan-
theon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and
simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Lim-
ited, Toronto. Originally published in Mexico as Marx para Prin-
cipiantes. Copyright© by Ruis (Eduardo del Rio). This English
translation originally published in Great Britain by Writers and
Readers Publishing Cooperative in 1977. Published in the
United States by Pantheon Books in 1979.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

•

Rius.
Marx for Beginners.
Translation of Marx para principiantes.
Bibliography: pp. 155-56
1. Marx, Karl, 1818-1883. 2. Marx, Karl, 1818-1883
-Political science. 3. Communists Biography. I. Title.
HX39.5.R54313 1979 335.4'092'4 78-20422
ISBN 0-679-72512-1 pbk.

Bibliography prepared by Nick Jacobs

Manufactured in the United States of America

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Mo£E. 5MO(E. TH!tN •

f\R.E. ••• To !c'V0\0 u~ty \s iine}

. '
tst-11>\W~ \AP NE!A«01'\CJ 5o \on~ t\5 s lr
[Link]..X ACCEPTED A not usE-d to s\'lo~
Joe otJ TH£ me ~ ru ~ CKOoK
11 RH£[Link]
~AZ.~iTE."•.. even if I am D1'f .•.
T~AT WAS IN li~1..

pou·f\cf\t. JOUfNAUSM [Link] IO U(E WllM MA~: IHC: "SE

OF THE ~ESS 10 ~PREJ!\D lD£AS; To C€\T\C1Sf et\P flOV~NMENT
AND \o L£ f P\A6UC. OPU-JioN IN 01\) 11-fE AWFUL M\ 0'=
A p~·, 1os opne< TH c Pt:.OV\..C. •••
. -. ~
G\fld hoVleJr 11\
joutnCl \ ist? Does hE I•

~Jt\')10 cJ. ie o ( Ill

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MAR.X wAS TRY\NGt TO PUT INTo PRAC(I~ (AtJO INTO THE ttfAtb
/
OF HUM~l£ fOL.,K ~HE JOEAS WHICH CAFE P}JfL-OS01'~~
[Link] A50l41.
MA1Q.X INVEN\ED DOCUME~fARy' REPOtefiN~ Wr'O\ HIS
1\Rf\tltS ON -ntE PEAS~U OF \\[Link] L£ Dt~ICI,,.
23

•
~ES 1 EVf.N CH~RL, IE: HAO
f~E. t--IN ~S ., •
1\T THE TEN OER. A~E OJ= I1
)if WAS CO\ARTINE\ A CtHl.O ttOOO
FR l£N 0 J~NNi VON WESIPHAl£N.
1
SfiE NAS ~Ef\L\TtfLt L.. 1 ~ tCH -
AND rAfflE FROM AN ,. . . . . . . . .
AR\S1'0CAA"ftv PRU5SIAN
FAtnlL'j. (HER E~VER
8RO'iHER WAS MlN\SiER
OF THE INTERIOR
P'v\R1N~ Tt1E vfR.Y
R£AtltoNARY Pf-R\001
1~; o-,. s 16, HER F'ATH Ef?,
A STAlE. COtANCft,a...oR1
Jt~D ~N WlAR.A~fD -rH E.
YouNEt MAR'I To Rf AO
TttE' aRf~K POf'fS AJJ.D
St\Rl(ESPEAR€ •••

Mf'~ HAD No MON~'Y OR V/ORK .

HON WAS Hf ~OIN€\ To""PPOf2T
HIS CHARMlf>J~ 'J"~,~t-..)'f?
Hf"R F'ArtU~R. \S SfR\OUSL..Y
W~Rtf't> A0CXAT to\~ FUTLARE. •••

IN J5,.~ 1 MARX lOO K HIS 7Y~'NN'/ To PAR\S. HE ACCEPTED A JO B A~

CQ-EO\TO~ Of A ~A Dl CA v mA GtA :l.l NE Wl'f}t ARNOL-D RIAG.E ('~ EfT 'HE ~fU f\N /
JMP~ISO"-\EV \12 5-3 0, BlS~J\RCKlt:\N Af i€R . I%(D~.

5'[Link] ·~iV~ ~
two wn live. C6
Clh Of\e. ".
••• [Link] 12_J~NE ~t.3 ...

24
\ P IS I A WOl~Eo 1\'\~Y£: WCU WoRse:, 11fiS MAf\AZINE. W\'\ltK
At..t,., He. \SSl,\~ one iss"e ... WAS MEAN'f rOR \AN06~~ROUND
P\1\ us~ to 0'/ IH E D\SfRl0U1lON IN E:\E.~M~NY CAUSED
Aq~~tNE • HIM L-OTS OF' PRo6L.EM5•.• ee.s IDES;
h [Link].O- ANWAL6''••. HE 0\0N'T ~EI AvON€\ WITH THE
01R£C10~, RUetE, WHOSf. V1EW5 MARx
Dtt>N'I JltF\R£ I AND ~HO CAL..L£0
MAA'X ''f<E~U..Y MUll-HEADED'!.,
l

WH)'?
~[Link]\\AS~ lN PAR-tS 1 MJ11<X
HAO 0\~0viN t\fEN MOR~
PJ\V\CAL A~ A D\f(E6\ RES\AL.1
OF t-HS ~11\C,'f wliH f~E,NCt1
lOEAS (13L.-ANC- P~OUOttoN·-
l Et'oUX THE RIAS5JAI\J
Prt-JARCttl515 00\ ~li\J AND
13A [Link] 1tJ •••
(AND MEAN'AJHtLC:- H'£
ST~\EO 51UV'IlNq 11fE
•
~W~QM\C TliEOe.\65 cJF"
1"HC. [Link]\\A5t\MtN 1
}(f;AM 6M \1"\-t AND
DA'JlD f<\tAeOO .. · P~OUDHON
FRENCH
flf/LOSOPIIE~

HEAVE:tJS!
even C\ a&tfW\ ~ W\"
go CN'clz~ real>~ o.u.
~ e&e \?ooK.S !

2.5

•
Ml\fZ~'S F~\UlD5l-HP WLf~ AN0Tl1ER.
Ff.1,...6..0W- G\ ~R MJ\N I F"REOER tCI( ENE:\£1.-S,
H~O IHE f:\REATEST EFFECI ON HIM. ~'

'THE SON Of A RlCH 1£'XTt'-'E. MANUFACTURER, H-E l£f"T PRUSS JA IN l~t'L

\o WORl< AS A 81A~tNESS A~EN1' FOR 1-\\S FATHER'S [?RANCH OFFICE I~
MI\NCHE:S!ete, ENf:tEt...S WAS A ~ES'[Link] 't£FT' HE6EUAN ANYwAY, f,lAT FtRST-
~AND CoNT~CT lAJITH WOR'ClNBl tt.-~S5 M\S€RY AFFEt'fED HtM DEePL.'/ •
•

•
•

M~NY ARTISTS Of THE TIME l-i~~E.

U::FT lAS £VIDENCE OF lltE 1'"E~Rl0LL
E.t<PJ...OIIATlON 5\.Aft:"E~ED 8Y l:SN€4US~
wo~~~s ...

\[Link] OF T~ElR SMAU...S\1£..

(AND lA1'1LENE5S OF 1l4f\R WA 6€5)
U-ltt..o~EN WEti?E E>lPL..Ol\eD IN MI~E'S
1\Nt> o-rne:te. Kt~os oF tNDUSTRY ey
lNl-\UMAN I?JOSSES .••

I i .
' -
I• . ! r·
•
•
'
I
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•

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J
•

•
•

E:'tJ"Et.-5 WROTE ''TttE Cot-lP\tlON Of I~E WOf<\(tNEi\ Cu:\SS ES IN E N e:tt..ANt> '~ \~'tS·
MPtf?.'l. HAP ~EEN POV\JERFU~'( ST~lACK. 5Y AN A'frr\CL£.. ON ECONO M lCS WHlCH
EN~EL.S W~O\~ FOR 'Ht- ''ANNA t,$''.
!HEY BECAME. Ct,OSE. fRtff\1 05 AND DEC\ OED TO WORK. TOfl£T tiER. ....

A~\A\~ n~s1t>vic.~\
~ectin~~ ~
,---__..; "

0
"

MARX WAS So lANPOPlAL$\R

WffM 'TliE [Link] ag~? 3o
~OVfRNMENT THAT IT f:inancQ/ situtxlliJI1? DesFY~
PRES"Sli\~ED FRAN~ TO Worl(? Not 0t1e ~ poys...
EXPE~ Him (\~1-~-
H£ MOV€0 TD t3ilASSft,S 1
£31..\T WF\S ~[Link] AS11\Jr( •

b\AR1N& IHE li~

J'<f'\IDUA!tOIV1 HE RETlARNS
f ••

2.8

•
6. ~ t.J~ REf~ae.
0 I AR ANt> (Res~ QSSUfed ~~t
&;;..rv&6LS HAD '"fA Et-J PA~f wt [Link]~ eaf a
I A 3t:: Ef SOC.l€1"'{ om it. ..
lANtST ~/~·
11
G LlkD ThE
L~~ve." Wttlctt '. . '\
OMMI SlON'-0 \\\EM )
1b ~EVARE 114£
•

NOW r-:AMOUS

Whllt (l
~tQStfo~ne ''A s ·ls huu(l"tUl' El.\fOfe.- \t\e
U1ildY0\ ~ specKie. of CommlAn\sn1. All ~ powers
of O\d Eu,f~ nCAft Mrer'fd {)'lto c-. noty
ll\\\~1\ccz m ~QY'We lnf s : Pope- QM
CZCA~ Metn?(n\c~ C\f'd [Link]'2ot J FrencV\
RC\di.c~ ~nd QetfflCW\ police-spes.
• Where u ltl& pC\r-ty iV\ opp~\tioo
tnoo- nos YlOt ~en ctecr1~d QS
c,ovn m\Af' l;tic, by La
tn power? wner~ e
o).J·, r\ or\ ttl~ Y\ro
not hut\td bOtot
\tlt brondiY\
r-epro C(Clt\ ••• '

•
•

MAR.:'/.. REMA\~~0 IN 1.-0NOON f:OR

tHE RES1 Of Hl5 LAfe 1 IN niE.
D\RE5,- POV~TY iH~6f. OF
l-tiS CH \LDR~ 01 tO THfouaH
JH€ 1..-ACK Of ME-OtCINES 1
[Link]~T,NUlN~ To VvRlT£
RGVOW\lONARY 800\(S AND
A~\CL-~S fQg T+(E: News-
p~~~RS WHICH WOUL-0
Actt:.PT THEM •.. I

ENG\[Link] Hft.-P6-D OU\ At-JD ()F"fE::N HAD lo SUPPORT H\~. l'HE. [Link]..f.
JNH€R\T~NCE: MARX REC£JV~D WHEN HIS rAniE~-lN-UlW DtEO WENT TO
PA'/ OFF HIS 0£f7"fS, A JOS IN A RA\1-'IJ!\'{ Of~'CE. tH~ W)\S Af>CUTTO aET
WA5 f\[Link].D HIM bECAUSE. OF HIS TER£\f3Lf. KANOWRlnN€t , •.
(Ju iCK ~ourself.• !
•
[Link]-J-+

"l\'· .' ~ :- .
t'f.-:-'-i" -1 ,_.....\. '~ ~"' L\ :X'\~ ·~
-.J)h " ~..-)'

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~r\.:.0 t, ··-tt\. ~-~ ~n -
-1r.!·>·,~=-..V. '.:.+~ '\ ~ ...... _
..;...- 'J :v.e ~ ~.. ~ . . 0;: .,:~ '( ' \t-.k
,. ,,

.b~. t.\.: . P- L
b 4 \)- ' ., . -"""'- ~

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MARX Nfv~~ ""AD A STeAoY JNCOAAE 02 A.

~--- 1\t ~ f,._ ~....A ......, •
PEg ~AN ef\)i vOS oe A fJANK AUOLAN7: ••
BUT WHRI HE Wua..DtJ'I FOR HIS
~ ·- )l,.-.... OW tV FAW\1 L.)} tiE WON ro~ MILLI C>N50F
OT\iEe5 11tf~0Uq tt tilS W~rrtrJq5,..

30
•

DoN'T I Ml\~tNe \HAl CHA~U!'S lO~AS WEflE.

ey TttE. P"18l~C.
BRE.€TED W\Tli W\l.V ENTh\A5\~5M
ON 1HE. coN1RA"RY- NO ONE: KNew 1\NYT\UN~ ABoUT
MARX OUIS\0€ ASMALL C\ftLi OF "ERMAN E)CIL£5
/.\ND A FEW [Link]&AALJ •..

Marx's economic theories made no immediate impact on the

debate inside the workers' movement or on other thinkers,
except after his death (1883). This is true of his theories on
value and surplus value, accumulation, exploitation,
pauperization, crisis and appropriation, class struggle and
revolution. But by the end of the century, several such theories
were being hotly discussed within the workers' movement; while
others were gradually accepted as absolutely valid.

THE N\AM~S OF HlS 00~S 1\NO [Link]~W A~T\CLtS Pf?tNTW WeRe. 'VeKY SMAU,,
U>M~AO~ MAR~'S Sn'U: WASN f TffZ2l&L.Y a.£flR J AND 501 V6RY FEW WE.R€.
1

~;L£ To t:ifASP H\S DAR\Na ANO coMPliX \OfAS. -

\N FAG1f \T WAS ONJ..,)' lN 1~\1j WrTH l£NlN S [Link] ItJ ((\ASSlA, lnt1\l 1\if.
1

WDE::)G Of Mit~ WEeE HEAtD Of ·ntROUC\liOUI TttE: wotetD1 AND biV1Pif.D

AND D\50..-4~ •.•

•
Working in misery was not easy, and the Marx family of six
became ever more proletarian in character during those London
years. Sometimes Marx could not go out because his clothes
•
were at the pawnbroker's. Even paper to write on was lacking, as
well as the necessities for his family. During this Dean Street
period, 1851, a daughter, Francesca, was born only to die in a
year.
Jenny Marx describes the hard times in a letter to a friend: "Our
three children lay down by us and we all wept for the little angel
whose livid, lifeless body was in the next room. Our beloved
child's death occurred at the time of the hardest privation, our
German friends being unable to help us just then ... Anguish in
my heart, I hurried to a French emigrant who lived not far away
and used to come to see us, and begged him to help us in our
terrible necessity. He immediately gave me two pounds with the
most friendly sympathy. That money was used to pay for a
coffin in which my child now rests in peace. She had no cradle
when she came into the world and for a long time was refused a
last resting place ... "

--
•

-
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-
• ., ___
~
~~
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--=--

32
111E t,A~i '2.5 i€AR5 OF
[Link]' S t,\f'£ [Link] SPENT ·-·- -- -
W KlNft ON HIS MAJOR WORl< :
'

en OekonoJDie.
WHlCH HE. DlDN>T MANA~E
TO fll\llS H. v••

X art
ON\..'I THE F'lRST Of THE
1H~EE. VOLUMES H£ HAD
truer R
PlANNED WA5 6NTtRELt t .
.
-
- -

--
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••d
.........
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COMft£\ED BY H\M. 1Ht:
OTHlSR TWO WERE PUT lNTO ,_
.v_, b-
. . . 1

.............
~AND
··~
f"\NlSHED, ...... , 1 _,
=

ACCOR01NE\ To MPr.f<.'Y,'S NOTES,

BY EWC\ELS. '" Hamhaq
,.,I ..IC ' nu Ou., ll .
.....••-• .,.. ..... •

1
MAf<:X 5 LAST '/EARS WERE •••• ,-.. , , L • ·
. """"'···· .......".., .....
[Link] WlTH 1L.t..NE5S
AND }N ftRM\TtES ,., ---
----·---..J

... Migr-~\t~es,
d.2fY1ZSS ions, (n somY\ \0' 1
hae~or"rhoid~ 1 bt>LU 1 net'votAS
~~ 1 [Link] 0\,r'liA.
l7rt>Y\C,~Lt(J I pt..[Link]\tM ~y
~SCi$~ (jV\ V\
Kill. CU\~ 11Y\e •••

.•. "ND \\ Dl D...

MARCH llfth 1 l~j1> 1 MP.f<.X
Dl£0 AI H15 DES)(, ,

ME WAS (£; YGA~S OLD, ..

•
6tSl0t l Tt-t£ tt'\.\NO~~D' Of ARitC.v~S ~~ WROT~
fOR \tte. GtERfl\AN 1 E:Ne:tV\SH 1 ~ENC.M ANO [Link]
P~ESS 1 M~R'X PROO" U.D rlotE [Link] lNG\ 4"fMS:

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EvE-e1 s [Link]\t..
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1
Mlcr?..X 5 WORKS Jr£! ll1e~s~\Otr1 ~inese ~
CO~SIOeefD 1lte WO£itN~ Rtwo\M.t\on : tt\E O\utt~ ~ ~ MOV~M~T OVff
ct..[Link] t?t~~- Y!.T rrs ooo w~ of Mf\~)(' Worl'. of THE LJ\S f (00 '{~~
MA~:~ rUN lN([Link]
kow "Ef?i r=ew WORI(f~ M\S
Uf\\Peej [Ah\0 W\11\T Hf~ SY MA (<$. (CMBA1
WRIT'ft:=N. MDSf Of: C\\-H£1 M6~1UJ1
Wtt1\T \i€. WfOTE lS Vl~TNJVJ\ I$OREA,
AP:S ~A.t-r, As Dlf'~' CM ~, r CYfJR1AS 1 \\UN~J\RYJ
~ MI\TH ~M~1lCS1 CZ&[Link]~t AI
&V\\ rr D\D Cltf\tJ~E. /NDONE"Sl~, POU\rtJD,
,-He Wb R\.D ... 11JE-r, sou-.J ,~,
EilAf\T EM"ltA , toNaD1
t\1.-S~N tA 1 a£66c e1
ktl e otA,EA~
€:1Ef<MANY1 E-TC-1 E"W-
t 1.- 5 Of HUMAN
\1$ YOU CAN
'0 AC£.
H\5 \NFW£:.NC£.
t\ A £ ulA5l JtJM€ Of
t"€ T AM'ES WtiD
WEfaf.. \N .S P\ ED BY MAR)( , •.
lH~ IN THE\R Tu~t\1
WHO \-\A\1 E \NFLV€.NCrD
Ml\..\.\ONS Of PE CM .•. li n
HEMINGWAY
&
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4i-~
TOLSTOt
CURIE
Ro lla nd ~ t<JIJ
~h ~ Olf)'J ... ,
JOHN XXIII PAVLOV
f1bi (O fl£ tf
GARCIA lORCA n e h ru
ER
c. .,
W ei ss ~
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PICASSO
B Sh ew (9,_ oitTEf.A " wA~St.t (f

REED Mtfti -r/'~0'\j \~

st \o '

35
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.~ Pt PH Y MA ~, ~o 0~ TO S ~
50, Af'fE~ THlS S Ho~'T CJ\Oe, OF TH E t.E:f'S
WHAt 'X \SM \5 AND \tOW \.E .S MARX AC .T \A A~ y M AN A€\ED To
1
CONT~lP.>UT£ so Mli\CH TO HUM~NlTY1 U (E \T O R N O T. ··

To d.() W\cr\j we'\\ hOtvt-

tv D bO\c'C it111me and
seeK: Wtc .wt :s o f

• •

••• •
\T' OT P05S \eL.£ To
ssAAT MEtJ 11HN •., Pel'sonoJ\y,
IF THEY Do 'T E~ ESS lT. •• 1 ctoot ~\ "~ lf\ort
EV t\l 55 \f Ttl E)' LAC EV afty W\(s is
111 MEA~ S lo W \1£ 0 \ Y\ £3 1-o. S'rr:Ay
DOWN \-\AT WAS ~\D .• , ~\ ,.

o.
W~AT OlD THE. Flf ST
HlAMANS ~ t NK ?

lN THE e,E.~\NN\N~J U:~N~ANGE AND FEAf< PREOOM\NAIED. BECAusE

T\'tt=-1 O\'DN'T KrJow 11-i E- MtsJ\1\HNqs oF 1l\ttJ~s 1 EARLY PEoPLEs WERE
AA<.Alt> OF tsve~j\\HN€, WHlC-1-\ MOVEV 1 AND TltctR F\f25t THOUGtt-tT
WAS AfJOU1 TH£ utAP Ee i\JATURf\t.,~ Wt10 MADE WE NOISE- OS:
THUN1>ER? WHo MDV EO 111E EA1<TH? ~0 MAVE IT RAIN?

1
1HAT 5 WHY1 lo Fl'?C>VlOE
SOME. K1NP Of f )(fll-1\WAltON
fO£. ~TORRL FV6~TS1
MANK\ND CREATED
THE.. ~00$; TtHS ~O D
OF 1?vt\IN, OF r1 ~1
OF ~A I OF ~1\11
}liE aoDDES5 OF .,._
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ClAT 0 F THI5 CAME 1lt£
MAE:\lCtAN.S AND 50fc.£~[Link] E\I~N S0 1 SOME 6f~M\ 1'0 USE. -niEtR H'fi\{)S TO
W\'tO e)(f'I;O\T£D THE. ''IDEA tiND ~~ \cA\.- ExPLANA'ftONS FOR 'THE [Link]
OF O\"JNrry" FOR '1\-iEtf<. OF NAT\JR€. ~ "TtiE. "1liu~KE.£S"•••
OWN 0Ef'JEFtT. &Y LtSII~€4 AU, -
KINDS OF UIEAP T'2JC(S THfY Srop n,,"~-rt~ ~Ni f1t\CA
PAS~ ED THEMSfWf5 of~ AS Somtlt\\ tASefU.l tv rio~
SPEC\ AI, II [Link]" OFTHf Just~ st~, \'m Qb(Jlt
GI005 WITH FAN11\STic poW~~.,. -ro ih\/et1t p\1lt()S ...

..to pr-ot1r Tt;

of eoo-rsa.,. ~ ~ I

PH\ltOSOPH)' S IA(lfE.O AS CR1T\CJSM Of f?[Link]~\OVS

5f.t,\E,:OS. B~ ~EE([Link] LOC:liU\~ R€A50N5 FO~
iHE -ntfNG\5 \~ NATVRE 1 MAN\(\NO CRS-f\T6D
11tE ~eNGf Of P~lWSOPl-\y•• ,•

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words
-- Phi/os -fYtend 1 0\nd
Uof'hDs- t5C~en(£

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---.-

TtHS lS -nff WP.Y GRAOVA~Y

,AN "lJPPER''ClS\Ss WAS foi!M£0-
0/e II RVLIN6f ClJti~S- ,AND 1\
L.o\NER- O!e RVt£D -CIA~ l., ••
THD3£ WHO L£T T)f~M~EL-\/ES
8E [Link] AND 1ltO&E.
WHO L-EAD FOOL6 P:>Y "Tf\E.
NOSE. (AND 1\'I0\0 W0Je.K •• 1
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Wo 01'P05fSP A PS 5f'R AN~ t..il' WHLCM snu... PE~tsr -ro lltiS DAY:
Et..\~\Ot.J ON ONE. 6\VEJ SC\E.N(flS ON THE Ont Ee ...

OWE. Of TliE. VER.y F\i!' T PH t~C)JOP\-IEJ?S WE ftE-t\€ of1 A (4{<6 f..C t;y THE.
NAME. Or Xe..NOP\1ANE5 Of COt.,OPt1DN 1 REF USE D
LO AOORE lVOL..S, ~[Link]\US€1 A~ HE SA'lD:

"J ox-en ~nct kovses Otnc\ · ~

1\ cw V1 s of ~\A) omw W'l\1\ • •

~~~
lkas~ \1\o.t\d.s, oo 'fs es w0\\\d. cW'aw -...,
pti:twe~ of 9CS"Os LQ(e \Wnes, ~nd
•

oxe.n ~ oxeT\ ,tU>ns liKa LLovtr,

OIYlo it\E s wou.~ msem'olt ·
lttF ~·lls €.0\Ch ~ \es
,,
possesses ......

1ltE JOEAS OF XEN OPlt AtVe S etDT ROUND1 e,uT

lltE '\?UUM~ ClAS S V\JI\51\)'T ~OI~TO TDU :t2R TE ICID\CC.M-E: 0~ t:ou &T
Al?O\AT THf t?X\ST~l\lCE OF n\E etOD S WHlCH o\AP f'oR TED n lEA E.
11
~ Ac,R.£!) AND \...[Link] \T \MA TE n C t.A I MS lo PoWEA2. ....
BL\T G>Tll..t. MANY USTI::NW"lO \-t\M ....

•
1\S T\Mt. W~NT ON- ANO ?f2of'rf5 f05t Ttte:. ~Uv\N~ C~SS P~FEC:TED rrs
R~L-tGtLON AND ADDED MORE. &.oDs Mote£ M'/l".,.s, N\o Rf ~ ,,-es A~D [Link]'.
1
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W~lCt-4 lAS'\Af\tNY M~NT ''DO~JIYflONJ" OF /1\0NEY OR OTtiE~ 1tHNet5 t\1\D n> ee.
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AT THE SAME TIMe 1 A "Dt-JaNE CA$TE" SET lf.5Et,~ .APA12T. WlTCH 0

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lHRij TOG,ETttCR W\'fH K1Nf:IS AND PHARAOH~ nt£,y ED HlJ~E:. [Link]:S
OF FArfHFUL. SlAVES ''BY ntE WJL--'··· Or lli~ StAP~EME etDDS''•.•

Jhcz whotf b~irtess

w81tt 5o 'ft'Y tm~
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-to be- w0t1 )1
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TttE ~TRTE. coMMA~oeo wltJCt{ etovs to\AlP BE W02SlHPPED o~ rJoT •• •

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lH€ ''BEYot-jo'~ IH£ to lA. iOfl)'. .• -
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THE. ~'IP'TIAIVARlaUMENT WAs 4>Urn: ~lMf\£: MEN WERE CREAffO sy

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TH€Y M\AST f\AT UP W\fH [Link]<Y I~ tto'PE 1ltAT1 \r 1H£f f>EHAVE Wf'U.,
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TO R-E.S\51 c;UND F~tfHI V'Jt\o
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lQ(CE tflctt keeps
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COWS\DE~D ·n-tE in mo-tion'?
fATHER OF f~ht.-oSO?t-lY.
HE U\/cD Foue CENiuR'E:S
SerOt<E CH£>lST AN D
DfVOIED f4W\5E U:: IO
AsT€ONCJfV'i'/ AN P
SC,t::NTlFIC. ~NfVlJ,RY
lNTtJ NATURE 0 • 0

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~c,t m~th€mO\hCoa~
-AtJOTHffZ fAMO\.AS PfhR ~\C\tlV" betW'eeA\
OF Wt\\SKERS-FA~R OF the p~rts of~ 'oo~···
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1ltJ \T ~\JM6~R 511\NDS 1\T
lltf . oRle;~· "of 1\LL- "[Link]$
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P11\\[Link].~S ANU \"\\5 fo ~s HE FOUNOEP A ffC\.H. lA ~ SEGI WttlOi

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A~t\5t3~
REVS!!
A5 A f<ES \All 1 THEy ~ t:~ E PefS'eCLITEJ)
~D THE pY1liA ~N COMM"Nil}'
WAS Stf\TI€.REP BY REL-\~\OUS
F~Nf\1)CS ....

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OFTEN Nf\MfD n\E P\-\ \t;OO OPHER1lAS tO 10 lt:.ACH
f F\11-\ Ete. 0 F 0\ J\ 1..£C.11CS, THAT EVER~1lUNtt EXISTS ANO AT
T\\1\T tS1lliE ART TH£ SAME TIM€ OOES~'r c,CIST: ••
Ot: ARQUMEl\11••• 'Thf\T At..e lHJNEiS Af<.E IN M01iot\J
A~D FWtO Cl'lA~E 1 CONTttJUOlA5LJ'
AWEAR'N~ A~D VISAPI'f.A~INq ••·

"No tme s s -twica into Ill' s~me

(t\let1 LU\1C\t OCCU1S ttl tr\~ Ylfl)(t
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ttifS~ ~NIA~tifE-Nt.V lflfh¥, Mfen~ on
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P~e SEe,t..rreD AND ~ [Link] ~e bow
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tT WASN'T lHE T\ME i-s ttl Ct t ? ?
To -r6-ST NEW
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AND NOW
WE'Rf OFr
To SJCI L...Y. .•

AT A6l~lqEJ'J11)M 1 EMPEDOCL£5, ANOTti~R f't\lU)SOPttee 1 USa> TO

[Link] TH~T HUMANS WE~E ONCf. V\PO)J A 1\ME oe:sc~)..}O£-:D
FROM ~ODS1 lOUT H-AD
~£SEN CASI DOW~ TO
EARTH 6ECAlASE OF A'nb w~fcM preptA lt1l
-met~ V\)lCKroNES.S WOOf f
AND lMPLARlTy' ••• mDotm chemt ...
HE ALSO 11-IOU&HT
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WAS M~OE UP OF
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WATER.. A llie.o~y TW\T
SLARVlVfD l?ttt HT 11\lTD
ntE M\Vt>\£ AelES···

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11\ E.t..,[Link] 1 SAl{) \1£1 WERE INF"LUENCED B'/ Two
0 t.E~j A
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t>\ED FOR HlS OPlNlONS: t?ut tnf

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t€ ~nd s-Rme , .•
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l~NoRJ.\~T ATHE-N \Y1 NS
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JO$~ AeOtAT' [Link]:"R)'THJrVet Ae,oUT €\OVS1
PHlLOSOP»E~J aO'Jt::~l$ MEf\\TS, ~ ~,;l ~ lON ....
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HE WAS ND e,EAUTY. •• ()\tORT, FA I, BA ~D
WRlNK\..€01 ANO RE AU..Y IANitDY.,.

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AS A sYNONYM F"oe R€.U~lON ••.
AND H~''S MOW ~

[Link]\Clrt b~~ - UV1t1~ b~Lins

c~nl?e 0trot ~\t\$)~t · No or"e tJ ~d wV\en you .smrl"
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ACCU5~D OF C012R\Af>TIN~ THE YOUTH,

lN THE eND, 50CA<ATES WAS
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AND SD ON AND so 0~,

if CO\A5E1 11-nS MEANT "TTtE

D~A\f-1 PE~At..TY 1 WHltH riE 50CRA'TE5
ACCEPTED BY .()RJN~JNC\ 15 DEAD···
POlS ONOUS MEMt..OCIC PROM t..oN~ l)VE
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BU1; IN BeTWEEN S\P51

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l?f\5\c, Qu~1lol\lS OF PH lt..OSOPHY ~

TRLI£ KNO'Nl£DetE Of TH\NflS- SA:YS PL.f\TO CDMrs Ncrfl·IE~

[Link]\t\ tON Note' ~£ASON •.• OR TtiAT 1~1 MAN Cl\ NNOT
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(HJNQt5 ON HlS OV\JN 1 BUIONL-YI3Y THe lDEAS f10P elvEs \"\\M

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ltSR ON 1 IT'S WELL- KNOWI\1 1 PUI:f0 S IDe~ W€~E useo IO ~OP

f' 1lt~ DOCTRINE. OF THe "lMMOf?TA UT(" OF TttE SOL4L At--JO ntE.
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invisi~\e 1 indfstruc,rjble G\fld
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Fo"~ ~t..\TLA2\fS 2>E~oeE Cll£\ST
ANO TV\I~tJTJ. fO\AR S~o£( e1t-1S\~t..a!

AREtll MASTE,R- ...

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A1lt<EL £55
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Of M AUSM
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ONE. OF ~R\S\oTt£s MOST \NTERESilN~
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A R\SE. FI<OM THE. IN E.(f'--'~1..-rry IN
~ CONOM\t "NP SOC\1\L [Link]\TID~S •••

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(T AlA,., OE PE Nt>S -' AR'/' THou~ hT-

ON WHO'S f:tOT Tl-\E POW€R. \F lT'~
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HIS O.K. 1l> 6U'
Br=CA~E t1 WAS "N~[Link]' "fO SOC..I~f ...
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HIS TEACHlN'-'S #\00uT
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He cal~\t>Ee'GV~E ao~L- OF"
p.s 1'"He. ONLY souRces UFE V\11\S
OF 11<\ATH. HAPPtNESS., first C\nd
So' HE -fOr"ernoJY...)
ADMliiW Tl-l~T
ANYONE LUCKy'
rNOlJ6tH TO HI\VE
MDNSf Of<
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ttot-J oue WAs
BOlAND lb
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BE HAPpY.,.,.

THE FtRST f'Hit,050Pl11CAL 17)'\(\A)~

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ft\e Nortufa.L If AN)'ONE. CA2ES

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PHlvo50PH'f DOE-SN'T {p\}.\TE END HfRE ....

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ffi(OC,IOlAS DltT/\TO('- El\
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1

WHO DlON T1ltlr4)( ~\V:f

llt~ C~U~CH,,. p/etey

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THE fJIM. A) F~~E,

DRAT AS
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MeA~T FOR.
f~NOfANT FOLtK.''...

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cens ofeel by tnf nis-n lnf¥!i~ itors bec()ure he
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THE Ae.5Et\JCE OF f'~oPEe PH\vosoPHt, A FEW, WHO \-tAO NOI~JNE{

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!f"\\E~ lo 001 PASS~D THEil:~ TIME IN -[Link]:tlalt., QUIBBlES
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5MLA\a~ it5V~in
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TO COME .At...ONq f\NO ATTAC.\( \HE.. CHUI(CH
AND PREA t\-\ ~Ef,Et...[Link] Af\f\\N sT Tt-lE
0\CTA \ORSl -\lP Of THE CL€Ra 'f •• .,

Now &G,N s THE.

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Af\f\lNS\ [Link] 1 REL.-1~ 1 0\)S'
-rjRANN'Y A~~ FANAT IC\SM:
A~o \T SU>RED AN.
lMf'O~i ~\NT Vl~TOR.'/
rOR l\\JMA~rry, '

ThAT JS1
FREeD OM OF ~

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Gi or dano Bru no (c. 15 48 -1 60 0) , a
"TliiS 15 THE Pf~IDO • --
•
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Do m in ica n• m on k and Galileo's
co nt em po ra ry , renounced
IN K\IMAN HISf~ obedience to his Or de r to fo llo w
Wt\~ Fl e5 f~RATe: ~, th e Pantheistic do ct rine wh er eb y
~INPS SlAODfNt,y
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/ th e ac tiv e and passi ve elements of
Fl-OWtR~D. Of
re al ity . Prisoner of th e In qu isi tio n,
1Ji£ VtCfoR'( OF ,44tND he refused to recant and was
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f)A N \f J Pf"f~A~CH,
DAVIN(,( I tsfASM\,ASJ
L..tA"'tfR., y, co,
CoP~fN\CU5 1
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NEW'f'Ot\) 1 AND
'il~OANO S0JNo,.

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ey
IND~1'E~ DE I\ \T (, y OF W E ~U ~C H AN D RE lAf:\lON ..
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ll\e tnootA of n&.UJ\Qtltty. ••

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/[Link] 1W0, 1ltAT HE SfO~f FO~ llif FIRST 11mE OF AN [Link],VTtoN OF S"Oc,e:ry
Tov\A1ro5 OEMOCRAty 1liRoue, tt
Cl-J\~S -5 Tf?U 66l£ ..•

C AtNL"f 1 ttts M\STAKC. WAS ·ro eND ttiS Ev'OUJTI(»J HERE ANOASSUME.
IHE [Link]?€{EOlS S' I ATE WOtAL-DN',- ~ CHI\IV~~O FDeWE. BETT~R..-.,
[Link] ONlYTHAT HlST~Y WOULD cS fi\1Z l At...L. OVER A&f\lt\l F'ROM A
f'tN5T PHASE ON A NEW C'/~E 0~ E.V~T1DN ...

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w\t\i\ ""(lS(Z ~ o,
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e rHt N£~r 6f2EAr ADEPTs

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''SPlRlTUf\t:' \(l~V. BY O~E)'IN~ 1ltE5TATE ftt1fY PAf DiD\ \e~ ... yts,
(e.100'5 R£PI(f~ €NTATW f Olj E ARTI\ ~o \l A~OTHfYW~ blAt [Link].J\St•••
Wlt..L fJNP ~f'PP\[Link] AND 'F'R.E~O/V\ A'l I f\CKfO
(Of "UiE. cSPIRlT••. JlAST
The'i Wf~e UN I

Wt\~t h\e ,[Link] a--.... 1f IE.Ui20V\\N Wftl

he SO\Ji~EJ? Dl~(..f:C.f\CI\ L. •••

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llHS L.f.O M~R1C TO .. .1t1 skott, StAt- w~ort- ~oer

5Pr/7HAI HEaet!s to n-.~kt ir 's ~ so.y
METhOD WAS Clb~r
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1
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DOWI\l I At-JD ' '
t-J£fOfD lo iE STOOD
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CO NSTf\ ('\ T ~ V 0 \,U T l ON 1
6\~\lNq WlTH PR\M\Trve:
[Link]\.. DES \'OTlSM 1 \N
WHlCH ONL-Y ONE PERSON
V\JA5 F~E.E. ( lltE TYeANT) 1
AND N~)CTTHE e.~AECO- RoMf\N
~1S\OC~A1lC 5YSTEM JN
WHlCtt MANY MORE.
WE~E F~EE ...

Ll\ TEE? STlt,L ! SL>\ V£~ AND

SERf"t>oM t>\SAVPfARED 1 AND Ev€N MORE.
PEOPLE. WERE F~6 ... Afle~ -niE l'tot:y ~OMAN- ~ERMAt-J [Link]~E 1
rEVDf\L-\SM 1 MONARCtfY 1liE fRff'JC.H Rf:.\/OW1ioN 1 A~D F'n~ALlY Wrni THE •

p~v~siAN .STA1~ H\JM Nrry RE~CMES (Acco,wtNE:\ To HEGJEl1 ANYV\JA'f

ABSOLUTE
L-l BEI<TY

My, I OD viKa atis

c:N\~p tte~a I.
Etive Viim l1rt
NWion~\ f\w~fd.

P~USSl~ HAD AN EMPEJ20te1 AN ARMV1 A VERy R\Cti CHV~CH A)J.O SON\E Slat ·
L19~DOW~E2S'. lttE PfOPt,f WOf?KED f"Of:? lHCMJ Wl tHOVT [Link]~ StAvES MA'fSi? lNT
OPPResseo ENOU~H. HE~El DIDN'T NOTICE ntiS OPPRES~tDN. HE LMAQ,NISD ASSOWTE
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it
RE ALL~
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f:t AOV~~y 6\VE.N
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AND S\Jf>TLfSR
FORM Of
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M TF\U(U~~ R&O\AT ttliM~N

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11tE OTHtR. PJ?oove£s RA-ntE~ f\W lMPeovEMf~T
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otAI\J ... Of SOCISTY..

Tttls "tA rret> tote "eL.,
NI'(Tv~U8 •.. 1ttJ'\r'5 WHY!. .. .

1\TllitS POlNT, Mf\-R)( ~TEPS \N Tb PUT HE~et.. (AND HICS IY\ETHot>) 'THE
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S\1\th 0\5 [Link]-0\l DIY\d \CAbwr 1
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FEV'E-~~ACH so..y ~nd how d1'cA IDEALISM To [Link]
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MATE RIAUST. 8RAtJD1 0e£:.1:\[Link] ttE
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b~t idee-list.•. F h
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IT WAS UP To Mf\~XTo ~-~Hl)ff'L.t IHE DEC.K: ToAMA~AMAT~ THfi.

ThE eEST OF THIS ONE AtJP THAT ONE aar~h~ No! Ht lmprottd,
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AS Wt. ve. NOTSP1 H~atL. V\PN~''f SE£

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rH(ST QtJ6S noN ~ 'fi)\Jt'J~ W£1. WkrAt WM>~s 1o them'.
ASl(~D HIMSELF··· .--------. .....
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AT tH'ESAMET IMe lT
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INTO THE BOSS'S POCKET,

~t,rt is Wits I~ H1S f tt:sT WORK., MAr?'/. f>S~INS 1b JNVf3TI~A'TE

1
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or k>.,~t. Of A L..tE. NA TlO~ : f\:>lJ(tC.A t. ~U~ l ous ANO
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PJ'I
d,()e~ the prb \Ad MACt\JNERY, T'/RE51 BOOKS 1 tiO\ASES •••• BUT 1ltlS
.,
of the wov ,·"~n1ans Of>J~c-r 1 ey THE FACfOf REMAlNU~&. TttE 60 SS
\abOLA( ent\ l4f? PRo PE-r<T'/ 1 WRNS \tt')~ PRESTO! I~ TO
f\11 [Link]\SE (A COMMOOITY) .••

Ot>'llOUSt,Y DOESI\\ 1T f'~OO\ACE ntlN~S

lAr>OlAf
fOR THE. \MMED\1\T£ e,eN'[Link] Of" -ntE WDRl<"ER
WHoMAKES TH,EM. RA lt\ER J \T \S ~RlST fOf!
[Link] EvSES Ml L.L. •••

Al/encrtion begm1 witn 1m- worker- being

scpteezecl ctry...

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LE~S ttE ~N CO~SVME j !liE: MORE VAUJe HE Cf<EAT~S, Ti-\E: l..ESS \/AWE. t\'E. H-RS ....
l.J\&OlAf PROOUC~S fAtOUWUS THIN~~ rOR llt€. RlCti1 2>lAt M\SERy FOR THE POOR.,
[Link]~ REP~Ct LA60UR. 1 AWV JO~S VlM\Nl~ft, WHILe DTHf~ WDRl(ERS Tt>RN
JN-ro Mf\c.t\[Link] .... " ..
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AL-l€.Nf\110N NOT [Link]:t~ADES """N, BU1 A~() DE-PERSONA USES HIM.

Wl-\1\T CAN 'IOtA [Link].T?
MA.£X SlATES:
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TttE MtlltOD AND -rBf ~~atine ifon.u
RHYTHM, f,UT HE. Nf~eR
Pt>nte:.RS lF 1l-lt: wo~~ER
END~ \A~AS:

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FVRltiER AND So? W"o owns
AF'fl~Ms: ~ lnv~ions of
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WHO HAVE lltOlAfHiT1
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E1WEW TtfE I R IS JT Rl"ttr ntAT ALl,.. OF

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SOMET\i I~~ ••• ~ANDS Of "RiE FeW?
lftf\T lltE INVfN noN ANO
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~fA iS SHOVU> ~ THf
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~ W£f=\t:fliY Few?
NO IT'S NOT Rl€1"T/

o~AL POTeNT\ At, .ms

l3froME f'R"'AiE.
POW~ OF THE FfW."
Wt~ AltSO .Sl..\8MJfS:

PRIVATE OWNE~S~af> OF
1HE lJ\ tx>lAR Of iHE
/AANY I~J\WSfOfMS
7ltE MEA~S OF ~[Link]
l~-me MAX'IMVVV\ ro~M lT5E.U: INTO THE
OF A~E~AI\ ON.,, CAPITA~ OF A
PRl\IJI.,ECJED Ft:W.,
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ThE ROOTS OFCAPITAUS M
e a>
t) SO- M X C{)NCt.-VVES -"THE. DE£ PesT ntf wo~(6~S lAf>OlA~
s oF MA , Hts C£[Link]'If Ac,l, t-~As aEE-'N f>ECOM£5 MERCHAND\SE IN
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1RE CA~TAl..tSTS ~OPEfelY

[Link]€5 1 i'HE. MoRE
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W~~E~ l?E:tN~ ....
YotA ft>r' -oont in 1. q
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into Q tkio~ ....

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BlESSED ''[Link],ERT)'" ijfEtEL TAt.'KEt> ASOU~ JUST OOE:SNlr EXJ~T.
MONEY OP>U6eS 11-\CSE WHO »A'JE)\) 1T ~OT AN'/1 10 SEU- 11-\e.N\(SEL-~ES
BoP)' ANt> SOUL Tt\f\T \5 1 1"D SEt..L -nteuii! L.,fltJOV\~ POV\l E.R ([Link]:;.R,
PEl=\SA~T; }N1CLLEC\U AL , •• llHS \S AUE~F\t\01\l:

••• •

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TO (JO,SfS5 f~SSESStONS 1 A MAN Wlt.-v 5ELt.. ~\MSElf TO H'A\IE WAAT ANOTl\~R
ltAS .. f'UT lT t'J£v~ 0AWN.5 ON Hlf\\,. · 11\F\T "THe MORE HE <aE.TS1 TitE
LtS~ HE K~[Link] OF \-+lMS£i,.,F, ..

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(.. more ~t1d mort ~nd .. ,
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TH~ CQ\ANT\£SS E\1\~S Or How c.A~ nus STf\T! oF AFFAJRS ee. atA~~o?
1ltt: vJO~u:> STEM fROM lr\f
11
[Link].~CE'' Of f'Rl'VAT£ tn ~wtl !~
PROPERTY: nus E\/ns OF 1s Din to Je
~tVV'/ 1 WA~, Eao!SM, CR\ME1
•

fNJUSilCE,THE M\Sf:.f!!.'l OF
~ltt1 r"k,
poW€¥ L1ffit.
1lH~ MASSES AND WXURY
II FOR THE. Vf:.RY FeW ...
•
I

I htlve ~ V\unch ~~t~u

w Mo. rx is oin ~ ~
us many
~eav~cV\e ...

WH\tH CAME To Uf£ Wrtli !liE: lNDlJSTfl~t,

REYDt»l1oN WttfN MAetitNES
t3E~At-J [Link]~ 11-\E
•••

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00" the PEe.( [Link]\\
th€ boss'.s mO\Cn it'n ., ..
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in ~ ctc\S'S WC(S Dav t-roW I AND
. - WlTH WHI\T ~
O~t)to (j\~Y\9 ~tn~S · ··
POWC:R.S ??

"N~\KE. 11-ic 6MALL- SCALE

ARTlSAN5 WttO llSf.D 1U dW N
ntE. IOOL-5 OF 11tEtR\RAO iJ
T~E. P~Ol£TA£\f\T OWI\(5
NoTH INa AT AL-L-
~~lTtieR THE MEANS 1 NOR
ThE tND- Pt20DUCTS ••.

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I

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l,tNL-1\('E. At.L OlliE~

Soc lAt.. c t.,A5~ES I nt E [Link]-Y
WOR~u~Jf\ Ct.f\SS PtJS)ESS ES SPISAK I~) TltlS IS ~ttAT
0Nl)( lTS .L$\60\AR 1'0~64e 1 SP£c tf tESS -me sr~UGBt£
J.£. WH'f\1 Is COMfi\OrVt,'f t3EivJE:'~N 1liE
•
kNOWN AS THE CONTRARlfS; CAPITAL
''WOR\C foRce'~ f ON ONE~lOE 1 U\SOIA~
ON lflE OTHISR ..
[Link] TOEA ETHER 1
S\A~f., B\AT WrTH
OPRJSCo 1NTE~TS ....

•
•
THE" c>Uia..u·JfS OF' T+tE p~oSLEM Aee: C&..~AR: IT ONLY RE <i>lAt~ES ~TtcAL. P~OO~
NOT TtiE WA'/VVAf!D lANEl\AAE:tf Of fHlLOSOfMY Wt-ltCtf AAFFU: S Ev E~'([Link]. •..

-
...-
,
- Private property has made us so stupid and one-sided that an
..,.... object is only ours when we have it- when it exists fo r us as
- capital, or when it is directly possessed, eaten, drunk, worn,
inhabited, etc.,-in short, when it is used by us ...

In place of all these physical and mental senses there has there-
fore come the sheer alienation of all these senses - the sense of
having. The human being had to be reduced to this absolute
poverty in order that he might yield his inner wealth to the outer
world ...

In order to abolish the idea of private property, the idea of

communism is completely sufficient. It takes actual communist
0 action to abolish actual private property. Hist&ry will come to it;
and this movement, which in theory we already know to be a
self-transcendin g movement, will constitute in actual fact a very
severe and protracted process ...

Marx (extracts from Manuscripts of

I
IN tflS ''[Link]~U>TS OF IStt .. , MAR)( ST\lL St'Ef\KS t...lK£ A PVRE PHIL-OSoPHER.,
WtntOUT REA~ to~Tf\C.T W\TH -niE WO~)(IN~ [Link] WHlCH HE \S ONt..Y DtSC.O\[Link],
~WON'T REALLY 6"17:~ 1lHNqS CL.€Aely lJNT\~H€ fe.P€.5 H\MSt:lf FROM
f'>[Link].O\S CO~\:.ft'~ AtJP SrARU v'I EvJII\)~ tef:AUTY fFZOM A [Link]~tAN
I A~~Lf ...

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TH-E RE~SONJ (?U\Tf. "'r"tlPl£: ONL...Y
•
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Rt:STRttt ED To llif Ff-W · · · t~SS (io«)nt
[Link]. o.
p~·, lnsoptty of
it3 OWn!

•
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1\-\AI'S W""1 MARX

. EGO~NrzE..P 1 AND SO HE
SPENT HIS ~\FE. T'RYIN€:\
11:> VR£ATE A f'[Link]\~N
PH l~OSOPt\'( ',.

ftS 9ot1t> be M~iC\~\rt

()n~ cth~tc~\ ...

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PROt-tTARIY-\1j So TIH~ f'ROLETAR\Y~T Fl~\)5 rn JNfELL,ft1UAL
WE-APONS IN PH\t,OJOPt\'i ... PH\t,OSOPtt'j CAt-J ONVj \?E
~1.,\S~D r;y 1ltE A60L1"00N 0~ rHE PROkETARI~ AND
-ruE PROLETA~H1T CAAl O~t,y ~E. ASOUSHE-0 SY ntE.
'R€flL\~A1i\.)~ Oi- Pl·HLO~ov~y .''
1
(IYctititp~e 6( tff~als PnilolbfhYDfRt~ht!
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BUT THE fR\MARY
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ANV 11-t E
COUNTRY tN Wh lCH
REVOW1iO~ARy PRRCf\ CE
1\AP MAVE MOST PRO~RfSS" •

WAS

ltte SH~l\tP\1\C£ IN J1'a~

OF THE Fle~i ~eAT
REV()t,\)110~ Hv HUMA N
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0

AS WE 'V~ AL£.EM>'f 6fRMAN PHI(;.OSOPHY

SEEN SUi P2of>.A&~Y
0

FO~~ OTTEtJ) 1MARY. \SM ENE\ lASH POLIT \CAL- ECONOMY

t\~5 I!>ASlC
S"OU£CE.S WHICH AeE ~ fRENCJ\ SOCIAL-ISM

S 11\\(JE. WE'VE HAD A

J...ODk AT THE
PttlJ...OSOPHIC~J... OR161 NS,
U:T'5 ~u; WCE
Beu:.f"~Y AT
fRE~CH SOCIA~ISM 1 IUo
srAeTlrJEf WITH: 1191

~------~'---------'
(

WHEN Tt1E Ff<~NCH REVOUAiiO~ ttAO

[Link] ~A=ATED,ANDTH~ WORTHy
I
JAU>t?INS WeRE IJJ R E reeA-r; A
0
SAA~UA~\ROUP Of THEM I(I'JOWN AS 0

HOPED TO Cl\f?.R'{ Ot.J nte A:eMEO

S\~uaat.£ Foe [Link] AND nt c=.
C~t=f-\T,ot.J or: A soc,~wST &TATe •••

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of 50CtQl\SM
Wt:u.,1 rr's NOT \OJOWN [Link]~ BUT, A ,
cA\~ tflf}' hOtYf
1HE EX~oP~lf\TlON Of WEAt.;fH A~O JP
0

ln MfYld~
~Q>VAL.. RfDtSftel&vno~, 71'4f: ESIA&US~
MENT OF UMMON O\[Link]'Jete<5tt lP.
[Link] £{)t,(C'tn of\J COM PlAt,lDf:'Y FOe
c\/E~VO.._,f.. BUT TJiE [Link] WAS
VlsCOv~RfD AND 6A6fUF CO~EMNEO •••
0

0
1liE £ T [Link] AT SOC\AUSM A~o OCCUR. IN F"f(A~CJe., DlA2\Nq
t
Ai'O~[Link] ~f \M~ 1 StAT lHESE. ATTE.MP1) WERE. ONt..'{ [Link]\L,

TH-e. btet NAME5 HERE.. ARE.

::.
·- :'

.:'"'! ••
--•
•
I '

'I•
...-
I
- •,

. •
• KNOW~ AS It VTDP tAN SOClf\lASTS"
• I

6E~viE WttRT THEY WANTED TO ACHrS\1~

•• • [Link].O ,, l)TOP\A N ' 1 ~
''IDE.A !,t..Y P~Rf"~ c,I''...

-
• .

--. - --
•
-

... pbrmed ewnomy [Link]-'t' ,.. end m& ru\e of th~ leir ofe
~f [Link]•(m of a [Link] cl~ss (nol?l~, ci&Y~~ ~nD
b0\Y11C. ml\ it~~)

• •
... or_8l)nlse o new soc•ety ... f0l1nd 0\ Y\t.W reti,ion
[Link]~ by \[Link] \ist:s ft> w~nch rc~n\ser w ::
o~ thE- welfare- of a~ mAns Ollly .,~
~e \tH··~ QntA p<XW'ef"
c\D\sse.r

•
WHE~ 0 A \N T -5 \M O N D IED , tH S
DlJtlP L L 5 R E I1L LY S T A ~ T E V A r<el· ~ mof((li~
t~ V \ e : - t o N vJ tf ~ ITS o w N t.-rn JR.c:N, SL1 ces tu etim 1 ode
• • •

· f lTfS ,AN V n ttt.J ~ 5 0,:: T1-\ f1T sOtlll l l¥\'-'1 ••

50r2 t S A IK T- S IM O l'1'
5

I
1 * D R Y H1\V No sc 1fwr1 f"1c.
I &~5\S AT A J.,L A~D \T
DlD NO\ ACXNOWLfD~f
11 t£ CL,f\ S$
STR06t\l£ ••·

l.1Nt-U(E: TliE A~ lSroce~TIC SA lt\\T-SlMoN1 HE WRS 1'00~

ANP SPE~ HIS' Uf£ lf Z ) ' r ~ T V ~ ~ ~ IH E ~ l C H T O

I.__ _ _ _ ___.I FINFU.)C€. *IS ~Oj(l:f~ .. .

H£ be Mal! \A r t ''
to b\M .l d Q 'c eowtm V\ 1
t fne [Link]
~e nc~rto ~nee sys~ o f litt\e. ~wuMl \ties,
ow" v!M11! - - - - - - - In &QV\\ck ~~~,,~
}tle\f
WMrJ ne to, eve~ OVte, W\~ COW\m&A~[Link]
I

»rt s'tmple em:? es ~nd C<1t\SlA1'1 tJ(J • •

tQ... . To ptt'fent ~f
fLse- of weDtfm i'Y' rAny cme
oecAo~ tv\€- ,,c,V\9( wnvt\b f')e-t"'
()... SmD\l\~ part of \t\f-
ohotrt, w~\,le ~ poovet
~en- n'\ove, 0\M nweby'
b~'llArtce W\ it1 C5lAt).
1tf- CAct\A~\\y "nt:AfO ()\
c5 \At h C<>W\YY\ \,\ t' it \e s (e tA " ~
11
1
' Pn0\ll)nsf"P~es • Bwt l1E
~~fts \[Link]-~ 1 in~
tn M - hous ...

T\-W \T A F E W O F \-H S \D E f!\5 M € 12 1T S O M E

THER E 'S No 'PO IAS T
P ~ ~ E U J Y \ l N ~ - n o ~ O F C O M P E T t ' f l O ~
CONSJDER~TloN . FO R E X ' A M 1'- iE
1 t> 6 iO P T lf e .M C - H U ~ N I N ~ ~ T U SEt..ES 'S 1 li iN6 S ',
lt M D JJ a PRODU
OlAPUCf'\tlS ' A N D W X ~ Y )T fM S •••
SoME. Of THE-
tDEAs OF SAINT-
•
SIMON ANV
FOV IE~ W~£
Peoe,A~t; mK'w
UP PJY MAR:J<
/iNP terJtrJ!) Ap~i+~atn of ~JJ V'J().¥ 0\nd
IN ~E-te OWN, if OUtS -A \J& \JST f ~¥ M~ll n-volM11on wt\o s ~~
MOR£ P~GTtCAl.. S~AH ~UI ytfJ.Y~ Df ~-~ IA.{E- 1M ~[Link];. m- -f1'tts
THEORlES. (IJor; - 1~ ~) of th.e- ~mto'fship of :m-- ffot'*~v'ic;tJ
t evtm 1f LY w~s L\ minof'Yy ane,~rtb
-
~~~ THE. PJt~~EST (sotty~ t CAAAt~tir . . . . not G\S MfA(Y. """~~I W\ In~
CONTR \(;tAT\ ON -flY\d .~ tnaj O(ary,..
E. FROM pui1.4fe .,.
1ltRE,E. DTtt€ R
FR~NUi
11
"SOC. I ALISi5 • ,.

Aroftnut CAn~
•
~[Link], blAt re
BLAN(\)0!1 triu, umti- iV\·ut 0\M
~n ~v ene~ of
'""'UD HON J kJ6mcl,U Mb~CM
AND . s~\/CiY'i • ~ ~s
BL--ANC !nf iO"' ntA ef m~t\1\~
~\a s!tAettts.
' PYI ·,s '"efY.''
l8o9-\l

I J ...... ~ .
Wot1(ev.S \eDl~,
nttof\Jt'
of e\ec+t~-btAltd, le~isttAfivt~
soc\0. nsm, not~ v·u~~~
Yf-v~t'Or"~(y '<lnc(.
J+iJ Mbl~ ~~ow [Link]~ u·.
I ''\1'01'Y! e~Oh txCCOY"()1n~to
}1i ~ ~j Ji~y I tl> .eotot\
11
Ottco f"o\VJ" -to ~us nf€0 .

• , ' wll
• ••

•
MPi~ C-1\M! l~'fo CO~T?'CT W\f~ THEM IN Pl'~lS 1 OffE?~
5TRt\ltt-J~ TO 6t10W I H€M TH£112 f~~~s. SOME' WE.R£ Fl5 HII'JQ IN
1
lH£ TeDV(;ltD WATER OS: ADVE~TuRtSM. OTHe-RS DIPN T £:\RASP
X15 ., [Link]<:t A-~.D [Link] rr I( ()[Link]~uSitC. l=ou.,yn OR
''E:xc£5St\I£(..,Y eADlUH, ''...

'
-nus M,[Link] ~~ .
{). pf'O rvr I~ Y\ omcJ
Wt'l\ al\ be
~ll€ ~s . .--.:
p®dtirt~ ~J
-to llflr1_9 .. !

PJAS l [Link]-Y1 Tttt:: E.f2eor<

OF T\[Link] "UTOPIAN SOGI~USTs''
A~.D A~F\RC~IST5 WAS AN \

Af>SENC£ OF rot?ESI~H~ nt\vfht~

Of ~Ef'A~ATI ON J d tttE c~
A C0tJ1EMPT FoR s-tY 9le~. •

5TUDy AND SWW1 Thty "'a~~e .

II BUT METHOViC~L soc 'S Ol\e
I
I OR~"' t'J 12."Tl oN ~Ctpf! •••
~D it\E DEN l t:\
OF 1\ [Link]'f Or
•
I
f
[Link] l- I
I
I

.PEVr~MFE~I ' FAMI~Y~?

""'ffiflOlAaH CLASS
eo~tcucr. ..
•

A l1 OSC M -rnlt..Jfl [Link]

1U ~\S PA \S f\ USCfWT:S'",
A o SnJoY ln\ THE 510\NCl~ TITLE~
•

Or':
i t t '' Crit-i ~ o-
,, cv-"t he(X Cfi r, CJvUl&·
•
A ~"~~r
' t i ~ t t t r. BvtAY\ B~[Link]-q ~-"

•••

lN THIS BOOK1 W~l1TEtJ

11HS THE31S Wf\S
W\Th C:N~E~S, ~~RX
OPPOSED
&~IN~S TO Llet~T THE
TH~0~6tf0UT
CONf[;(C.T OF CoNTRARifS
THE WORL.D···
Wft\CH ~DES ON
•

WllHIN CAPITAUST
Soc.t~rt, BE-TWEEN .
CAi>l'TAL. A-NO LA &OV~
•
"'·
;<..
7 , '-
:-.....
......_
JltE )NE'/tTA9\.E
~
REV'Ot.-T OF 1liE •
.
IN~Tff\0 Of '
W~N6MSSJ
\

\~ '
~ ~
AND ll\£. ·cCJ\s.s sr~tJ,
5U&sc£PUENT ~- ........
CAPJrrtt,tSM
•

t:El=E:AT OF 11'\£
Wltli15T0
~t)f~[Link] ..• 1\N
INTrvowo~ :
"AWt\I'Ju•
ThE fof
[Link] F'RD€1fl~SS •••

6Tl?uea L~ ~-

AIIBRICAJf 7W'Df8.
.. UDi&ecl • • ltaad, l>hidecl .... fall. ..

•
~l..t'~ TH~ Ct,ASS c51~LA~e&l,t. I~N 11" JW i M~)'~ INV&JTH>N. IT H't\.5 AVI'IA15 ~>CISi€D
AND MAYfl€.. At...WA'IS W\U-) ~ve(. 51\'JC£. T"f. WORl.O f>E.~AN .
AL/f~oU&.tt MAR:i. Tf!kS IA5 l'T WON 1T At...WA)'S ~?<[Link] A'S WE.c5l1AL~SE~.•.J

IN ~Ol\1e we V1tfl~
p~tr~i,~m, iGttl~hts,
plebe1uns [Link]
I
I
s es .. ,

I• I

111J
In thE ~\[Link]
~ ~Ml Lortts, II
vas sOl p-, m w rer
I
- '
01. rt1A ~ V\S 1 0\ ppn rthCf-11
SBr' s ...

''Ttt€ M01:>~ I?>O\AR€t~o\S [Link] 11\ f\T ttflS

SP Ro UT eD FROM -nt e RU INS OF FEUDA~SOC.U~It,
I
Ms t-lcT DONE AWY-lj W\it-\ ClASS A~TAe0~1s.N\.
:C'T HAS e«AT
-
EsTA~[Link]€DNEW CLflSS'fS1 NE.W
C.0NDIT'O~S OF [Link]\ON 1 NEW ~MS 0~
•• ISO C\f ,(y AS A WttOL£ IS Ma R£ ~0 M~~
SPL\111~~ JIJ'rb TWO [Link]&>T ~CSTIL£.. cAM~~

. . . PRo L,ts-rA~JAT... "

T~rA\ w(}.l wl1~eY\ iV\ ~e W\\AT'S \MPORTA~T, l~ To 61ef\SP
M~r\"1 ~h> o l~ t'O , Bur Tt\AT EACH SOC\1!\~ ClASS \iAS 1TS
MY\'+~o [Link] ~ M(}.'f'j OWN lN\f££5T' ANO EF\Ct\ ~0\.1)5
WClS WV'lM~. \tis epocN\ Vtl:WS Aoo.>T 11\E- G\ ~,.
was vex~ ruffwOY\t OF 11-\E STI\TE CONS\STEI\\T
0\AV'S U•) Wtn11l\E D€[Link] THOSE
---·---- -----/ tN·t ~E <5\S ,,.

[Link].\ n~
w"t'c.~ c.e'(t"'ln
f:>O\,\\s" pre~,
CANNOT ~\3t-, .•
He never denied what he owed to others-as in this letter to
Weydemeyer, dated March 5, 1852:
'And now as to myself, no credit is due to me for discovering
the existence of classes in modern society, nor yet the struggle I

between them. Long before 01e, bourgeois historians had

described the historical development of this class struggle and
bourgeois economists the economic anatomy of the classes. What
I did that was new was to prove: 1) that the existence of classes
is only bound up with particular, historical phases in the
development of production; 2) that the class struggle necessarily
1T CAN''fJ t;ECAUS~ 50 t.-e>NaAS
leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat; 3) that this dictator-
ship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all ANY ONE. ClASS uves P>Y
classes and to a classless society." E)(f'LO\TIN~ AtJOTHER. 1 A
•

STR06qU: Wlt,~ ~)(fST ~AINST

5VC-l-l E)(f'[Link] •••

Ano.. ~u c\c\:u-
sh'"f'~Je is
NecES5ARV fOv '
num~r\

•
•
H(~ jk3Y •

kA~MON'l f,€T~€C.N not- Otl~r•

1\1E.. C\.ASS~S WOUt.-0 DE.
lDEAt.- 1 OF C{)\A~SE1 ANt>
AN E~lAlTAGt.f
J2£t>JS1'f\f>\AflON Of •

I
We At, rH AND
' P~~ POe AU.
•

'
ooo

IT'S NOT ON SfCAOSf TliE [Link] SYSTEM Ml\5 ONL-Y OIVE AIM, PROF\ I J BASf.D
ON P~t~ATE. ~oPERTY 1 WttlCA-' lS OBTAINED BY ~>'PLorntla WE L,At?OlARS Of
THE PJeot.,E:TAR\~T.,.

I NobotJ.y likt:s
Ptirl~ exp1o1t£Q 1
~n\ass »lfy're

l
Unt\W(.lYf of jY,,,
NOTE:
IN MARis DA'/ 1 niE FoU..OWJtJ€'\
R ru1 &f'uff'S p~[Link]:

...Oncl
'fYl().ny aodmO\~ ~me
~ren't ~worf 1D ~m~M Dtnt(
of'lr~l,t.S'e ol~~ 1o obey,
Wt~y believe ~[Link]) ~t\t( ~~t1C{t\Ot'\
Ylo\.V Iif€ ·, s OJ'1d ~ is 01fi~-tlc;n ...
y01). tct "'-t-
C~fi'~ ·Jt... ••
•
••
•
• HE&e.t.. WAS 0~ THIS OPJ~ION . .-rf. SA-N NO
WA'( OlAT Foe ltiE poog ~>'tEPT FOR
•
•
•
•
• CAPII1\l..(SM··· MAR)' W1l~ eo.J\/INcEO
•
•
•
PREClSfi,Y Of THE COtJlRARY •.•
•

94
•
•

MA PRO'J~S W\TH ~£~~T PREC.\S\ON TiiAT UNDER -rn1S ''~fW S~STEM. J

CJ\PlTAt-\S M, T~1\i ts THe woR~~R \S WNDEMNED NE\I£R To ENJOY THE
ADVANTAG'\ES Wlt\C.H Tti€.. S'/Sif...M RES€R'J'ES ONL'f FOR -nte WN
OF 1lt~ M€A~S Of ?ROPUCT\ON •••

W~o w.:c~ "P wt~ wh0 eUt 'bu,t

~ pf~ fu~t ht1 e. bo!.5, Wl 0\t's
yo\ft prOD\Ace ~ W\1\D L ..

•
•
•
•
•
•
• f\ND WttY
ON L-'f
Tt-tE Boss'?

So M~'X \'tf\D To SV\\liCK fROM PtHL-OSOPH\CAL PRof>~EMS -ro THOSE. W+ttCH

Pti\LQ50Pl\Y [Link] l~NO~ES, BU.T H'E 'RECKot'l~o lttf\i \TWAS NECESSAI2Y
l"t) toME. TO ~~\PS WITH THEM SEf'otee:. ~~COUl-D PRO\JC. H\S [Link]~S:

T~te P~C\A\.lA'e M~. Mf\~~ Wtto

NE\/~ MA N~~~O TO cSOWt:: 1-1 IS '

OWN fiNANCIAL, [Link]

His owr1, mt\ybe? (HlS f'AM\t.,Y OfffN W~T t-\UNef?Y)
Wf\~T5 TO RESot-\JE. n\E '[Link]\5
OF Ml\....\..1()~ Ot= EX'PLOlTE.t>
WO~(€~j.
IN t.o~DON1 pAe\S, RoME1
Bf~t\ N 1 6,eus~EL..3 J

•
MI\"€X WAS r;y Now tAVINf.t
lN 111€. DEE. PEST [Link],
WlTHolA'f S.t\U\RY AND
Wl1"HOUT CI\PlTAL.. ...

~ y. tnc ofle
~t WrAS Wftrf 1
I
I
Marx to Engels, Sept. 8, 1852.

''You will have seen from my letters that, as usual when I am

right in the shit myself and not merely hearing about it from a
distance, I show complete indifference. Anyway, que faire? My
house is a hospital and the crisis is so disrupting that it requires
all my attention ... The atmosphere is very disturbed: my wife
is ill, Jennychen is ill and Lenchen has a kind of nervous fever.
I couldn't and can't call the doctor, because I have no money for
the medicine. For eight or ten days I have managed to feed the
- family on bread and potatoes, but it is still doubtful whether I
can get hold of any today. . . I have written no articles for Dana
BUT l T'S cA5l€€ TD because I had not a penny to go and read the newspaper...
Besides there is the baker, milkman, greengrocer, and old
UNO(R~TAND HIM f3Y
butcher's bills. How can I deal with all this devilish filth? And
quoTit\l~ rRoM A l£frG"~ then finally, during the last eight or ten days I managed to
WAT *t:. WfOT£ TO borrow a few shillings and pence which were absolutely
necessary if we were to avoid giving up the ghost ... "
H'l5 OLD FRI€ND EW6f£LS...
I

J
•

MARX PJEEtlNS:
WHA1' IS SAtAR~?
~~0

lli£
H o ~~ j
Gv(,HflRISI.
If workers were asked: "How much are your wages?" one would
reply: "I get a mark a day from my bourgeois," another "I get
two marks," and so on. According to the different trades to
which they belong, they would mention different sums of
money which they receive from their respective bourgeois for a
particular period of labour or for the completion of a particular
piece of work, e.g. weaving a yard of linen or type-setting a
printed sheet. In spite of the variety of their statements, they \
would all agree on one point: wages are the sum of money paid
by the capitalist for a particular period of labour or for a
particular output of labour.
The capitalist, it appears, therefore buys their labour with
money. They sell him their labour for money. But this is merely
the appearance. In realoity what they sell to the capitalist is their
labour power. The capitalist buys this labour power for a day, a
week, a month, etc. And after he has Qought it, he uses it by
having the workers work for the stipulated time. For the same
sum with which the capitalist has bought their labour power, e.g.
two marks, he could have bought two pounds of sugar or a
definite amount of any other commodity. The two marks, with
which he bought two pounds of sugar, are the price of the two
pounds of sugar. The two marks, with which he bought twelve
hours' use of labour power, are the price of twelve hours' labour.
Labour power, therefore, is a commodity, neither more nor less
than sugar. The former is measured by the clock, the latter by
the scales.
(Marx, Wage-Labour and Capita/)

1
HA\J£ yoo UNo~esTooo~
lltc WORKEte EXCHANG1f5 ttJSCOMMODI1"}'
(LA 80\.fR ... f'oWf~) fOIC A~ ~\JIV f![Link] WAfrf:
or ra/ller; ·usr
j

(SO THE f;lOSS SAY.5) TO PVeCHASE J.\)H~T HE

I Np€-DS 11> SlJteVJ\1£: ~IG,H1j FOOD, ~OOf/ CLOTHES •• . fr> keep a ot:~tt...

'J7
•
I
})[Link] lf A [Link].$ P~~ W~~~ CA\.-C\J\.4\\EP OK l115 1.?1\SlC N~~S l I\ W()U\..0 l-\~~f. \0 2>~ A

Vf-~'i ~ ooD PAY ~o t Hf.. &OS>f-5 Ml~ \1\ AR~\JE. ...

I
I Let us assume that our worker- a machinist-has to make a part
of a machine which he can complete in one day. The raw
material-iron and brass in the necessary previously prepared
form-costs, twenty marks. The consumption of coal by the
steam-engine, the wear and tear of this same engine, of the lathe
and other tools which our worker uses, represent for one day,
and reckoned by his share of their use, a value of one mark. The
wage fo·r one day, according to our assumption, is three marks.
This makes twenty-four marks in all for our machine part. But
L.t:I'S CHECt< fHA1' A&AI~ST the capitalist calculates that he will obtain, on an average,
1lif PRCf'IT MADE f'ROM A twenty-seven marks from his customers in return, or three marks
WOf<K~S LA&O\A~ • more than his outlay.
Whence came the three marks pocketed by the capitalist?
~N~Et,. SJ WHO WAS A According to the assertion of classical economics, commodities
'BOSS' l11MSt;v(1 f'~VIAINS are, on the average, sold at their values, that is, at prices corres-
»ow ... ponding to the amount of necessary labour contained in them.
The average price of our machine part-twenty-seven marks-
would thus be equal to its value, that is equal to the labour
embodied in it. But of these twenty-seven marks, twenty-one
marks were values already present before our machinist began
I work. Twenty marks were contained in the raw materials, one
mark in the coal consumed during the work, or in the machines
and tools which were used in the process and which were
diminished in their efficiency to the value of this sum. There
remain six marks which have been added to the value of the raw
material. But according to the assumption of our economists
I themselves, these six marks can only arise from the labour added
to the raw material by our worker. His twelve hours' labour has
thus created a new value of six marks. The value of his twelve
hours· labour would, therefore, be equal to six marks. And
thereby we would at last have discovered what the "value of
labour" is.
(Engels, Wage-Labour and Capit;J/)

~'~ ~Lltts?
BlAt l onl~ ••• n.J cJTiiE~ we>evs, Yes, b&.it I r~r
~t ltltt€!/ lltf OwW~ M1HCES IN A U.f th€ money I
Df\y W+\AT .&:1-- 1ltf
WOR~ER'5 PU-r
TO~ETHEe EA~,
~ AND WlntOUT
DlR\)'INq tt\S
HANDS,
MU.--of2D t ....
9B
I
~ E£P\NE:t ntE Wo~~€RS PRY
F"\~Et>, -nus MEANS '"frr \N
11. Ho V6
OF WoR -\\ME T~f. &ass EARWS •

11\E. SAME. SVM M e BY "ThE.

NVM0~ ofWOR¥.e((s H~ £:.MP\..O~S ••.

(oH, AARV~Y WORTH MfN11 0N uJet~ ..•

... w·, ~ 5\1\~k w~es,

"' worleef t w e'f ~~ fd
1o wov1<iY\ ..•

J:.T Q()fS WtTMO\JT SAYIN~--nte WOf2KER WORKS TO L.l\IE. WltAT HE Ef\RN~ &OES
INTO KEEPIN~ HIS FAM\l-~ Al\VE 1 AMP SO ttE PASses IHE. 0€51 YEARS OF~~~ Vlr:'E.
DOl~ WHf\T 1-\E DOESN'T \...\\(£ DOtt-.J€% ••. Wf'\\\,~ THE (?)OSS GtROv-1.5 RlCMER "[Link]) Rtet\€~ •.

I,OOk: ~ HOW
MV\St \ Y~s!
st~ay- I P"'t ~ wn~rrz
~ rttoney Liio otA
~net ... Ci1i-
?•

~ ~------------~ 0

WHilE. THf OOSS~S R\JN 1"0 cotJSvL.-f TH£\fe ~(A)IVOMtSTS A~D IDEOL--0~\STS 1
HoPnJ~ TO FINO s()Mf.. WAy TO COMBAT 1-tiS ntEOelES1 MARX CO~TirVlAE'S!
h SAlARY IS ·11J€. PR\CE OF A ~rve.N [Link].... BlAT ttovJ \S IH'E Pete£ OF A
CfiMMOO\TY PETt:.eM nJED ?'' .. .

99
•

•
•

WHAT D'EiTEi.M\~ ES T\-4E ~\C€ Of AN'/

PROOUC.T \5 COMl>Eirf,ON J 0~ 1 MO~E
t~AtTL'f 11\RE.£ ~\NOS OF COMfET\TloN~
1

S£LL~R \JE~US '&ELLE-R.

•

I
WttEN SE\If~AL. VfNOOe5 Wl-\EN A NVM&fR OF f'IJ~C... ASE~ COMPETtnDN 6flWE£tJ
~AYE ntE SAME HERD Fo~ THe 3AM£ CONMOOI1YJ II SELl-ER ANO &VYER.
M ERC~~"Jt>t3E lo SEL-L- , G:IOE~ TO O~E ~HO~ WIU..tNq TO Pfl'l OCCU~ WtiEN ONE WFtNlS
'rnEY eewME MDRE FOR tT•., ToSEt.L Hlf:at\, AND ntE
CDMPE'TlTORS WHO MRV OTiiE~ WI\NTI TO &tJV
RES02T Tt> CUi-~tCE This "RfHSES Ctf~~P..;,..·,...----....~
TI\C.,11CS, •• Hefe eve~-
1..-J lhirl~ dlp9t1db ($)\

This LoWf~
•
lhe [Link]
t-hftQV!

100
•
tl\ \w •
t
1y ~nd [Link]\f\d: ,, .
t".

I, t. • • .... il
•
•

• •
••••• • •••
WHEN I HE-R£. Af(t. I DO CARS ;. · .
, ••
AND lOCO POSS\S~E. P;vyE'(S 1THE 1' •
PRIC£ OF -niE. VEH \CI.€.. JUMP~
V1P ACCO~VIN~ To 11-t€ WISH€5
Of fttE. SEt..~ •. , f3UT IF
111 ERE AR£. I 00 [Link]<S AND
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PRo6ASLE. THE' ~lCE Wl tv •

fAVouR Tl-te S\JYER •••

e~t we
~u olwont ~now
wna+ \r is lltett i.-€T'S Tf1l-K A00UT IH£ PRtCE Of PRODUC\10 N ,.
v(~~fll\Y'ltr pt'ttes ... AN A\)TO M Of>\L,f. I FOR lNSTA~CE I J\ASI OfF" THE.
ASSEMSLY ~INE COSTS E 1000; ADD 1b Itt IS At.t, THE
I-41DVEN GoST.S 5lAt~ AS PVB~[Link], [Link],t..IC. ~E.t.f\itoNs"
I
EXC~R.CISE5 1 IHE DlSTR \e,UTOteS p~RCEwTA6E1
TAXE51 IHE PROVVc£1is PROFIT, ••

~[Link]? Th<l ra-tci'l prica +o

~ p111bl icj t.\Wlp5 tc> t:2ooo ••.
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NOVE.\...Tl~S 1\S SA~.S ~[Link]~ES1
200o/o pfofir. ·-)
f.~. AtiV AD. Mf.N 1 A~lt Of W~OM &€EN N(ED
aROSS\,'I INF"LATE Twt.. P~\C~ WHEIHER (AND 5o???
OF f:looos ... PJYHOW M\Jt~)
THE PROt\"fS Of
I
I •.. IJ o UiE WfAVf\-iY MHlKT
•
~0\ve ~tveTl GE UMl(fD·•·
Jem ~ wvw1e P:J'/ l 0 'lo? lS THAT
Ck\ ~rrn< i" rrrt "FA'~ A~D DE:C£-tlT"P
I CV\pt\'"1)\ I BUT AT TH\S
RATE,THE
CA>J NE\IE(( e,E
R~S OL-\J ED ...

SO IT'S Tt1e WHll£ THE 6055 1 TH6 CAPl\AIAST ANt>Tt-\E. RlCl\MAN MAKE
U\SOUf< .. PDWf.f' Of A FA~[Link] ~of-="tT FROM \l-iE WORKE~'S LAP>OlA't;·1 ll£
THE WoR1CER. Wt\IC.~~ f'OOR [Link]()W bOESN,T M"AKE.A ~NN'f \S)Cre~ ~
t>AY 8Y Dftf SVIEUS H"lS WORK: •.•
1
1HE f>OSS S
CAPITAt,,Tlt~ RICM

I UU>Mt:. EVEN
I' RlCHER.1vJ Hlt-E n..
,_
iltE. PO~ -
C Nt.-Y DOtJ'T PRO I=" IT P~OFIT
fl~T A~y FATTER.
ON 1lt€t€ WAGtE.S
Wt\lCH H~~'l
\(EEPPACE,~

The wotid Is 1ltlS ~A~INGt SttO~S THE ~OCE" AT WOR~ ~THE )Ni>l) IS
()l\ \AfS.-de- OF niE CAPIT~l.-IST ANDIHE WO~KER MON£y ~~OM ON£
~wn.,.!! AND \ASouR FROM THE OTHE~)COMINE\ iD~SllfEr2 IO
CREATE A PeooucT..
BUT llfE PROFrr FU>vis o,..n.Y lN o~E o1eec.-no~, Y'{o1 ~nt,
AS 0VSTICE D£M"ANOS •••
So oNE- Gt~OWS rAT WHtl~ -nte OntE~ 11f:fHnNS Wt-\f\TS
l£Fl" OF Hll 9ELT •••

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1
Ttt T S f'tl)W 0 CAARUE. cAME. To 0\SliOVf,{( 114€. SAS\S OF
GAP\\Av\SM 1 TH£ FAMouS

t pioMisa not +o yRwn

( yo~ lCeep ··r simple ... •• - •
O.K. l-ET'S PR Oc.€E:V.
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MONE-y EMP~'IEO WH\Cti
RESU \,iS FROM Tt\E
-mt-\t.J Sf\Ct\ o~ 1 111 f\ R)' CA U.S
s rws v WE.

MAR,)( REf\SOt>J~p TINS:

S(A~Pt,\.\S \lf\[Link] CANNOT
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To 05TAIN SU~PUJ~ VAWc (~)(TRA T) 1lf\E POSS~5S'oe OF CASK HAS eoT To ~tNI>
I ow lliE Mf\R~er 50M£ onteR ''Co/f'\~OPITy" wrm -ntE. [Link]~~tVT VAWE HAvtN~ 11tt:.
ONE PECUlAf\R QUAU1)' WHIC~ MA)(ES \TlHE SO 0 \1 •••

I THE CAPlTAt,lST 6U'/S

Stmpte~ llfc: wo~~E'2'S [Link]-
powe.R A'i> tFli WAS A)JY
thA mtH\ \tlbou f- 01lH~R KI~O OF
po~!
~osn'. M~~\-\~~0\SEJ ANO POts
OM wn~t- is \llo WOR'( E\et\T
lllm CA:>mm o · ~
• HoURS A 00'/ QN MAAXS
11M£ J -nte WORKH~G.
DAY WAS 12 TO IS
HoU

104
BtA.t tl)€ WOY~(
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lHA~KS To 5\ARPL..US vAUAE.1 1'AE e,oss G\ETS R\CH£R.,
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\M1X?Oif. WOR(' t}.)~ COJJt>\T\ONS •• , ~UT \ T aoes
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cetptrc~J 5ome mo~, .

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-nilS \S 1\tl! TteAP Of ~EO~~'T-Of\Y CAP\,-f\t.-l~M~

ln tr.e two ko~rs lNCteS.A~ttJ~ ntE WoR~€fS PROl>l,\Cil\JE OlA1"PlA1'
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~notk« COmtf\odi~y, V~we ...
a ~S~fp~~ f~O~
Wnlck t\'ts boss A R\SE IN f'teOLMCT\\h,Y JS NOllHN" "TftAN
lADeJn't }'0\Y hi~ A WA'/10 MA~MEWT TAE ~55~ ~P\11\L-A~t>
Qtly~rng ... . pov~TY OF At.L. WORk"~S.,. ! ~ .

105

•
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WO'\A \d WOv'ke1t
•

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ond wnat Wo\A\o
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[Link] 15 s~~E TOTtftNK ~[Link] couw s~ [Link] sy A Ntce:.

RA•se JN s~ lA~

MARY. D\DN 1T A~ere:: Real wages may remain the same, they may even rise, and yet
WITH TH\~ BECAUSE •.• relative wages fall. Let us suppose, for example, that all means of
subsistence have gone down in price by two-thirds while wages
WELL 1JU51 ~EAo WHf'\T" per day have only fallen by one-third, that is to say, for example,
I
from three marks to two marks. Although the worker can
He lliou6"'··· command a greater amount of commodities with these two •

marks than he previously could with three marks, yet his wages
have gone down in relation to the profit of the capitalist. The
profit of the caJ;)italist (e.g. the manufacturer) has increased by
I one mark, that is, for a smaller sum of exchange values which he
pays to the worker, the latter must produce a greater amount of
exchange values than before. The share of capital relative to the
share of labour has risen. The division of social wealth between
capital and labour has become still more unequal. With the same
capital, the capitalist commands a greater quantity of labour.
The power of the capitalist class over the working class has
grown, the social position of the worker has deteriorated, has
been depressed o·ne stage further below that of the capitalist.
What then is the genera/law which determines the rise and fall of
wages and profits in their reciprocal relation?
They stand in inverse ratio to each other. Capital's share, profit,
rises in the same proportion as labour's share, wages, falls and
vice versa. Profit rises to the extent that wages fall; it falls to the
extent that wages rise.
(Marx, Wage-Labour and Capital)

WHlCH MEANS: THf. Boss NEV~R WANTS To lASE···)

106
1He. EXAMf't-€ . WE~~~ SY &UI\-0\N~ lt~Af{TMENi 0'-'[Link] IN Wti\[Link] ~ou' ~\...
OF 00~~1 uc:'f\ON: NEVt::R \...\Vf ANP rRoM WH\CH YOlA't,a, NfVeiZ COLv£C."T
I
~Et\IT, YO~RE. ONLY
H~[Link]~ THe. v~'S
who.t've WtHC-t{ ~J'fWtTS YOU
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EvEN ~y f~f2NH-JG\ IAOR.E INOEE.D, OO\A6U::. 1

T"HE [Link] 5 5/TW\TLON WON 1'f
G~AN6lE. MARX ~A'/5 lT CL.€1\Rt.-Y:

The best- S(}..\{)."fY wofkMS i:D'n eetj

[Link] ~e molt ~votAft\!?l~ ~r&or\5,
oYl teVaA\s ixli'EC\Ury ~ ~tren~
~ iklLICness of tne go\~r. bO\rs
\Oht~ l,mprtscm ~em, 0\n~ w)lich
(5n ~etM -to pet'mit '8~th'"
ee~om of ~c+ion ...
•

''... THE [Link] 0 F' -ntE. ~ 'ect!

( yl111,rr: ~V\t' WottKER1 A&ove q 1-t.1 ~nCl &uh~ .tLo
I AY\ ~S'h'i01n MO\fxirt, C..Ol-1 llSTS Of 'TME. F~CT J t1Q H1tn?
E-rnsr fisthef, s-o\icA 1\W\1" ~Y wo~\CtN't
it-1 ~t\d he 9oe!J OY\ •• .) CAf'l,-A t..)SM )'4E
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\"f1 t+E AL60 \Nt~A S6S t..-
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MA'RX SE£5 ONL'I ONE VVA'i OUT

FOR THE WOR~ERS;

I
I

· willt WeLL 1 W~L." ~ A SU\~~ t-ETs ao eAc\( 11\J

t-Vtt 11ME 10 THE PER\OP WhEN MARX SETOlJT
l?osses? 1-tlS IH~oeu~s ON 11-t~ TRA!iSFORMf\TtON OF
SCC-\ ET)' A~D TiiE ~\8E.RA110N OF W€. POO~
F"Ro M THE: Hi~ c\-\A' ~s •••
(&old; Silve~ oYf/n .. .)

I
WV\ctt??
nistoitc ... •

MOMev\t \s ~ CoM. (

P,~bl\cort1Dr1 of~ ctt,~ ~r exiJ r

CoMMUNIST e-~y?
MANlf"E=SIO

....,...,................

..... la1 . . . I ' hi 111111 t fa e e•

81 P II • Clio.~ • .311•ntf•ethrtlt•lt lh lthoru•

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\08
T h Manifesto was published as the platform of the Communist
League, a workingmen's association, first exclusively German, Th rt Co"' M Ltnist
later on international, and, under the political conditions of the Ut;.~\4(l.,.?
Continent before 1848, unavoidably a secret society. At a
Congress of the League, held in London in November 1847,
Wht<t tm eM"tW
Marx and Engels were commissioned to prepare for publication a is ~t?
complete theoretical and practical party program. Drawn up in
Gennan, in January 1848, the manuscript was sent to the printer
in London a few weeks before the French revolution of
February 24th. A French translation was brought out in Paris,
shortly before the insurrection of June 1848. The first English
translation, by Miss Helen Macfarlane, appeared in the Red
Republican, London, 1850. A Danish and a Polish edition had
also been published ... The first Russian translation, made by
Bakunin, was published at Herzen's Kolokol office in Geneva,
about 1863 ...
However much the state of things may have altered during the
last 25 years, the general principles laid down in this Manifesto
•
are, on the whole, as correct today as ever.
(Engels, 1888 preface to the Communist Manifesto)

8~CK lN 'TtiOSE: OA'/G (\<at~ -+1) 1 1HE~E. Wf\S A ~1COUP MAOE l-tP OF t.l~RMAN
WOR.(~S 1 P(f(T\5 ANS ANt> INTEt..LEC..\\Aflt.-S OF ThE AV.l\ ~1'-£::\f\~'Df". (.t.5R. OF
AOVANCED IOEAS) CAU..lN€:\ \T5E.t,f THE. ''lA~A6\[Link]' Tl4E- J\ASI'; WHICH MET TO
TA~~ PO~TlCS ANO KEEP tN TO \.ACH W\TH n\ ~ ''JUST'' MEN tN OWER COUKTRtES,,

Lts fJny te 1 thCAQ

lAr\j\Ut .,njU$tie£. ~ J~ASr so, sir!

TriE ''JUST" WeRE HAl-F A~F\RCHIST ANO PRe.A~tt~D A pRETTY S \k"A~E F'O~M
OF SOC\F\L,lSJ\1\: DeSU!UC:T\o N CJF ThE MeANS OF' ~OD\AC:t"lON (5l.t)Wl'l"'q \1\P
FF\CTOR\ES 1 ~~F'e~A~\..)' WrrH nte: i J
lN 11te.M AN'D A R"[Link]~N 10
A&~\[Link]£[. ~NO ~TIS~N CRAf=TSMAlJ~H\P•.. IN Ft=f>t{V'~fty )~1'"1 1 MA'RX
AND EN~~LS WEeE tNVtT£t> To vOu~ 1HE &£ lo ~EL-P To RE.o~~ArJlSE IT,..
~ ~

•
I
Mt\RX ANO E-N~G:~S IMM,DtAI~~y ~Ati\)E.() TH.£ [Link]~UG5 FVL,\.- S'YMPATK'f I A~ ll\AWC
To nte.\R ~te£AT6~ INTEt..L-ECTlJf\t., ANO POLAT\cAL..Ml\TV'Zt1Y, THEY H'At> A Gt~
JNFlA)[Link]. O\)~ ntE LE.A~UE,. MA'R.'X 1 ~ ''1t>L)~~ E:\UY KI'JEW HOW To COMMAND~ ..
11

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w~·n [Link] OUf&e\v~s~e
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0 b~
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Question 1 : What is communism?

Answer: Communism is the doctrine of the prerequisites for
the emancipation of the proletariat.
TOVuH- Mli\)1)E!> Gt~ANS, Question 2: ·What is the proletariat?
AS Tli~Y AlWI'\YS Answer: The proletariat is that class of society whose means
of livelihood entirely depend on the sale of its labor and not on
RMV\[Link].t>, M~ex ~o the profit derived from capital; whose weal and woe, whose life
~NaEl-S OR~AN 1~0 A and death, whose whole existence depend on the demand for
U>~DON [Link]~ ~ESS JN labor, hence on the alternation of good times and bad, on the
vagaries of unbrid1ed competition. The proletariat, or class of
tS't1 vl~tCH f,f?OUurtT proletarians, is, in a word, the working class of the 19th century.
IN D~LE6 Af~S FROM Question 3: Proletarians, then, have not always existed?
Answer: No. Poor folk and working classes have always
~E~ W~NE:-£ OF
existed. The working classes have also for the most part been
t=UfOPE. .. poor. But such poor, such workers as are living under conditions
AND lt££E, EN81ElS •
indicated above, hence proletarians, have not always existed, any
PfeOPOSf:t> H\S more than free and unbridled competition has always existed.
"CREDOS" OF' 1liE Question 4: How did the proletariat originate?
- .
Answer: The proletariat originated in the industrial
COMMVN\ST LfR8LJE revolution which took place in England during the second half
W~lCK ~~\/ED AS the 18th century and which has repeated itself since then in all
the civilized countries of the world. This industrial revolution
tHE PlF=\tFDeM OF
took place owing to the invention of the steam engine, of vari
11fE ''CDMMUJ\ll~T spinning machines, of the power loom, and of a great number of
,t\ANl FESS I o•.... other mechanical instruments. These machines were expensive
(AwO KNOW!\) AS THE and, consequently, could only be installed by persons who had
plenty of capital to lay out. Their introduction completely
11
~1NtlPL~ Of altered the existing method of production and displaced the
(PMM\ANISM/I~+T existing workers. This was due to the fact that machinery could
produce cheaper and better commodities than could the handi-
•

craftsmen with their imperfect spinning wheels and hand looms.

Thus, these machines handed over industry entirely to the big
capitalists and rendered the little property the workers possessed
(tools, hand looms, etc.} entirely worthless. Soon the capitalists
got all in t eir hands and nothing remained for the workers.

110
•

fr1y ~VO\,Afi~?
NOTE: TH \S \<.\NO Of . . . (ih(lrtit Of Fr~?
E. As~- TO- REA 0 CATE '- ~ \t,M 1 ~~ve.\r
STyt£ ,V\AOE EN 6\ELS s~id .. .
MDR.f. POP\A ~ ThAN
MAAX, Wm> 1 DEE:~€R. A5
HE. WAS 1 5EEM£V PRETTy
~R.o TO D\~E5T... ,

Question 7: In what way does the proletarian differ from the

slave?
Answer: The slave is sold once and for all. The proletarian
must sell himself by the hour or by the day. Each individual
slave, being the direct property of a master, has his existence
If w~at
•
ne s~ys
assured, be that existence ever so wretched, if only because of IS 1"YV1€ 1
the interest of the slave owner. Each individual proletarian, the Wt're c.,ooKed '·
property as it were of the whole bourgeois class, whose labor is
sold only when it is needed by the owning class, has no security
'
of life. Existence is 'merely guaranteed to the working class as a
whole. The slave is excluded from competition; the proletarian is
beset by competition and is a prey to all its fluctuations. The
slave is counted an object and not a member of civil society; the
proletarian is recognized as a person, as a member of civil
society. The slave may therefore be able to secure better
conditions of Iife than can the proletarian, but the proletarian
belongs to a higher stage of development of society than the
slave. The slave frees himself by rupturing, of all relations of
private ownership, only one, the relation of slavery and by this
act becomes himself a proletarian; the proletarian can only
achieve emancipation by abolishing private property in its
entirety.
Question 16: Will it be possible to bring about the abolition
of private property by peaceful methods?
Answer: This is greatly to be desired, and communists would
be the last persons in the world to stand in the way of a peaceful
solution. Communists know only too well the futility and,
indeed, the harmfulness of conspiratorial methods. They know
only too well that revolutions are not made deliberately and
arbitrarily, but that everywhere and at all times revolutions have
been the necessary outcome of circumstances quite independent
of the will or the guidance of particular parties and whole
classes. But they also perceive that the development of the
proletariat in nearly all civilized countries is violently suppressed,
and that in this way opponents of communism are working full
force to promote a revolution. Should the oppressed proletariat
at long last thus be driven into a revolution, then we communists
will rally to the cause of the workers and be just as prompt to
act as we are now to speak.
I II

•
Question 17: Will it be possible to abolish private property all
at once?
Answer: No. This would be just as impossible as to multiply
all at once the existing forces of production to the degree
necessary for the inauguration of the community. The
proletarian revolution, which in all probability is coming, will for
this reason, only be able to transform present society gradually.
Private property will be abolished only when the means of
production have become available in sufficient quantities.
'
I

PukJIAs~eo ~
~YMM\ EY\0\\M,
f\'\nt.. 11A.f'? •
d1, ratsr~.,
on~ rooo [Link]~S
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•

... ~tmM~
j [Link], Vtt~is~,
0 ~Oir~. ~ h,
0
Czect\,
•
lfAW\ 1••
l~ ... tWf{AVf!

The Manifesto is a direct appeal to all workers-Work en of the

World, unite! It defends the Communist position that the
emancipation of the working class itself must be the act of
the working class itself. Its lucid, powerful arguments are still
potent today. It moves us to take a definite position against
the structure of a society in which the unjust division of
wealth contradicts basic decency.

'12

-
Modern industry has established the world market, for which
TK~ MAN I~e~iO the discovery of America paved the way. This market has given
IS ~£At,\,V A rJ an immense development to commerce, to navigation, to
communicatio n by land. This development has, in its turn,
[Link]-MM AT1 0~ reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as
Of' MARX' S industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended, in the same
IOE.t'\S WR\fi£ tJ proportion the bourgeoisie developed, increased its capital, and
pushed into the background every class handed down from the
INA ~ICH 1 Middle Ages.
WVe.l)l At\)t>
DI~~Cf 5 Lf ...

We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself the

product of a long course of development, of a series of
~ " revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
f(erut ir The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an
~nd you'l\ end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly
•

see for torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his
"natural superiors", and has left remaining no other nexus
~yotAfse\f J between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous
"cash payment". It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of
religious fervour, of chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine
sentimentalism , in the icy water of egotistical calculation. It has
resolved personal worth into exchange value, and in place of the
numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms, has set up that
single, unconscionable freedom-Free Trade. In one word, for
exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has
substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation .
•

The bourgeoisie has born away from the family its sentimental
veil, and has reduced the family relation to a mere money
relation.

a •=

W~at YOt4 nave

. I
1s wh~t ya~Me
WOrt\i ...

'
We qpo~
•
ottty
P."Jb of I YJ O(
it- WOtAid tTAkE T he bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has
created more massive and more colossal productive forces than
Uf'~~b~... have all preceding generations together. Subjection of Nature's
f orces t o man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry
and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs,
clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of
rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground- what
earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive
forces slumbered in the lap of social labour?

, (3

-
Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of
labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual
character, and, consequently, all charm for the workman. He
becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most
simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that
is required of him. Hence, the cost of production of a workman
is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he
requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race.
But the price of a commodity, and therefore also of labour, is
equal to its cost of production. In proportion, therefore, as the
repulsiveness of the work increases, the wage decreases.

Bur 13i8 Mo.~ TdeVb'ton

wOtSnt- o.(olAnq yet to st\lpefy
us ~u tt\f YY)ore l?efofe
o\r10to bed. ....

.
Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the
patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial
capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are
organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they
are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers
and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class,
and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by
the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual
bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this depotism
proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more
hateful and the more embittered it is.
The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual
labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes
developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of
women .. Differences of age and sex have no longer any
distinctive social validity for the working class. All are
instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according
to their age and sex.
No sooner is the exploitation of the labourer by the
manufacturer, so far, at an end, that he receives his wages in
cash, than he is set upon by the other portions of the
bourgeoisie, the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawnbroker, etc.

114
But with the development of industry the proletariat not only
increases in number; it becomes concentrated in greater masses,
its strength grows, and it feels that strength more. The various
interests and conditions of life within the ranks of the proletariat
are more and more equalised, in proportion as machinery
obliterates all distinctions of labour, and nearly everywhere
reduces wages to the same low level. The growing competition
among the bourgeois, and the resulting commercial crises, make
the wages of the workers ever more fluctuating. The unceasing
improvement of machinery, ever more rapidly developing, makes
their livelihood more and more precarious; the collisions
between individual workmen and individual bourgeois take more
and more the character of collisions between two classes. There-
upon the workers begin to form combinations (Trades' Unions)
against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the
rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to
make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and
there the contest breaks out into riots.

- -
,,
'•

••• Arl cl ~ea's ~M

[Link] r mu\~tft>
t~ ctass •••

Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time.
The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result,
but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This union is
helped on by the improved means of communicatio n that are
created by modern industry and that place the workers of
different localities in contact with one another. It was just this
contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local
struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle '

between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle.

•
And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages,
with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern
proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years.
This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and
consequently into a political party. is continually being upset
again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it
ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. It compels
legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by
taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself.
Thus the ten-hours' bill in England was carried.

I 15

•
r .....,

~) W"ett [Link]
tl1 ~ M""'i fttsto
[Link]-t ihe,
f- ®[Link]- 0\,\t?

Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie
today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The
other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of modern
industry; the proletariat is its special and essential product.
I
The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper,
I the artisan; the peasant, all these. fight against the bourgeoisie, to
I save from extinction their existence as fractions of the middle
class. They are therefore not revolutionary, but conservative.
Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try to ro ll back the
wheel of history. If by chance they are revolutionary, they are so
only in view of their impending transfer into the proletariat,
they thus defend not their present, but their future interests,
they desert their own standpoint to place themselves at that of
the proletariat.
The "dangerous class", the social scum, that passively rotting
mass thrown off by the lowest layers of old society, may, here
and there, be swept into the movement by a proleta rian
revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for
the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue.

JL\5t ftke
6C(A t\s •• ,

0
All property relations in the past have continually been subject
to historical change consequent upon the change in historical
conditions.
The French Revolution, for example, abolished feudal property
in favour of bourgeois property.
The distinguishing feature of Communism i s not the abolition of
property generally, but the abolition bourgeois property . But
modern bourgeois private property is the final and most
complete expression of the system of producing and
appropriating products, that is based on class antagonisms, on
the exploitation of the many by the few.
In this sense, the theory of the Communists may be summed up
in the single sentence: Abolition of private property.
We Communists have been reproached with the desire· of
abolishing the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit
of a man·s own labour, which property is alleged to be the
ground work of all personal freedom, activity and independence.
Hard-won, self-acquired, self-earned property! Do you mean the
property of the petty artisan ·and of the small peasant, a form of
property that preceded the bourgeois form? There is no need to
abolish that; the development of industry has to a great extent
already destroyed it, and is stilt destroying it daily.
Or do you mean modern bourgt!ois private property?
But does wage labour create any property for the labourer? Not '
a bit. It creates capital, i.e. that kind of property which exploits
wage labour, and which cannot increase except upon condition
of begetting a new supply of wage labour for fresh exploitation.
Property, in its present form, is based on the antagonism of
capital and wage labour. Let us examine both sides of this
antagonism.·

/J7

•
•

You are horrified at our intending to do away with private

property. But in your existing society, private property is
already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its
existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the
hands of those nine-tenths. You reproach us, therefore, with
intending to do away with a form of property, the necessary
I condition for whose existence is, the non-existence of any
I
property for the immense majority of society.

1
E WORLD WOULD o TD ACK AND
OR :5o 1H~Y s~y ...

In one word, you reproach us with intending to do away with

your property. Precisely so; that is just what we intend.
From the moment when labour can no longer be converted into
capital, money, or rent, into a social power capable of being
monopolised, i.e. from the moment when individual property
can no longer be transformed into Bourgeois property, into
capital, from that moment, you say, individuality vanishes.
You must, therefore, confess that by "individual" you mean no
other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of
property. This person must, indeed, be swept out of the way,
and made impossible.

\ ~
I •

I
• p=-
-
I

,.
;t: '
"'
It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property
all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us.
According to this, bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone
to the dogs through sheer idleness; for those of its members who
work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything, do not
work. The whole of this objection is but another expression of
the tautology: that there can no longer be any wage-labour when
there is no longer any capital.

II B
The eJ nofuir\~ btAr
po Hrics in tf\ lS OH~ Of CO\Af~E. 1Hf~E lS}
MG\r\ifeLSIO \ ~ MAf;}. WAS THE. FIRST ID
CONO€.MN 1l1E E)(PU>tTAi\oN
Not evf:Y\ ~ OF WOMEN 1 A""P \N THE
joka or -two ? M1\NtFES1"0 H~ OlD so IN NO
NOO\inOJ C\bou.t LAN CE.f<.iA\N [Link] ~
0if'\S?

(PLEASE
KEEP COOL.
,\NO ftO ON
REJ\0 \\\1 ~··.)
•

•
•
•
' ... •

•
·~~,
· T'j · ~
• •• •
•
The bourgeois sees in his wife a mere instrument of production . .
He hears that the instruments of production are to be exploited
in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion
than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the
woman.
He has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do
away with the status of women as mere instruments of
production.
For the rest, nothing is more ridiculous than the virtuous
indignation of our bourgeois at the community of women which,
they pretend, is to be openly and officially established by the
•

Communists. The Communists have no need to introduce

community of women; it has existed almost from time immemorial.

•
Our bourgeois, not content with having the wives and daughters
of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common
prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other's
•
waves.
Bourgeois marriage is in reality a system of wives in· common and
thus, at the most, what the Communists might possibly be
reproached with, is that they desire to introduce, in substitution
for a hypocritically concealed, an openly legalised community of
women. For the rest, it is self-evident that the abolition of the
present system of production must bring with it the abolition of
the community of women springing from that system, i.e. of
prostitution both public and private.

And sir1a wt 're

=muc'".9 Llb~
1 '
wotv1ert, lets se-t
'. --
-·. ---.
- .
-~

Wh()t Old Pv'of·

[Link] htAd
tt> ~~v ...__
1 ,

This situation changed with the patriarchal family and even more
aoeml •
with the monogamous individual family. The administration of
WoYY\er\S Ub the household lost its public character. It was no longer the
concern of society. It became private service. The wife became
is at Yf(}.dy the first domestic servant, pushed out of participation in social
l00 YtJAfS Old!! production. Only modern large-scale industry again threw open
to her - and only to the proletarian woman at that - the avenue
to social production; but in such a way that, when she fulfils her
duties in the private service of her family, she remains excluded
from public production and cannot earn anything; and when she
wishes to take part in public industry and earn her living
independently, she is not in a position to fulfil her family duties.
What applies to the woman in the factory applies to her in all
professions, right up to medicine and law. The modern individual
family is based on the open or disguised domestic enslavement of
the woman; and modern society is a mass composed solely of
individual families as its molecules. Today, in the great majority
of cases, the man has to be the earner, the breadwinner of the
family, at least among the propertied classes, and this gives him a
dominating position which requires no special legal privileges. In
the family, he is the bourgeois; the wife represents the
proletariat.

120
MA.~:x'S P~DPHE1iC
V\S \ON \S Pt(ETf'/
AS\ON\SHlN~.

THAT'S WH'/ \itS

WR\TI N~SDON'T
B\im ~ G\0 OUT OF Bu.t \etS ~t 6Y\
Wru ~~t wri DATE.. Wl\h fu6
;n ??
l~1i or~c • • Mo. ni esto :

We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the
working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling
class, to win the battle of democracy.
The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by
degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all
instruments of production in the hands of the State. i.e. of the
proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the total
of productive forces as· rapidly as possible.
Of course, in the beginning, this cannot be effected except by
means of despotic inroads on the rights of property, and on the
conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures,
therefore, which appear economically insufficient and untenable,
but which, in the course of the movement, outstrip themselves,
necessitate further inroads upon the old social order, and are
unavoidable as a means of entirely revolution ising the mode of
production.
These measures will of course be different in different countries.

12.1

•
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C:v~t\l 1lHS MlN lMIAM A~
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Nevertheless in· the most advanced countries, the following will

be pretty generally applicable :
1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents
I of land to public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all right of inheritance.
4 . Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by
means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive
monopoly.
6. Centralisation of means of communicatio n and transport
in the hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production
owned by the State; the bringing ihto cultivation of waste-lands,
and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a
common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of industria
armies, especially for agriculture. .
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing
industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town an
country, by a more equable distribution of the population over
the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools.
Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form.
Combination of education with industrial production,
&c., &c.

122
•

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AGNOSTICISM I (from the Greek, agnostos stated that the world is nothing other than
un own). Philosophical doctrine which matter composed of atoms.
maint ins that human reason is limited and
the true nature of things inaccessible to ANTI-DUHRIN G I The abbreviated title of
man. This doctrine holds that the world we a work by Engels: "The Scientific
observe and deal with is not an objective Revolution of Eugene Duhring", a classic of
reality, but rather a product of the activity Marxist literature. The work was aimed
of our reason and sense organs. Agnosticism against the German philosopher, Duhring,
is disproved by experience and practice, who wished to refute Marxism by recourse
now that science has cleared the way to the to metaphysics. The ANTI-DUHRIN G is a
knowledge of things. There remains one masterly synthesis of Marx's forty years of
difference: between what is already known struggle and study.
and what is not yet known.
Agnostic philosophers include Hume, Kant, ATOM I The idea of the atom was first
Comte, Spencer, Mach etc. introduced to science by Democritus and
Epicurus, more than 2,000 years ago. The
ANALYSIS and SYNTHESIS I 1) analysis physicist, Newton, and the philosophers,
(in Greek, 'decomposition '), dis-integration Holbach and Gassendi, worked on this
of an object or phenomenon into its simple theory.
component parts. 2) synthesis (in Greek,
'composition') , recombination of the parts BASE (or INFRA) and SUPERSTRUC T-
of an object or phenomenon as a whole. URE/ The mode of production, i.e. the
Metaphysics opposes analysis to synthesis. forces and relations of production which
Dialectical materialism, instead, maintains constitute the economic base - the founda-
the unity of these two procedures. "Without tion of society. Once the base ( or infra-
analysis there is no synthesis" (Engels). For structure ) is modified then the super-
example, when analysing the human body, structure (including the political system,
anatomists study its organs separately; but religion, philosophy, morality, art, science
to grasp the complete, deep significance and etc.) must also modify itself, at a more or
function of every organ, analysis is not less rapid rhythm. ( see also ECONOMIC
enough. It is necessary to consider the BASE)
organism as a whole : indeed, studying its
parts, but as a synthesis. CAPITAL I or 'Das Kapital', the principal
work by Karl Marx. A detailed analysis of
ANIMISM I (from the Latin, anima: soul). the laws governing the economic
The spiritualization of natural phenomena. development of capitalism - but also an
The belief that behind every natural object immense historical and philosophical
there hides an invisible or 'mental' spirit- treatise. In this work, the theory of
force. "This tendency to personification had historical materialism is fundamentally
as a consequence the creation of the gods." developed.
(Engels). Primitive animism was the basis of
religion and later idealist thought. CATEGORIES I Notions which express the
essential relations and laws of the real
ANTAGONISM I (from the Greek, agon = world. In dialectical materialism, these
contest). An irreconcilable contradiction categories are: matter, motion, space, time,
which is resolved by violence. As the necessity, causality, quantity, substance,
contradiction between the bourgeoisie and form, content, etc. In Historical
the working class is thus resolved by Materialism, they are: the social-economic
socialist revolution. Contradictions between structure, forces of production, infra-and
the working class and peasantry have no super-structure, ideology, etc.
antagonistic character. These categories represent a generalization
of the processes and phenomena of nature,
ATHEISM I (from the Greek, 'without god') independent of the consciousness of man.
The scientific negation of religion. Atheism
was born in ancient Greece with the CAUSALITY I One of the forms of general
materialist philosophers, Democritus and interdependence of phenomena in the
Epicurus, who denied the supernatural and objective world. In essence, cause and effect

•
"are only moments of interdependence and created by God, and hence immutable."
universal relation, of the connection of (Lenin)
events; they are, above all, present in the
chain of the development of matter." DETERMINISM and INDETERMINISM I
(Lenin) There can be no phenomena Determinism: doctrine concerning the
(events) without causes. All natural necessary relationship between events and
phenomena have natural and material phenomena and their accidental
causes. Cause and effect stand in reciprocal conditioning. For example, the anarchy of
relation to each other. Between them exists the capitalist mode of production fatally
an internal relation regulated by laws. determines economic crisis; the
Thus in the socialist system, the development of class struggle inevitably
development of technology becomes a cause determines a social revolution.
of the increasing well-being (effect) of Idealists oppose to determinism,
workers. indeterminism - maintaining that the
natural course of events in reality are not
CLASS STRUGGLE (see also SOCIAL subject to laws but to independent,
CLASSES) I Struggle between exploited and arbitrary chance.
exploiters. Demonstration that class
interests are irreconcilable. The forms of DIALECTIC I (from the Greek, 'debate' and
class struggle are diverse: economic, 'converse') According to early Greek
political, ideological, theoretical. But all philosophers, the art of knowing truth by
such kinds are subordinate to the political uncovering the contradictions in the
struggle. With the establishment of the reasonings of one's adversary. Later,
dictatorship of the proletariat, class struggle dialectics (also sometimes in the form,
does not cease but takes on new forms. 'dialectic') came to be transformed into a
theory of development and universal
COMMUNISM I The doctrine of Marx and •
relations. Dialectics considers all phenomena
Engels founded on the basis of the as being in movement, in process of
materialist conception of history. perpetual change. It views the development
Communism is the stage following after of nature itself as a result of the struggle
socialism and when social classes cease to between contradictions within nature.
exist. Communism does not yet exist in any Dialectics became a science when Marx and
country. The Soviet Union, China and other Engels liberated it from Hegelian idealism.
socialist countries are still in the phase of It is a doctrine of development - a science
socialism where class struggle has still not of the universal laws governing the
terminated. development of nature, human society and
thought.
CONDITIONS OF THE MATERIAL LIFE
OF SOCIETY I The elements determining DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT
the conditions of material life in society are: I The period of transition from socialism to
1) geographical situation and natural communism, during which the material
resources; 2) population density; 3) the conditions are created for socialist
mode of production by which it creates the construction, the suppression of classes and
material goods necessary to its existence. the passage to a classless and stateless
The fundamental force which determines society.
development of a society, and also its
passage from one kind of social system to DOGMA, DOGMATISM I Dogma is
another, is material production - the undemonstrated affirmation, accepted with
development of the "productive power of blind faith. This is why Marx and Engels
the society". always said: "Our doctrine is not a dogma,
but a guide to action." Unfortunately,
DARWIN, CHARLES (1809-1882) I dogmatic Marxists often ignore this crucial
Celebrated English thinker, founder of the aspect of Marxism, and thereby rob it of its
theory of evolution. "Darwin put an end to revolutionary, creative power.
the belief that the animal and vegetable
species bear no relation to one another, DUALISM I (from the Latin, 'two') A
except by chance, and that they were philosophical tendency opposed to
•monism' (from the Greek, monos = one, the way for revolution. But opportunism
uni y). Dualism places not one but two replaces revolutionary struggle by reform.
differen substances at the origin of
e istence. Thus DESCARTES sees man as EXISTENCE Philosophic term designating
being composed of two distinct substances: subjective reality, in matter.
one, material -the body, the other spiritual
- the soul. arxism places matter-in- EXISTENCE and SOCIAL CONSCIOUS-
movement at the origin of all natural NESS I From the viewpoint of dialectical
phenomena as primary cause. Conscious- materialism, existence is primary while
ness is a secondary cause produced by consciousness, as a simple reflection of
matter. matter, of nature, of human thought, is
secondary. Social existence - i.e. the mode
ECLECTICISM I Mere mechanical link-ups of producing material goods, objects, food,
of various currents. concepts and theories, clothing etc.- is the primary element which
without any pre-established principle. determines social consciousness and the
Eclectic thinkers attempt to reconcile spiritual, intellectual life of society (its
materialism and idealism. culture). Marx extended materialism into
the areas of social phenomena by
ECONOMIC BASE I The mode of discovering that social existence and the
production at the basis of any social system. mode of production determi11e social
•
The economic base (or infra-structure) consceousness.
determines the totality of the social super-
structure: the state, political institutions, EXPERIMENT I By experiment is currently
ideas and theories, etc. "The structures of understood the 'practical experience' of the
every society can change rapidly only by procedures verifying knowledge by direct
revolutionizing the econom ic base." (Marx) observation of phenomena - either in the
laboratory or in objective reality.
ECONOMIC STRUCTURE I Ordering of Philosophy explains experiment either in
society into classes: the relations of materialist or idealist form. For dialectical
production which correspond to the specific materialism, experience presupposes the
level determined by the development of the presence of an objective, material world
material forces of production. which exists independently of human
consciousness. But for idealism, experience
EMPIRIC-CRITICISM I Reactionary, does not involve material objects or even
idealist current of philosophy which arose in phenomena: rather, it is concerned with our
Germany and Austria during the second half past impressions. It can therefore consider
of the 19th century. Its initiators were religious 'sentiment' alone as experimental
Avenarius and Mach. They affirmed that proof enough of the existence of God.
" elements of the world" i.e. "elements of
experience" stood at the basis of all FATALISM I (from the Latin, 'fate')
phenomena. Each thing is a "combination Idealist notion which holds that historical
of elements". By the term 'elements', they development is pre-determined by some
meant the fact that sensation is at the basis unknown force, by 'destiny'. Fatalism
of phenomena; but in such a way as to denies the creative function of people,
identify •element' with sense-impression. history and political struggle, and considers
I humanity a plaything in the hands of .God
EPICURUS I (342-270 B.C.) Greek or fate, unable to influence things through
materialist philosopher, teacher and ACTION.
follower of Democritus.
FETISHISM I To deify or 'fetishize' objects
EVOLUTION and REVOLUTION I means to give them occult, supernatural
Quantitative changes, of an unperceived, forces foreign to human nature. In primitive
slow and interrupted kind come about times, the fetish was an object of awe; later
through evolution. Qualitative changes, on becoming a good or bad luck charm. In
the contrary, happen all at once, by leaps, in capitalism, the fetishism of money, property
a revolutionary manner. Development and commodities is the magic of capitalist
I implies both, necessarily. Evolution prepares ownership.

•
FEUERBACH, LUDWIG (1804-72) I One nature and its regulative laws. Formal logic
of the major German materialists who affirms that all objects and concepts are
proclaimed and defended atheism and equal to themselves (i.e. the concept of
influenced the founders of Marxism. formal identity: that A=A). Dialectical
Feuerbach, however, remains idealist in his materialism shows that every object is and
concept of social phenomena. Neglecting is not self-identical because it is caught up in
the material basis of society, he a process of development.
distinguished the successive stages of human
development according to the different FREEDOM and NECESSITY I Meta-
forms of religious consciousness. Feuerbach physicians often contrast freedom to
did not grasp the importance of practical necessity. Some affirm that will is
revolutionary action, or the dialectical inter- absolutely free, i.e. unconditioned. Others
action between man and nature and the hold that free will does not exist, but only
transformation of humanity in the process absolute necessity. Either freedom or
of production. necessity . . . From the Marxist viewpoint,
these positions are un-scientific, because
FIDE-ISM I (from the Latin, fides: 'faith') freedom does not merely consist of
Doctrine (especially in Latin countries) imaginary independence vis-a-vis the laws of
which replaces understanding by faith and nature, but of knowledge of these laws and
stresses the determinating role it plays. the possibility of applying them positively
Lenin sees idealist philosophy as a "more or in practical action. "Freedom", Engels says,
less weakened or diluted fide-ism"; so to "consists of a domination over self and
speak, a clericalism. (see IDEALISM) external nature; a domination based on the
knowledge of the necessities of nature.
FORCES OF PRODUCTION I Instruments Consequently, freedom is conscious
or tools with which material goods are necessity. Without an understanding of
produced; also persons who use these necessity, real liberty is unattainable."
productive tools and manufacture material
goods, thanks to experience and work- HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH I
training. Product:ve forces (machines, tools, (1770-1831) German philosopher, idealist
raw materials etc.) and human labour-power dialectician. Nature, according to Hegel,
must be present as the indispensable does not develop across time, but varies
elements of work. Social life depends upon eternally only in space. The most valuable
productive forces which it can command part of idealist Hegelian philosophy is the
and the modes of production employed. dialectical method it employs - that ideas
Hence the importance of the social planning develop from dialectical contradictions; that
of these forces, which will only bear fruit transformations from quantity to quality
with socialism. have their origin in this development; that
truth is concrete; that the developmental
FORM and CONTENT I In nature, society process of human society is realized by its
or thought, everything has its content and submission to laws and not by chance or
form. Agrarian reform, for instance, may be under the pressure of outsized personalities.
the content; but its form may vary Yet, Hegel was pusillanimous and
according to the modes of application. inconsistent: he bowed before the Prussian
feudal monarchy, and minimized the
FORMAL LOGIC I Theory concerning the extremes of his dialectical positions out of
laws of human thought which separates fear and self-interest. "My dialectical
nature from the enquiry into those laws. method," Marx said, "is not only distinct
Formal logic does not preoccupy itself with from Hegelian method at bottom, but is
material truth (i.e. the faithful reflection absolutely opposed to it." For Hegel,
and conception of natural phenomena), but thought creates reality. The opposite for
with 'formal' truth. Hence its name. Herein Marx - ideas are nothing more than matter
lies the basis of metaphysical method. absorbed and transformed by human
Dialectics (i.e. natural logic) is the contrary thought.
of formal logic since it considers that the
content of thought, the principles and laws HUMANISM I Cultural current, developed
of logic, must correspond to materiality, from the 14th to the 16th centuries .

•
Conception of social reality proper to the INSTRUMENT S (or TOOLS) OF PRO -
th n new-born bourgeoisie which struggled RODUCTION I Principle elements of
to liberate human personality and science productive forces (e.g. machinery)
from bondage to religious feudalism. employed by humanity to act upon nature
P trarch, Boccaccio, Erasmus, Machiavelli and transform it into material . Marx
etc., were some representatives of bourgeois says that economic epochs differ from each
humanism. Humanism cannot survive under other not so much in what they produce but
a capitalist regime because it is opposed to how they do so. How labour produces. The
the exploitation of man by man, the very means of production are not simply
essence of capitalism. Only the real measures of human labour-power but also
liberation of humanity can bring about the indication of the relations by means of
genuine humanism. which work takes place.

HUME, DAVID I (1711-1776) English KANT, IMMANUEL I (1724-1804)

bourgeois philosopher, historian and Founder of classical German idealism. He
economist. As an agnostic, he reckoned attempted to reconcile materialism and
insoluble the problem of the existence or idealism. "When Kant admits that a certain
non-existence of objective reality. He 'thing-in-itself' , outside us, must correspond
affirmed that we cannot know what things to our representation of it, then he is a
are in themselves and whether they exist or materialist. When he declares it impossible
not. Denying the material basis of things to know this 'thing-in-itself' , he becomes an
and causality, Hume concluded that what idealist." (Lenin) As Kant himself declares,
•

alone exists is a flux of psychological the central problem of his theory of

perception in human consciousness, and knowledge is to define the limits of the laws
that science leads only to the simple of reason, while still retaining a place for
description of this current, with little God beyond such limits. In his doctrine of
possibility either of understanding or of et hics, Kant believes it 'necessary' to
conceiving its laws. recognize the existence of God and the
soul's immortality, so as to maintain a basis
IDEALISM I Philosophy which considers for morality.
reality as an incarnation of a 'universal Idea'
or of a 'consciousness'. Idealism is closely MARXISM-LE NINISM I Theory of the
linked with religion and leads more or less proletarian I iberation movement. Theory
openly to the idea of God. and practice of the dictatorship o! the
proletariat. Theory of the construction of
IDEOLOGY I Combination of ideas, communist society.
assumptions, notions of determined
cohcepts, representations. Politics, science, MATTER I (or MATERIAL) By its nature,
morality, art and religion are forms of the world is material. The variety of
ideology. All ideologies are reflections of phenomena in nature corresponds to the
social existence. In class-based society, distinct forms of matter in motion. Lenin
ideology expresses and defends the interests wrote that matter is a philosophical
of the classes in struggle. In bourgeois category to designate objective reality which
society, struggle develops between bourgeois presents itself to humanity through human
and socialist ideologies. There is no perception. Matter is copied, 'photographed '
intermediate term, since, as Lenin affirms, or reflected through human sensations while
humanity has not elaborated a 'third' retaining an existence proper to itself and
ideology. independent of them.

INDUCTION (and DEDUCTION) I MATERIALIS M I One of the two main

Induction: method of reasoning which tendencies in philosophy which gives a
consists of passing from the particular to the specific reply to the fundamental problem
general, from facts to generalizations. of the relation between thought and
Deduction: method which consists of existence. Materialism recognizes matter as
passing from the general to the particular, the primary element, and consciousness (or
from generalized propositions to particular thought) secondary. It relies on science -
conclusions. particularly the physical sciences. Dialectical

•
materialism recuperates the entire leaps, the passage from inferior to superior.
materialist tradition preceding it and re-
elaborates everything of value in it. METAPHYSICS I (from the Greek, ta meta
(see below) ta physika: those works of Aristotle after
his 'Physics') Metaphysical method affirms
MATERIALISM (DIALECTICAL) I that things and their mental reflections (Le.
Philosophical doctrine formulated by Marx concepts) are essentially discrete,
and Engels, ·so called because of its unchanging, petrified, given once for all, and
dialectical manner of confronting, studying can thus be investigated separately,
and understanding natural phenomena; and independently one from the other.
materialist by its manner of interpreting Metaphysics posits in principle that nature is
phenomena and drawing up its theory. at rest, immobile, unchanging and
Dialectical material ism is the only scientific unmoving. It considers the process ·of
interpretation of the world; and it is development uniquely on a quantitative and
opposed to idealism which offers an inter- not qualitative level. Politically, the stance
pretation based on religion. is one that denies class struggle and tries to
show that the transition from capitalism to
•

MATERIALISM (HISTORICAL) I Marxist socialism can be realized without violent

doctrine of the development of human rupture, by peaceful fusion of capitalism
society. Historical materialism sees in the with socialism.
development of material goods necessary to
human existence the primary force which METHODOLOGY I Doctrine of method:
determines all social life (and which combination of procedures, techniques of
conditions the transition from one kind of enquiry applicable to all sciences.
social order to another).
The growth of human power over nature MONISM I (from the Greek, monos: one)
finds its expression in the development of Philosophical doctrine which, contrary to
the productive forces of society. The dualism, recognizes as the cause of all
transmutation of economic-social forces existence only a single principle or origin.
throughout histcrv (primitive communal, Materialists, for instance, consider matter as
slave, feudal and capital states) is, above all, the unique cause of all phenomena; and the
a change from certain kinds of productive idealist-monist, spirit or god or mind.
modes and relations towards other more
progressive ones. Such change is the MORALITY, MORALS I Norms of social
necessary effect, the cause of which are the life, human behaviour, one of the forms of
laws to which social productive forces social consciousness. Materialists hold that
everywhere submit. morality changes with each change of social
Discovery of the real basis of life and social order. There exists a ·morality typical of the
development (material production) allows slave state; another in the feudal state, the
one to see for the first time the importance bourgeois, and the communist. The ruling
of the creative spirit of the masses. Great class imposes 'its' morality and puts it· into
men were not the ones alone to make practice in accord with its historical class
history, but the workers, the real prime interests.
movers of the production process, those
who accomplished the material tasks NEGATION OF NEGATION I The law of
necessary for social subsistence. the negation of negation is fundamental to
dialectics. Every phenomenon, because
MATERIALISM (MECHANISTIC) I Early internally contradictory, contains in itself
form of materialism which sought to explain its own proper negation (or its own
all natural phenomena by mechanical laws. opposite). Thus, within it unfolds the
It considers motion not as change in general conflict between what was and what is
but as the mechanical displacement of becoming- between old and new. Negation
bodies in space due to external influences - of the past state is not, however, a pure or
the mere collision of two entities. vain negation, a simple annulment of every-
Mechanistic materialism denies the thing which has been (as metaphysics
spontaneous movement of bodies, their thinks.) "Negation, in dialectics, does not
qualitative change, the development by signify merely saying No, or simply saying
omething does not exist, or destroying it in this philosophical movement. Classical
ome manner." (Engels) Dialectics demands German philosophy reflects the influences
"demonstration of the relation between the of European revolutionary movements. But
negative and the positive: so as to encounter such influences were deflected Py the
the positive in the negative." (Lenin) retrogressive socio-economic conditions of
Communism, thus, declares that everything the epoch. This philosophy did contribute
positive has been created by humanity - something fundamental - the renewal of
even what was obtained under the yoke of dialectics as the theory of development.
capitalism. This is the positive in the Taken up by Marx, it served as the basis for
negative. Communist society, in its turn, is dialectical materialism. Engels has brilliantly
the negation of the exploitative class regime analysed this philosophy in his work,
- i.e. the negation of the negation. "Ludwig Feuerbach And The End Of
Classical German Philosophy."
OBJECTIVE I Opposite of subjective: what
exists outside human consciousness, POSITIVISM I One of the most widespread
independently, but which human thought of the idealist currents within modern
genuinely reflects. bourgeois philosophy. Positivism, according
to its founders, is based not upon abstract
PANTHEISM I (from the Greek, pan: all, deductions but on 'positive', real facts.
and theos: god) Philosophical doctrine August Comte, its creator, believed that the
according to which divinity, as a spiritual human mind must renounce any effort to
and impersonal first principle, is found know the very essence of things and content
throughout nature - so that everything is itself with the truth derived from
divine. observation and experiment. But this is only
an "up to date" agnosticism.
PLATO I (427-347 B.C.) Greek philosopher,
ideologist of the slave-owning aristocracy; PROPERTY I Private property appeared
founder of objective idealism which long after the origins of humanity. In the
maintains that there exists besides the primitive communal state, ownership of the
universe of perceptible things another world means of production was held in common.
- the one of Ideas. So, above and beyond In the slave state, the 'boss' was the owner
the trees one actually sees (which derive of human means of production - and hence
from various essences), Plato affirms there the origin of private property. Under
exists the unique Idea one has of 'trees', socialism, the means of production beiong
which is always identical, eternal -and this to the community, not to particular
is the case for all of nature. According to individuals - hence socialist property.
Plato, things are only the shadows of Ideas.
Ideas are eternal; things transitory. Not RATIONALISM I Theory which tends to
perception, but reason and its concepts give recognize reason as the unique source of
one true knowledge of the essence of things true knowledge; contrary to empiricism
in reality. which makes perception this source of
knowledge. Descartes and Leibnitz were
PHILOSOPHY I (from the Greek, philos: outstanding representatives of rationalism.
love, friend, and sophia: science or wisdom)
In dialectical materialism, the science of the RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION I
most general laws of nature, human society Reciprocal relations established between
and thought. The fundamental problem of people in the process of producing material
philosophy is that of the relation between goods. Persons can produce goods, not only
existence and thought. To find the answer, individually, but together by uniting and
all philosophical tendencies divide up into practising communal action. History
two camps - materialist and idealist. determines five main types of such
relations: 1) In the primitive communal
PHILOSOPHY, THE CLASSICAL state, ownership of the instruments of
GERMAN I Of the 18th and first half of the production and products was held in
19th centuries. Kant, its founder, was common. With the passage from stone tools
succeeded by Fichte and Schelling. Hegel's to metal, the tribes turned to agriculture
system represents the culminating phase of and commerce and began to accumulate

•
theories. Upheld by certain French and
I commodities. This led to the birth of private
property, and monopolizing of accumulated English utopian-socialists of the 19th
wealth by a minority, and the rise of classes century.
- the owners and the slaves. 2) In the slave
epoch, free labour was replaced by slave SOCIOLOGY I Science of society; as
exploitation: land was parcelled out to his founded by Comte and Herbert Spencer, it
serfs who worked for him partly freely, takes no account of class struggle. Marx
partly by payment in kind. 4) With the rise succeeded in raising sociology to a science
of the bourgeois or pre-capitalist society, a by demonstrating that the development of
minority capitalist class seizes the means of society is not solely determined by ideas but
•
production and exploits a wage-earning by the relations of production. Thus he
class. 5) The socialist state restores common showed the course of ideas obeys the I
I
ownership of the means of production, gives course of things. Marx also made clear that
the product back to the producer, and the problem of scientific research into
eliminates ruling class exploitation. society consists of the explanation of those
particular historical laws which regulate the
RELIGION I Combination of beliefs and origin, existence, development and decline
cult-practices which subordinates human life of any given social organism, and its
to a divine super-order. It appears in history transformation into another, superior one.
as a form of oppression of the people by the •
'
ruling class. Marxism sees in religion the SOPHISM, SOPHISTRY I Incorrect I'
exploitation of human ignorance and reasoning presented in such a way as to
credulity. appear correct, or persuasive, and thus
•
which leads others into error. Sophistry is
REVISIONISM I Hostile counter-current to the application in discussion of such
Marxism which seeks to 'correct' he erroneous conclusions. The characteristic
philosophical foundations of dialectical method of sophistry is: "To start from
materialism. Today, for instance, China and external resemblances between facts, apart
the USSR accuse each other of 'revisionism' I from their relation to events." (Lenin) By
I
in their modes of applying socialism. relying on apparent resemblances, sophists
seek to apply the properties of one set of
SCHOLASTICISM I (from Latin, schola, phenomena to others completely different.
school; and Greek skhole, leisure) Gathered
•
under this name are the various schools of SPINOZA, BARUCH I (1632-77) Jewish-
philosophy current in the Middle Ages. But Dutch philosopher, denied the existence of
each one was linked strictly to religious I God as creator of nature. Considered that
dogma, all equally "servants of theology " , God was nature itself. By thus calling nature
all overlooked nature. Such dogmatism God, he explained that nature was its own
lends its name, 'scholastic~. to all reasoning cause. He continued the rationalism of
foreign to reality, all groundless Descartes, although his system was monist-
philosophies, certain political discussions, a system in which thought originates in
etc. The main scholastics (or school-men) nature.
were Thomas Aquinas, Anselm of
Canterbury, Duns Scotus, William of '
STATE I Political organization of the
Occam, etc. I economically dominant class, having as its
aim the defence of the existing economic
SOCIALISM I Economy, social and political order (status quo) - but also the
doctrine which expresses the struggle for the annihilation of the resistance put up against
equal distribution of wealth by eliminating it by other classes. "The state is a machine
private property and the exploitative ruling to maintain the domination of one class
class. In practice, such a distribution of over another." (Lenin)
wealth is achieved by social ownership of
the means of production, exchange and TIME AND SPACE I These represent the
diffusion. objective form of the existence of matter.
Time and space are inseparable from matter,
SOCIALISM (UTOPIAN) I Non-scientific and vice-versa. Dialectical materialism
socialism based on imaginary or optimist teaches that nothing exists in the world
outs· of or beyond matter in motion, and 'synthesis'. This is the 'surface' aspect of
that matter cannot move except in space dialectics.
and time. Opposing itself to materialism,
idealism believes time and space to be UNITY AND CONFLICT BETWEEN
products of human thought and it separates CONTRARIES I Opposing metaphysics,
these categories from matter. dialectics posits on principle that, internal
contradictions belong properly to all objects
THEOLOGY I Pseudo-science which seeks and natural phenomena, and within them
to give foundation to religion by borrowing everything is continually in motion, ever-
from philosophical argumentation . changing. Each thing represents in itself the
unity of contraries. Everything has a past
THESIS, ANTITHESIS, SYNTHESIS I and a future, a development and a decline, a
(from the Greek: affirmation, negation, positive and a negative aspect. This is why
union) Every process of development, movement from a lower to a higher state is
according to Hegel passes through these achieved by the struggle between opposite
three stages: thesis, anti-thesis, syn-thesis. tendencies. Within the capitalist mode of
Each stage refutes the one before, and the production, the proletariat and the bourge-
last re-unites in itself the dominant features oisie are at once related and opposed
of the first two - hence its name, through struggle.

•
•
•

The French philosophe r Jean-Paul Sartre said that Marxism

is the philosophy of our time that we cannot go beyond it
because we have not gone beyond the circumstances that
engendered it. The literature about, for and against Marx and
Marxism is therefore vast and ever-increasing. The following
lists contain only a tiny fraction of all the books written on
the subject, chosen for non-experts on the basis of readability,
availability and up-to-dateness.

Texts
The best way to study Marx is to read what he and Engels
wrote. Their most famous short writings The Communis t
Manifesto; Wage-Labour and Capital; Value, Price and Profit;
Socialism: Utopian and Scientific; Ludwig Feuerbach And
the End of Classical German Philosophy ; The Origin of the
Family, Private Property and The State; The Eighteenth
Brumaire of Louis Napoleon; and Class Struggles in France,
1848 to 1850 are generally av~ilable in handy and cheap
paperbacks published by Foreign Languages Publishing
House, Moscow, or Foreign Language Press, Peking. In the
United States the Internation al Publishing Company puts out
these and many other writings by Marx and Engels.
These texts and others are usefully collected in Marx/Engels:
Selected Works In One Volume (Lawrence and Wishart,
London; Internation al Publishing Co., New York). Further
selections include Marx/Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and
Philosophy, edited and introduced by Lewis S. Feuer
(Fontana, London; Doubleday, New York); and four Pelican
I paperbacks: Early Writings, introduced by Lucio Colletti, and
The Revolutions of 1848, Surveys From Exile, and The First
Internation al and After, all edited and introduced by David
Fernbach (Penguin New Left Review, London; Random
House, New York).
The three volumes of Capital are available from Lawrence
and Wishart, London and Internation al Publishing Co., New
York; while the first volume is now available in a Penguin
,

•
paperback edited by Ernest Mandel. Engels' Anti-Duhri ng is
published by Progress Publishers, Moscow. The same
publishers also produced the Marx-Engels Selected
Correspondence, as well as usefu I anthologies of their
writings: On Britain; On Religion; On Colonialism ; On
Ireland.
For those who want to go further into the study of Marx and
Engels, an English edition of their Collected Works in
approxima tely 50 volumes is now under way (Lawrence and
Wishart, London; Internation al Publishing Co., New York).
Six volumes have appeared thus far. Volume 3 contains the
important Economic and Philosophic Manuscript s of 1844,
and volume 5, The German Ideology.

Commentar ies
Useful introductio ns to Marx are Lenin's essay, Karl Marx
(Foreign Language Publishing House, Peking; Internation al •

Publishing Co., New York); Karl Kersch's Three Essays on

Marxism (Pluto Press, London; Monthly Review, New York);
David McLellan's Marx (Fontana Modern Masters, London;
Viking, New York); and Ernst Fischer's Marx in His Own
Words (Penguin).

Biographies
The most recent and readab~e biographies are: Isaiah Berlin,
Karl Marx: His Life and Environme nt (Oxford University
Press); Werner Blumenberg, Karl Marx: an Illustrated
Biography (New Left Books, London; Herder and Herder,
New York); and David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and
Thought (Paladin, London; Viking, New York). These last
two contain usefui lists of further reading.

15b
•

About the Author

Rius is the pseudonym of Eduardo del Rio, the internationally
acclaimed Mexican caricaturist and editorial cartoonist whose
innovative work established a new field in comic strips:
the political and documentary cartoon-book . He was chosen
Best Editorial Cartoonist in Mexico in 1959, and in 1968 he
received the Grand Prize of the International Salon of Cari-
cature in Montreal. He currently lives and works in Cuerna-
vaca, Mexico.

•
OTHER TITLES IN PANTHEON'S DOCUMENTARY COMIC-BOOK SERIES:

"" r nt wit make difficult ideas accessible 3tld

• •
nt rt mmg.
ewsday

Einstein for Beginners

II illu trat d and th r ughl~ r arched. It discussion of the political envi-
r nment in which in t in' di co rie were made is informative, while the pre-
ntati n of th di c veri thems I s i little short of in pi red."
Washington Post

Nuclear Power for Beginners

Thi high-spirited well-informed and unabashed work of propaganda is a mor-
bidly amusing w rk to ponder while waiting for the neighborhood meltdown."
New York Times

"Part f Pantheon' excellent new serie presenting serious and complex topics in
an easy-to-under tand cartoon format. This handbook is an excellent addition to
the [nuclear] argument."
Newsday

"Possibly the best reason for picking up this book is that it is genuinely entertain-
ing .... Puts anti-nuclear opinion into perspective with the facts of nuclear power."
UP/

Lenin for Beginners

"Fun and informative."
New York Times

"Reads more like adventure than history."

[Link]

"The authors display a rollicking sense of humor, a deft gra p of difficult th r

and an accessible style of retelling history."
Los Angeles Times

•
•

•
Political Science/Econo•nics u.s. $10.00
Can. $12.50

uA superb little book in a most improbable format .... ! rec-

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that si•nplicity need not forgo subtlety.''
NeJV York 11mes Book RevieJV

cartoon book about

Marx? Are you sttre it's Karl, not Groucho? HolY can you
summarize the \YOrk of Karl Marx in cartoons? It took Rius
- «

., .-~ to;~o, it•.·~~;S p."~ ;it_ aii J~J ,1;b:e.o:.:igiJ}s of M_arxi~t~ piPlosophy,
. .' . :J:--..,,A---.--....,..........~·__,......__-...,..,
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51000>

Cover design by Nancy Brescia

Pantheon Books, New York 9 780679 725121

11/89 Printed in the U.S.A. c 1989 Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-679-72512-1

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Marx For Beginners - Rius

Uploaded by

Marx For Beginners - Rius

Uploaded by

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MARX FOR BEGINNERS

English translation copyright © 1976 by Richard Appignanesi.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bibliography prepared by Nick Jacobs

Manufactured in the United States of America

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