In

tro
duc
ti
on:

Ag
ric
ult
ura
lsec
to
rist
heba
ckbo
neofou
reco
nomy
.Butthegr
owt
hofa
gri
cul
tu
rei
nPakis
tanisfac
ingal
oto
fpr
obl
ems
.
Duet
ovari
ousca
use
s,p
era
creyi
el
disve
ryl
owinPa
k i
st
a na
sco
mpar
etoot
herd
eve
lo
pedcou
n t
ri
es.

PROBLEMSOFAGRICULTURALSECTOR
Pr
obl
emso
fag
ri
cul
tu
ral
sec
to
rar
eca
teg
ori
ze
dasb
el
ow:

A.
 
TECHNO-ECONOMICPROBLEMS
1
) 
Limi
te
dCu
lt
iv
abl
eAr
ea

T
hetot
alar
eaofPaki
st
anisabo
ut79.
6mi l
li
onhec
tar
es,
outofwhi
chon
ly23.7mil
li
onhe
ctar
es(28%)ar
eai
sus
ed
f
oragr
ic
ul
tur
alpur
pos
es.
About8mill
i
onh e
ct
are
sareai
sidl
ea n
dun-ut
il
iz
[Link]
rei
svastsu
b-divi
si
ona
nd
f
rag
menta
ti
onofla
ndhol
ding
s,asares
ultmode
rnte
chno
log
ycanno
tbeap
pli
edinagr
ic
ult
urese
ct
or.

2)
  
Wat
erLo
ggi
nga
ndSa
li
ni
ty

Wate
rlog
gin
ga ndsal
i
nit
yaret
winpr
obl
emsofagr
ic
ult
ura
lsec
to
rd uet
osal
ini
ty,
d e
pos
it
sofsal
tinla
ndhave
a
ppe
aredonthesur
fac
eofl
andandt
heyhaveadv
ers
el
yaffe
ct
edtheper
for
manceofagr
ic
ult
ura
lsec
tor
.Waterl
og
gin
g
a
ndsali
ni
tyaffe
ctab
out0.
10mil
li
onacr
eoflan
dinever
yyear
.Itisnoto
nlywast
eoflan
db u
talsor
edu
cti
oni
n
p
rod
uct
ivi
ty.

3)
 Sl
owGr
owt
hofAl
l
iedPr
odu
cts

Al
li
edpr
oduc
tsref
ert
otho
sep
roduc
ti
ons
,whi
chareno
tag r
ic
ult
ura
lbuti
ndir
ect
ly
,hel
pthefar
mertoimpr
ovehi
s
l
iv
ings
tanda
rd. 
Paki
st
ani
sin
-suff
ic
ie
ntint
hepro
duct
io
no ff
rui
ts,
milk
,pou
lt
ry,f
ish
erie
s,l
i
vest
oc
ka ndfo
res
try
.As
are
sul
tnoto
nlyourf
oodq
ual
it
yispo
orbuta
lsoi
ndus
tr
iessuc
hasfurni
tu
re,
tex
til
esanddai
rycann
otbedeve
lo
ped.

4)
 Lo
wPe
rHe
ct
areYi
el
d

T
hemo s
timpo
rta
ntpr
obl
emofag
ric
ul
turei
sit
slowyi
eldpe
rhec
tar
efo
ralmoste
ver
ymajo
rcro
p.45.
0%oflab
our
f
orc
eiseng
age
dinthi
sse
cto
rinPaki
sta
nwh i
l
eitisl
esst
han5%indev
elo
pedcou
ntr
ie
[Link]
,ot
herc
oun
tri
eso
fworl
d
a
reget
ti
nghig
heryi
el
dperhe
ct
areduet
ouseofmode
rnte
chno
lo
gyandtr
ain
edlabo
ur.

5)
  
Ina
deq
uat
eIn
fra
str
uct
ure

Rur
ali
nfra
str
uct
urel
ik
e,r
oads
,st
orag
efaci
l
iti
es
,tr
ansp
ort
,el
ect
ri
ci
ty,
educ
ati
on,
sani
ta
ti
ona ndhe
alt
hfaci
li
ti
eset
c.i
s
i
nade
quat
etomee
tthere
qui
re
mentofgr
owthofagr
ic
ult
ure
.Tot
alle
ngt
hoffar
m- t
o-mar
ketro
adisnoto
nlyshor
te
r
bu
tthe
irc
ondi
ti
onisal
sopo
or.
Ma n
yv i
ll
age
shavenometa
l-l
edroa
da ta
ll
.El
ect
ri
ci
tyi
sav a
il
abl
etoonl
y3/4rural
po
pul
at
ion
s.

6)
  
Une
con
omi
cLa
ndHo
ldi
ngs

Du
etoi
ncr
eas
ingp
opu
lat
io
nan
ddi
vi
si
ono
fla
ndu
nde
rth
ela
wofi
nhe
ri
ta
nce
,la
ndh
old
ing
sar
esu
bdi
vi
dedo
vera
nd
o
verag
ain.
There
sul
tist
hatver
ylar
gen
umberoff
arme
rshasle
sst
han2h
ect
are
sofa
rea
.Mo
reo
verh
old
ing
sar
e
s
cat
te
red.
Itisd
iff
ic
ul
ttousemode
rnmac
hin
eryonsma
llp
ie
cesofl
and
.

7
) 
 Ol
dMe
tho
dso
fPr
odu
cti
on

Nodoubt
,mechani
za
ti
onofagr
ic
ult
ureisin
cre
asi
ngi
nPaki
st
an,b
uti
nmosto
fthea
reas
,th
eoldi
mpl
eme
ntsar
est
il
l
be
inguse
df o
ragri
cul
tu
ralp
rodu
cti
[Link]
tho
doxt
ec
hni
que
sofp
rod
uct
io
ncanno
tinc
rea
set
hep
rod
ucti
on
ac
cord
ingtoint
er
nati
ona
lle
vel
s.

8)
  
Ina
deq
uat
eSu
ppl
yofAg
ric
ult
ura
lIn
put
s

Th
es u
ppl
yofmoder
ninpu
tsli
kehi
ghy
ie
ldi
ngvar
ie
ty(
HYV)see
ds,
che
mic
alfe
rti
l
ize
rs,
pes
ti
ci
des,
mecha
nize
d
mach
iner
yet
[Link]
tonlyc
ost
lybu
tal
soi
nade
qua
teandi
rr
egu
lari
nPaki
st
[Link]
rsoffe
rt
il
iz
erpro
duc
inguni
tsa
re
j
ust10inPak
ist
an.

9)
  
Lac
kofIr
ri
gat
io
nFa
cil
i
tie
s

Shor
tag
eofirr
ig
atio
nfaci
l
iti
esca
use
saser
iou
sli
mita
ti
onint
heexp
ans
io
no fc
ropare
ainPaki
st
an.T
helowerwat
er
su
ppl
ies
,lo
sesf
romwa t
erco
ursei
nthef
ie
ldsar
ethese
ri
ousp
rob
le
msoffa
rmsecto
[Link]
ual
sur
fac
ewate
ra v
ail
abi
l
ity
i
s91.8mil
li
onacrefe
et
.

1
0) 
 
Ina
deq
uat
eAg
ric
ult
ura
lRe
sea
rch

Theave
rag
ecropyi
el
dinPaki
stanisver
ylowascompar
edtothepro
d u
cti
onl
eve
lsoft
head
van
cedco
unt
ri
esoft
he
worl
[Link]
dertorai
set
hepot
enti
alofag
ric
ult
ura
l p
rod
u c
ti
on,t
h e
reshou
ldbeco
nti
nuo
usi
mpr
oveme
nti
nthere
sea
rch
fo
ragri
cul
tu
ralgro
wth.T
ota
lagri
cult
uralu
niv
ersi
ti
esandcol
l
egesareonl
y16inPaki
st
an.
 

1
1) 
 
Pro
ble
mofLa
ndRe
for
ms

Landre
for
mshavebe
enimpl
ement
edaga
ins
tth
ewil
lofpeo
pl
e.T
herei
sanur
gen
tnee
dtoc
ondu
ctapr
ope
rlan
d
re
for
mforimp
rov
ingagr
ic
ul
tura
lgrowt
[Link]
oth
ispro
bl
emagri
cul
tu
ral
pro
duc
ti
onca
nno
tin
cre
aset
odes
ir
edle
vel
.

1
2) 
 
Def
ect
iv
eLa
ndTe
nur
eSy
ste
m

Def
ect
iv
elandt
enur
esyst
emisal
sore
spo
nsi
bl
efo
rlo
wy i
el
dpera
crei
nagr
ic
ult
ura
lsec
to
[Link]
nd l
or
dsandf
eud
al-
l
ordsl
iv
einpos
hu r
banare
aswhil
ete
nant
sandpe
asa
ntshav
enoorl
es
sinc
ent
iv
efort
hei
rhardwork
.So,
the
pr
oduc
ti
vit
yinagr
ic
ult
ura
lsec
to
rremai
nslo
w.

1
3) 
 
Sub
sis
te
nceFa
rmi
ng

Ourf
armerisa
tta
chedwithsub
sis
te
ncefa
rming
;ahugeofp
ort
io
nofpro
duc
ti
oni
sco
nsume
datfa
rmer
’
sownho
uset
o
su
ppo
rtl
argefa
mil
y .
He n
ce,l
es
sport
io
nofthepr
oduc
ti
onisav
ail
abl
efo
rmark
ets
upp
ly.
Itc
aus
eslo
winco
meo
fthe
fa
rmer
s.F
a r
mingisnotco
nduct
edatco
mmerci
all
ev
elinPak
ist
an.

1
4) 
 
LowCr
opp
ingIn
ten
sit
y

Cr
opp
ingi
nt
ens
it
yme
anst
hen
umb
ero
fcr
opsg
rowno
nap
ie
ceo
fla
ndi
non
eye
ar.
Att
hep
res
ents
tag
eofo
ur
de
vel
op
ment
,th
ereislo
wleve
lofc
rop
pin
gint
ens
it
yasc
omp
are
dtoa
dva
nce
dco
unt
ri
es
.Cu
lt
iv
abl
ear
eau
nde
rdo
ubl
eor
mul
ti
pl
ecr
opp
ingisin
adeq
uatei
nPaki
sta
n.

1
5) 
 
Imp
rop
erCr
opRo
tat
io
n

Pro
pert
urn
ingr
oun
dofc r
opsi
ses
sen
ti
altor
e-e
sta
bli
sht
hefe
rti
l
ityo
fthel
and.
Theco
nst
a n
tcu
lt
iva
ti
onofo
nec
ropo
r
two
;exh
aust
sth
efe
rti
l
ityofth
eso
il
.Pro
perr
ota
ti
onofcr
opsi
snec
ess
aryi
nord
ertor
est
oret
hefe
rt
il
it
y.

B.
 
NATURALPROBLEMS
1
) 
 Va
rio
usPl
antDi
se
ase
s

Var
io
usag
ri
cul
tu
ralc
rop
sli
keco
tt
on,
sugar
cane
,to
bac
co,
wheatandri
ceo
ft
enc
omeu
nde
rat
tac
kofp
est
san
din
sec
ts
.
Pe
st
sandpl
antdi
se
ase
sred
ucet
heannu
alpro
duct
iv
it
yofag
ri
c u
lt
ure
.

2)
  
Nat
ura
lCa
lami
ti
es

Labo
urisinth
eh a
ndofmank
indbuti
tsres
ulti
sinth
ehandso
fALLAHinagric
ult
ures
ect
or.
So,gr
owt
hof
ag
ric
ult
ureisdo
minat
edb
ynatu
re.
Inc as
eifthe
reist
oomuc
hrai
n,r
edu
cti
oninthepr
oduc
ti
vit
y.T
herei
s20%
re
duct
io
ninp r
oduc
ti
vi
tydu
etounn
eces
saryra
inandunfa
vou
rab
lec
li
mat
icsi
tu
a t
io
nsinPaki
sta
n.

3)
  
Sca
rci
tyo
fHYVSe
eds

Ourpoo
rfarme
rsha
vetous
elowerqu
ali
tyse
edsduet
onon
-av
ail
abi
l
ityofHi
ghYi
el
din
gVari
et
y(HYV)s
eed
[Link]
t
heothe
rhand,i
fse
edisav
ail
abl
ethe
ycannotbep
urc
has
eddu
etolo
wi n
come
.Agr
ic
ul
tur
alp
rod
uct
io
nisb
adl
y
af
fec
te
db e
caus
eofi
nfe
ri
orqua
lit
yofse
eds.

4)
  
Und
erUt
il
iz
ati
ono
fLa
nd

Mos
tl
ypoorpo
pul
at
io
nisat
tac
hedwit
ha g
ri
cul
tur
alsec
to
rinPak
ist
an.
Theya
reusi
ngor
tho
doxandt
radi
ti
ona
lmea
ns
o
fcul
ti
vat
ion
. 
Ourfa
rmeri
snoti
nte
res
te
dtousetheadv
ance
dandmode
rnmean
soffa
rming
,asare
sul
tare
aund
er
c
ul
ti
vat
ionre
main
sunde
ruti
li
zed
,un-ut
il
iz
edormis-
uti
li
ze
d.

C.
 
SOCIO-ECONOMICPROBLEMS
1
) 
 Co
nsu
mpt
io
nOr
ie
nte
d

Ourfa
rmershaven
oprop
err
eco
rdsof
thei
rin
come
sandex
pen
ses
.Mo s
tl
y,t
heysp
endmorewhent
heyhav
emoreduet
o
i
ll
it
era
cy.
Ah ugepar
toft
hef
armer’
sin
comeisc
ons
umedo
nocca
sio
nsofmarr
iag
e,bi
rt
h,dea
thandse
ver
alo
therr
ura
l
ce
remo
nie
sa n
dfest
iv
alsi
nPaki
st
an. 

2)
  
Far
mer
’sLi
ti
gat
io
n

T
her
earefr
eque
ntandco
nti
nuo
usli
ti
gat
io
nsamongt
hefar
mersdi
rec
tl
yorind
ire
ct
ly
.The
yareo
fte
nse
eninc
our
ts
,
p
ol
ic
est
ati
ons,
irr
ig
ati
onof
fi
ces
,re
ven
ueboar
dsandot
herof
fi
ci
alpr
obl
[Link]
oment
io
nedpr
obl
ems
,ou
rfa
rmer
c
ann
otdev
otehi
sti
me,en
erg
y,ef
fi
ci
enc
yandlab
ourt
oagri
cul
tu
ral
produc
ti
ons
.
3)
  
Joi
ntFa
mil
ySy
ste
m

J
oin
tfami
lysys
temisal
soabi
gpro
ble
mina g
ri
cul
tu
ralse
ct
[Link]
rfar
meri
spoo
r;o
nth
eot
herhan
dhehast
osup
por
t
h
isbi
gfamil
[Link]
reat
esde
fi
ci
enc
yinsav
ingandi
nves
tment
.Ahugep
arto
ffa
rmer
’
spr
odu
cti
vi
tyi
sco
nsu
medathi
s
o
wnh o
use
.

4)
  
Il
li
te
rac
yan
dIl
l
-he
alt
h

Mostofthefarmer
s,l
abour
ersan
dt e
nantsinourcoun
trya
reil
li
te
rate
.Theyar
euntr
ain
edandinef
fi
ci
enttobo
ostu
p
th
ea g
ricu
ltu
ral p
rodu
cti
vi
[Link]
herside
,theheal
tho
fo u
rfarmer
sisimp
rop
erduetoru
ralb
ackward
n e
ss.
Lit
era
cyrateisonly57
.7%inPa ki
st
an.E c
onomicSurv
eyofPaki
st
anshowsth
atli
te
racyre
main
sh i
ghe
rinurban
are
as(73.
2p erce
nt)t
haninrur
alare
as(49.2p e
rcen
t).

24)
  
Pol
i
tic
alIn
sta
bil
i
ty

Po
li
ti
cali
nst
abi
li
tyhasaff
ec
te
dd e
vel
op
men ti
nal
leco
nomi
candsoc
ial
sec
to
[Link]
unat
el
y,t
hepol
it
ic
als
it
uat
io
nsi
n
Pa
kis
tanareno
tsta
ble.
Itcre
ate
sunre
stamongt
hefar
merst
osel
lth
eprod
ucti
onstovar
io
usindus
tr
ie
sasaraw
mat
er
ial
.Ontheoth
erhand,pe
opl
ehes
it
atetoi
nve
sti
na g
ri
cul
tu
rals
ect
orduet
op o
li
ti
calunr
est
.

[Link]
1
) 
 La
cko
fCr
edi
t

Bas
ic
all
yourfa
rmerispo
orandhehaslo
wleve
lofin
[Link]
ic
ult
ura
lcre
ditf
aci
li
ti
esar
enotc
o mmoninPaki
st
an.
Cr
edi
tthatc
anfac
il
itat
eagr
ic
ult
urei
snotav
ail
abl
eeasi
ly
.Mo r
eov
ernon
-ins
tit
uti
ona
lso
urc
esareava
ila
bleb
utthe
se
ar
enotr
eli
abl
eduetohi
ghrat
eofint
ere
st
.Abou
t5 0.
8%p oorb
orr
owfromlandl
or
dsinPaki
st
an.

2)
  
Poo
rFi
nan
cia
lPo
si
ti
ono
fFa
rme
rs

I
tisacommonsay
inga
bout
 ou
rfarme
rthathebor
nsinde
bts
,gro
wsi
ndebt
sanddi
esi
ndebt
s.
 I
tme a
nsthat
f
ina
n c
ial
pos
it
io
nof 
Paki
st
anifar
merisweakandpoo
[Link]
cor
din
gto“
Pak
ist
anHumanDev
el
opmentRep
ort2003”
a
bout57.
4%poora
rework
ingfo
rfeud
a l
-l
ordswi
thou
twage
s.

3)
  
Ins
tab
il
it
yinMa
rke
tPr
ic
es

T
hepri
cemar
ketofag
ric
ult
ura
lgo
odsgener
all
yremai
nsunst
abl
einthecou
ntr
[Link]
bwe bt
heo
remisve
ryp
opul
ari
n
c
aseo
fmarke
tpri
ces
;itmea
nstha
tap r
ic
eo fon
ecommod
ityismuchhighi
nthi
syearandmuchlowi
nthene
xtye
ar
a
ndvic
ever
[Link]
efarmer
s,dono
tgetduerewar
dfro
mthes al
eofth
eirpr
oduc
ti
ons
. So,
the
yremai
nuns
ati
sf
ie
d.

4)
  
Sho
rta
geo
fAg
ric
ult
ura
lFi
nan
ce

Agri
cul
tu
ralc
red
itf
aci
li
ti
esa
renotsuf
fi
ci
enti
nPa
kis
tan.
Ra t
eofi
n t
er
esto
na g
ri
cul
tu
ral
cre
diti
shi
gha
ndlo
anisn
ot
pr
ovi
dedinti
[Link]
cor
din
gto“Pa
k i
st
anHumanDev
el
opmentRep
ort2003”inPak
ist
anabo
ut50.
8%poo
rbo
rro
w
fr
omlandl
or
dsatve
ryhighr
ateo
finte
res
t.

MEASURESTOREMOVETHESEPROBLEMS
F
oll
owi
ngme
asu
resa
res
ugg
est
edt
oimp
rov
eth
eag
ri
cul
tu
re:

1
) 
Sup
plyo
fAg
ric
ult
ureCr
edi
t

Poo
rfarme
rsc
annota
ffo
rdtheex
pens
iv
ete
chno
lo
gyfro
mt h
eirownre
sou
rce
sinPakis
tan
.So,s
uppl
yofag
ricu
lt
ure
cr
edi
tatea
syt
ermsandcon
dit
io
nsisve
ryne
ce
ssary
.AnamountofRs
.85,1
77mill
i
onisdis
bur
sedbyc
ommerci
al
ban
ksin2009a n
dRs .
49b i
ll
i
onwasdis
tr
ib
[Link] BLi
ssue
dcre
ditorRs.
37.4bi
ll
io
nsdur
ing2010-
11
.

2)
 Wa
terLo
ggi
nga
ndSa
li
ni
tyCo
ntr
ol

Wate
rlogg
ingandsal
in
ityde
str
oysabo
utonemil
li
onac
reofl
andev
eryy
eari
nPunj
abandSi
ndh.
I tr
edu
cesou
r
c
ult
iv
ablear
ea.F
orthi
spurpo
se,
inst
al
lat
io
no ft
ubewel
l
s,re
pai
rofc
analb
anksa
nddra
inag
eofwate
ret
[Link]
eneed
ed.
Th
eMi ni
st
ryofAgri
cul
tur
epro
pos
edtoinv
estRs.1
8.5bi
ll
i
onwit
htheob
je
cti
veo
fco
nve
rt
ing2,
00,000acreso
f
i
rr
igat
edlan
dtod r
ipandsho
werirr
ig
ati
onsyst
em.

3)
 Co
nst
ruc
ti
ono
fDa
mes

So
meti
mes
,du
etoheav
yunwa
nte
drai
nsan
dflo
odsa
gri
cul
tu
ral
pro
duc
ti
vi
ti
esd
est
ro
ys.
Tot
ack
let
hisp
rob
le
miti
s
ne
ce
ssa
ryt
ocon
str
uctda
mesa
ndban
dsonri
ve
rs.

4)
 Pr
ovi
si
ono
fHYVSe
ed

Hig
hyie
ldi
ngva
rie
tys
eedisnota
vai
l
abl
eats
uit
abl
epr
ic
einPa
kis
tan
.So
,far
mersh
avet
odep
endup
onl
owqu
ali
tyo
f
se
edst
hatca
use
s20%r ed
u c
ti
onint
ot
alp
rod
uct
io
[Link]
ver
nmen
tshou
ldp
rov
ideHYVsee
datmin
imump
ri
cei
nthi
s
ca
se.

5)
 Me
cha
niz
ati
on

F
armmech
ani
za
ti
onisnec
ess
arytor
emo
vethepr
obl
emst
oagr
ic
ul
tur
ese
ct
or.
Sowin
g,c
ult
iv
ati
ona
ndh
arv
est
in
gof
c
rop
sth
rou
ghagr
ic
ult
ura
lmachin
esi
ncr
eas
ethepr
oduc
ti
veq
ual
it
yandqu
anti
ty
.

6)
 Ag
ric
ult
ura
lRe
sea
rch

Agr
ic
ult
ural
res
ear
chi
scompu
lso
ryt
oremo
vet
hebac
kwar
dnes
sofagr
ic
ult
ures
ect
or.
Ma j
ora
gric
ul
tura
lco
ll
eg
esand
un
ive
rsi
ti
esar
eonl
y 
abo
ut16inPak
ist
an.
Gov
ern
ments
houl
dinc
rea
seth
erese
arc
hwo r
kinthef
iel
dofag
ric
ult
ure
.

7
) 
Agr
o-b
ase
dIn
dus
tri
es

Ag
ro-b
ase
din
dust
ri
esl
ik
epoul
try
,fi
she
ri
es
,da
irya
ndl
i
ves
to
cks
hou
lde
st
abl
i
sh.
The
sei
ndu
str
ie
sin
dir
ect
lyl
eadt
o
i
mpro
veth
eagr
ic
ul
tur
als
ect
or.

8)
 Ta
xCo
nce
ssi
ons

Mec
hani
za
ti
onisnec
ess
aryt
oremov
eth
eprob
le
msofag
ric
ult
ures
ect
or.
Gove
rnme
nts
hou
ldg
ivet
axc
onc
ess
io
non
i
mpor
tso
fagr
ic
u l
tu
ralt
echn
olo
gi
est
oenha
nceth
epr
oce
ssoffa
rmme c
hani
za
ti
on.
9)
 Tr
ain
ingo
fFa
rme
rs

Ourf
arme
rsarei
l
li
te
rat
ean
dil
ltr
ain
edso,
the
ire
ffi
ci
enc
ie
sarep
oor
.Go
ver
nme
nts
hou
lds
tar
tsp
eci
ale
duc
ati
on
pr
ogr
ammefo
rfar
mersa
ndgi
vet
hemtra
ini
ngabo
utfa
rming
.

1
0) 
Pri
ce
sofAg
ric
ult
ura
lPr
odu
cti
vi
ti
es

So
meti
mes
,ourf
arme
rsr
ece
iv
elo
wpric
esoft
hei
rcr
ops
. T
herei
snopro
pereff
ec
tiv
epri
cepo
li
cyofg
ove
rnme
nt.
Go
ver
nments
hou
ldse
tre
aso
nabl
epr
ic
esofag
ri
cul
tu
ralp
rodu
cti
onst
odevel
opthel
ivi
ngst
andar
doffa
rmer
s.

Co
ncl
usi
on:
Bei
nganag
rar
iancoun
try
,agri
cul
tu
rals
ect
orofPa
kis
tan
’se
cono
myisst
il
lba
ckwar
[Link]
der
ntec
hni
que
s,
pr
ovi
si
ono
fcre
ditfa
cil
i
tie
s,b
asi
cinfr
ast
ruc
tur
eandagr
ic
ult
urer
ese
arc
hfac
il
it
ie
saren
eede
dtore
movea
llt
he
pr
obl
emso
fagr
ic
u l
tu
resec
tor
.