DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

Topic 5: Integration
Sub topics:
5.1 Anti-Derivatives
5.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
5.3 The Definite Integral
5.4 Indefinite Integrals
5.5 The Substitution Rule
5.6 Integration by Parts
5.7 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions
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Objective:
The students should be able to:
1. Find the anti derivative of function
2. Use area and distance in formulating the idea of definite integral.
3. Solve definite integral function
4. Use the properties of the integral
5. Use the fundamental theorem of calculus
6. Use substitution rule in evaluating the integral
7. Use integration by part method in evaluating the integrals
8. Use partial fraction method in evaluating the integrals

Topic 5: Integration

5.1 Anti Derivatives

Definition: A function F is called an anti derivatives of f on an interval I if F ' ( x)  f ( x)

for all x in I. derivative
s
If f ( x)  x 2  f ' ( x)  2 x

anti derivative

Theorem:
If F is an anti-derivative of f on an interval I, then the most general anti-derivative of f on
I is
F ( x)  C
where C is an arbitrary constant.

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

Anti-differentiation Formulas

Function Particular Anti-derivative

cf (x) cF (x)

f ( x )  g ( x) F ( x)  G ( x)

x n (n  1)
x n 1
n 1
ex ex
1
ln x
x
cos x sin x
sin x  cos x
sec2 x tan x
sec x tan x sec x

Example:
Find f if f ' ( x)  1  6 x.

Solution:
6x 2
f ( x)  x   c  x  3x 2  c
2

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.2 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus , Part 2

b
If f is continuous on [a, b], then  f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)
a

where F is any anti-derivatives of f, that is, a function such that F’= f.

Example 1:
3
3
 x3 
1     2 x 2 
2
( x 4 x ) dx
 3 1
33 1  22
  2(3) 2    2(1)   
3 3  3
When applying the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, there is no need to include a
constant of integration

Example 2:
4
x  2 x  1
Evaluate  f ( x)dx
2
where f ( x)   2
 x x 1

Solution:
4 1 4

 f ( x)dx   ( x  2)dx   x dx
2
Using the above theorem,
2 2 1

1 4
 x2  x3
   2 x  
 2  2 3 1
1 64 1
  2  (2  4)  
2 3 3
1
 13
2

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.3 The Definite Integral

Definition:
If f is a continuous function defined for a  x  b , we divide the interval [a, b] into n
ba
subintervals of equal width x  . We let x0  a , x1 , x2 ,...xn  b be the endpoints
n
* * * *
of these subintervals and choose sample points x1 , x 2 ,..., x n in these subintervals. So x i
Lies in the i th sub-interval xi 1 , xi  . Then the definite integral of f from a to b is

 
a n

 f ( x) dx  lim  f x i* x
x 
b i 1

Properties of the Integral

a b
1. 
b
f ( x)dx    f ( x) dx
a
a
2.  f ( x)dx  0
a
b
3.  cdx  c(b  a)
a
where c is any constant
b b b
4.   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a a
b b
5.  cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx
a a
b b b
6.   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a a
c b b
7.  f ( x)dx   f ( x)   f ( x)
a c a

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.4 Indefinite Integrals

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  F ' ( x)  f ( x)

 f ( x)dx
a
 definite integral

 f ( x)dx  indefinite integral  is a function

Table of Indefinite Integrals

 kdx  kx  C  csc x dx   cot x  c

2

x n1
 x dx  n 1  C
n
 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C

 cos x dx  sin x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

 sin x dx   cos x  C  sec x dx  tan x  C
2

Example 1: Integrate f ( x )  4 x5  3x 3  2 x  50

Solution:
Using the above theorem and the basic formulas
4 x 6 3x 4
 (4 x  3x  2 x  50)dx  6  4  x2  50x  C
5 3

cos x
Example 2: Evaluate  sin2 dx
x

Solution:
cos x 1 cos x
 sin 2 dx  
x sin x sin x
dx   csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.5 The Substitution Rule

Substitution method is one of the methods to solve an integration problem. It is used to

transform complicated integration problems into simpler ones.

Steps for Integration by Substitution

1. Make a choice for u, say u = g(x).
2. Compute du dx  g ' ( x) .
3. Make the substitution u  g ( x), du  g ' ( x)dx
At this stage, the integral must be in term of u; no x’s should remain. If this is not the
case, try a different choice of u.
4. Evaluate the resulting integral, if possible
5. Replace u by g(x), so that the final answer is in terms of x.

Example 1:
Evaluate:  3x 2 ( x 3  5) 20 dx

Solution:
Using substitution u  x 3  5 ,
du
 3x 2
dx
du
dx  2
3x
We will have  3x ( x  5) 20 dx   u 20 du
2 3

u 21
 c
21
( x 3  5) 21
 c
21

Example 2: Evaluate: x x 2  4dx

Solution:
Let u  x 2  4
du
 2x
dx
du
dx 
2x

 x x  4dx 
2 1
2 
1 2 3 2
23
1 2
u du   u  c  x  4
3
 
32
c

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

7
Example 3: Evaluate:  4  3x dx
0

Solution:
Let u  4  3x
du
3 When
dx
x  0, u  4
du
dx  x  7, u  25
3
7 25
du

0
4  3dx   u 1 2
4
3
25
1  2u 3 2 
  
3  3 4
1  225  24
32 32
   
3 3  3
1  2125 16  234
   
3 3 3 9

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.6 Integration by Parts

We use the formula  f ( x) g ' ( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f ' ( x)dx to reduce a difficult

integration problem to easier one. Normally we rewrite the formula in other form by letting
u  f ( x)  du  f ' ( x)dx
dv  g ' ( x)dx  v  g ( x)
Then the above formula will be  udv  uv   vdu .

 xe
x
Example 1:Evaluate dx .

Solution:
Let u = x and dv  e x dx .
Then du  dx and v  e x . Hence
 xe dx  xe x   e x dx  xe x  e x  C
x

Example 2: Evaluate  t ln tdt

Solution:
Let u  ln t
du 1
 v   t 1 2 dt
dt t
1 2t 3 2
du  dt 
t 3
 2t 3 2  2t 3 2 1
 t ln tdt  ln t 
 3


 3
 dt
t
2t 3 2 2
 ln t   t 1 2 dt
3 3
2t 32
2  2t 3 2 
 ln t   C
3 3 3 
2t 3 2 4t 3 2
 ln t  C
3 9

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

5.7 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

For a rational function, which is ration of two polynomials, we can decompose the function
5 x  10
into a sum of simple rational functions. For example: can be decomposed into
x  3x  4
2

2 3
 . Hence, to integrate the function, we can just simply integrate the
x  4 x 1
decomposed function.
5 x  10  2 3 
x 2
 3x  4
dx     dx  2 ln x  4  3 ln x  1  C
 x  4 x  1
Given any proper rational function P( x) Q( x) , to decompose it into partial fraction, the
denominator needs to be completely factorized into linear and irreducible quadratic factor.

Case 1:
The denominator Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors.
Q( x)  (a1 x  b1 )(a 2 x  b2 )...(a k x  bk )
no factor is repeated. In this case the partial fraction theorem states that there exist
constants A1, A2,…, A3 such that
R ( x) A1 A2 Ak
   ... 
Q( x) a1 x  b1 a 2 x  b2 a k x  bk

dx
Example: Evaluate x 2
x2
.

Solution:
The integrand can be written as
1 1 A B
  
x  x  2 x  1x  2 x  1 x  2
2

Solving for A and B, we have A = 1 3 and B   1 3 . Thus

dx 1 dx 1 dx
 x  1x  2  3  x  1  3  x  3
1 1
 ln x  1  ln x  2  C
3 3
1 x 1
 ln C
3 x2

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

Case 2
Q(x) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.
Linear Factor Rule: For each factor of the form (ax  b) m , the partial fraction
decomposition contains the following sum of m partial fractions:
A1 A2 Am
  ...  where A1 ,..., Am are constants.
ax  b ax  b 2
ax  bm

ds
Example: Evaluate  s 2 s  12
Solution:
1 A B C D

 2  
s s  1 s  1 s  12
2 2
s s
Solving for A, B, C and D, we have A = 2, B = 1, C = -2, D = 1.
ds 2 1 2 1 
    2   ds
s 2 s  12 s s s  1    2 
 s 1 
 2 lns  1 
1 1
 2 ln s  C
s s 1

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DIM5068 MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES 2 TOPIC 5

Case 3
If some of the factors of Q(x) are irreducible quadratics, then the contribution of those
factors to the partial fraction decomposition contains:
A1 x  B1 Am x  Bm
 ...  where A1,…,Am, B1,…,Bm are constants.
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  cm
3x 4  4 x 3  16 x 2  20 x  9
Example: Evaluate  x  2x 2  32
Solution:
3x 4  4 x 3  16 x 2  20 x  9 A Bx  C Dx  E
  2 
x  2x 2
3 
2
x2 
x 3  
x2  3
2

Solving for A, B, C, D and E, we have A = 1, B = 2, C = 0, D = 4, E = 0.
3x 4  4 x 3  16 x 2  20 x  9 dx 2x 4x
 dx    2 dx   dx
x  2x 2
3 2
x2 x 3  x 3
2
2

= ln x  2  ln x 2  3  2 2  C
x 3

Reference::

James Stewart (2003) Calculus: 5th Edition, International Thomson Publishing Co.

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