Female Reproductive System

Structures
INTERNAL

 2 Fallopian Tubes
- Ovulation- secretion of egg
- Egg pass through fallopian tube to uterus to vaginal canal
- Fimbriae- catches egg after it comes out of ovaries
- Ampulla- broadest part
- During ovulation, progesterone secretion increase resulting to the thickening of inner kayers
foe preparation of possible pregnancy.
 2 Ovaries
- Ova meaning egg
- Female gonads, produces eggs and dufferent hornones that play important role in reproduction.
- Endocrine that produces diff hormones
- Oocytes- one that produces eggs. 5M. Prior birth; after birth, on 2M. Remain.
 200-500k follicles when you are born; drop to 30-40k, specifically 34,000 follicles after birth
- Follicles are vital part of your ovary; One that shelters and protects egg
- Produces prog. Estrogen, relaxin( helps in child birth), and inhibin
- Shelters and protects the egg
 Ovaries are connected or anchored by ovarian ligaments to uterus
 Suspensory ligaments- ligaments where there are arteries, veins, and nerves pass through.
 Broad ligament- anchors and connects reproductive organs to pelvis
 Fallopian tubes
- Then goes to fimbriae- catches the egg when it goes out of the ovary
 Ampulla- where fertilization occurs
 Fallopian Tube- Connected all the way to the uterus
- One responsible transporting egg to the uterus
- Thickening of the layer
- If it doesnt get fertilized it will get out of your system

 Uterus
3 parts

 Fundus-top part
 Body-middle
 Cervix -Narrowest. Almost always closed. Just a little opening during ovulation. Important during
child birth.
- When in labor through inravaginal examination, cervix dilates to 10cm for child birth
- When Mom is about to give birth, cervix is very elastic that can be able to facilitate during child
birth.
- Where sperm goes to

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3 layers of Uterus

 Perimetium- outer
 Myometrium- responsible for contracting during child birth
 Endometrium- inner part. Thickens during ovulation.

- Vaginal canal
Vagina
- Superior part is connected to
 Vulva- external
 Vulva Vestibule-utheral and vaginal opening
- Covered by longitudinal fold called labia minora, rounded fold is called Labia Majora
 Young females have covering called hymen or mucous membrane
- Hymen easily breaks because of strenuous activity
 Clitoris- like your glands penis. Has sensory receptors. Sexual arousal can be felt.
Right and left clitoris

 Connection of labia majora on top- mons pubis- Soft and brown, where hair grows
 Clinical perinium- between vaginal opening to anus. Can become laserated when giving birth.
- Episiotomy- cutting the perinium for child birth. Midline incision of medio lateral if sideways.
 Usual pH of vagina is 3.5-4. If acidic some of the sperms may die. Sperms are alkaline in nature.

Breast

 Nipple- where milk goes out

 High pigmented part- areolar
 Montgomery Glands- secrete lubricants that keep nipples and areolar moist, bumps in areolar
 Mammary glands- responsible for milk production
 Lobes consists of smaller lobes called lobules which produces milk
 Adipose tissue- yellow part
 Morbid Obesity Hypotension Syndrome- lungs cannot fully expand because the chest is too
heavy, thus resulting to retained carbon dioxide
 Big breasts- gynecomastia
 Big breasts doesnt mean you have a lot of milk.
 Can be;
- Everted nipple
- Inverted nipple- uses breast pump
- Flat nipple
 Dry nipples- contribute to crack nipples during breastfeeding. Ineffective breastfeeding
 Once the baby comest out. Protocol is to put the baby on the chest of the mother. Do not wipe
the hands because it has the scent of the mother.

- Lymph nodes
- Lymph vessels

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE

INTERNAL

* Scrotum- skin that covers the testis or testicles

- surrounded by smooth musles called dartos muscle which is responsible for skin to contract and for
the testicles to get smaller when it’s cold; looser when it’s hot to maintain temperature for sperm
- Contract with the cremaster muscle; pulls testicles away or near the body to keep temperature; when
it’s warm, it’s away from the body.
Warm- loose testicles are aways from body to keep it cool
Cold-

 Usual temp of sperm to survive is less than normal body temp. 98.6 F or below 37 c.
- Anything below 37 survives,
- pH is 7.2-8
 Epididymis connected to vastus deferens

Cross section of testicles

 Seminiforous tubule- site of sperm production; looks like an uncooked tubule.
- Has smooth muscle and leydig cells- produce testosterone outside; inside is sertoli cells
Sperm cell production

 Sertoli cells- nourishing your sperm

 Leydig cells- produces testosterone outside
 Rete testis- like a net connected to efferent ductules.
- Transfer sperm from rete to epididymis
- Site where the sperms mature
- Then goes up to the ductus deferens (45cm long)
 Spermatic cord- arteries veins nerves and vas deferens
 Prostate gland-accessory gland in the male repro. System. Walnut sized
 Cowper’s gland- pea sized
 Semen- consists of 60% seminal fluid; 30% prostatic; 5% bulbourethral; 5% testicular
 Prostatic glandins- viability of the cell
 Normal ph of male- 7.2-8
Accessory
 Seminal vessicle
- secrete alkaline fluid with fructose(nourish sperm), enzymes and prostaglandins
- Alkaline fluid neutralizes the acids in the female reproductive tract
* Prostaglandins- provide motility and viability of sperm
* prostate gland- secrete citrate, enery source for sperm motility
- secrete enzymes that liquifies the semen
* Bulbourethral Gland- secretes viscous fluid that contains mucus

EXTERNAL
 Penis

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 - Prepuce- skin covering or head of penis if not circumcised
- German cut- completely cut all the way
- Vcut
- Sensiry receptors that produce sexual arousal

* Corpus cavernosum- dilates and gets filled with blood so you will have erection.
- Morning wood- morning is peak of testosterone production stimulating erection.
* Corpus spongiosum- responsible to keep the urethra open while erected, for urine or sperm to pass
through.
- Pee during erection. Part where penis passes through.

 Urine dribbling- comes our in drops. Hurts. Urine cannot pass through (prostate cancer)
 Prostate enlargement- common in males 50 and above
 Prostate cancer-underuse, overuse, misuse

Sperm

- Tail- propels and help sperm swim

- Head
- Neck
 Viginal canal when semen is secreted there 1M of sperm cells in that semen.

Meiosis.
-production of gametes

 Gametes- sex cells

- Egg cell
- Sperm cell
- Goal: make daughter cells with exactly half as many chromosomes as the starting cells.
 2n- 46; n23
 Goal: makes four genetically different cells unlike in mitosis which is one
 Half is sister chromatid
 Center is centromere
 Protein patches- kinetochores
 Homologous pair or chromosome
- One from father
- One from mother
- 2 chromosomes together- homologous pair.
 Why siblings look alike
- Have qualities of mother and qualities of father.

 Division process that takes us from a diploid cells to haploid cells

2 step division process.
 Meiosis 1. Homologous oairs separate suring first round of division
 Meiosis 2. Sister chromatids separate during second round of division
Video.
 Germ cells- where meiosis happens

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  Synapsis- chromosomes are side by side
 Crossing over- physicsl exchange of non sister chromatids occur
- Centroiles extends

Combination of meiosis i and ii

MEIOSIS I

- Prophase i starting cell is diploid 2n=4

- Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange fragments (crossing over)
- Where crossing over happens

Metaphase I
- Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate
- Independent assortment

Anaphase I
- Homologous separate to opposite ends of the cell
- Sister chromatids stay together.

Telophase I
- Newly forming cells are haploid
- Non identical sister chromatids but not similar
- Still cleavage formation and cytokinesis i
- Each chromosome has 2 non identical sister chromatids

MEIOSIS II

Prophase II
- Starting cells are the haploid cells made

Metaphase II
- Chromosomes line up in plate

Anaphase II
- Sister chromatid cells separate to opposite ends

Telophase II
- Newly forming gametes are haploid
- 4 haploid with 23 chromosomes each

 Come up with 4 gametes that are genetically similar but not the same
 Crossing over and independent assortment reason why we look like our parents but not
identical

Twins.
 Indentical- same. Fingerprint are diff.

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  Do not confuse twinning with meiosis. Identical come from same ovum
 Fraternal- 2 ovum. Like 2 girls but not identical

Meiosis I

- Initially it will come out as germ cells.

 Spermatogonium (diploid)
 Primary spermatocyte(diploid)

Meiotic division I

Meiosis I

Secondary spermatocyte

 Oogenesis
 Mitosis
- Primary oocyte. Will undergo meiosis i. 2 haploid cells
- Primary oocyte(commencing maturation)
- Have one secondary oocyte and first polar body
Mature ovum
 One ovum. 3 polar bodies
- Oogenesis. 1 product

 During the 5th month. When your reproductive system is being from. Oocyte is already made,
women are usually always naturally prepared.

 Mature ovum- start ovulating and mensturating.

- Remains dormant. By the time puberty hits.

Spermatogonia undergo meiosis

Spermatozoa- if it has a tail

Female
- Primary oocyte
- Secondary oocyte
- Mature if u start ovulating.
- Thats’s why no pregnancy
Manarchy- first menstural period
- Sometimes ovum gets fertilized at a young age

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